Statistical Processing and Correlations Between Concentrations of Some Atmospheric Pollutants in Suceava and Botosani Counties

The abundance of some pollutants from the air depend on the geographic area, the human activities intensity, the climate, the season and even on the hour within a day. The nitrogen oxides are the most abundant and most dangerous toxic species from the air, and these emissions are tightly connected to human polluting activities. Therefore, in our work, the first part is assigned for a wide literature search concerning the incidence of the keywords �nitrogen oxide� and searching the connections with other significant related terms and formulas, investigated by the researches worldwide. Then, a statistic approach was applied trying to correlate the values of the concentration in air of nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, benzene and particulate matter PM10, all of these being generated to a large extent from the exhaust gases from different automotives. The data were collected from the official site of the National Network of Air Quality Monitoring from Romania, and processed by statistical methods, using specific software and methods, in order to find significant differences between the pollutants concentrations values in two neighbor counties (Suceava and Botosani), with relatively similar climate conditions, but different social wealth. The findings of these statistical processing indicate that the PM10 values do not present significant differences between the two locations, neither the time within a day, while the other parameters exhibit distinctions between the values of the other pollutants concentrations in different seasons (summer and winter) and hourly intervals within a day (night, morning, afternoon and evening).

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Current Status of Anserinae Wintering in Azov-Black Sea Region of Ukraine

Vestnik Zoologii ◽

10.2478/vzoo-2019-0029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 297-312

Author(s):

Yu. O. Andryushchenko ◽

V. S. Gavrilenko ◽

V. A. Kostiushyn ◽

V. N. Kucherenko ◽

A. S. Mezinov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Sea ◽

Current Status ◽

Anser Anser ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Black Sea Region ◽

Chen Caerulescens ◽

Branta Bernicla ◽

The North ◽

Different Seasons

Abstract In the article is analyzed own field data of the authors and scientific publications on the wintering of Anserinae in the Azov-Black Sea region of Ukraine in 1900–2017, but the main data was obtained in frame of international mid-winter counts (IWC) in 2005–2017. It was found that 9 species of Anserinae occur in this region during the different seasons of the year: Anser anser — nesting, wintering and migrating; Rufibrenta ruficollis, A. albifrons, A. erythropus, A. fabalis — migrating and wintering; Branta canadensis, Branta leucopsis, Branta bernicla, Chen caerulescens — vagrant or birds which flew away from captivity (zoo etc.). Eulabeia indica — is possible vagrant species. The most numerous wintering species is A. albifrons, common — Rufibrenta ruficollis, not numerous — Anser anser, the other species are not met annually and registered in a very small number. There was almost tenfold drop in number of wintering geese in the Azov-Black Sea region of Ukraine during the period of counts. The main reasons of such reducing of geese amount are the followwing: weather and climate conditions, changes in the forage acessibility, hunting and poaching pressure, poisoning as a result of deratization of agricultural lands, and from 2014 — the militarization of the Syvash area and stop of water supplying of Crimea through the North Crimean channell. It is likely that the factors mentioned above led to relocating of wintering areas of Anserinae, and resulted in decreasing of their amount in this region.

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Acting on Behalf of Another Without Consent as a Source of the Right of Obligations in the Republic of Kosovo

Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies ◽

10.36941/ajis-2021-0173 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 295

Author(s):

Sevdai Morina ◽

Endri Papajorgji

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Legal Obligation ◽

Legal Action ◽

Property Value ◽

Bodily Integrity ◽

Mutual Help ◽

The Subject ◽

The Republic ◽

The Right ◽

Social Wealth

In life, it often happens that humans take different actions on different occasions to save man or his wealth. These actions can be taken when there is a need to protect the integrity of man and his wealth, both individual and social wealth. Man performs these actions morally and without any institutional obligation. Man does the action without consent in order to save one's life or another's wealth. There is a need for such an action, because everyone sometimes in certain cases needs mutual help. With these behaviors of people, it is seen that they do not take these actions out of legal obligation, but act and should act with the consciousness and conscience of the civilized man. People who do this are driven by the need for cooperation, humanity, existence at the expense of the other, namely society. A person performs this action by perpetrating the work of another without consent for any other person. Hence, they undertake some factual and legal action for the other, sacrificing something that can be the property value and their bodily integrity. Sometimes this action must be taken because there are actions that cannot be postponed, therefore someone should take an action in such situations even when uninvited. Consequently, the subject matter analyzed in this paper is the act of perpetration of the work of another without consent as a source of the right of obligations in the Republic of Kosovo. Received: 6 October 2021 / Accepted: 1 November 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

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Effect of Cutting and Storage on Acetate and Nonacetate Esters in Convenient, Ready-to-eat Fresh-cut Melons and Apples

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.1.65 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 65-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

John C. Beaulieu

Keyword(s):

Relative Increase ◽

The Other ◽

Relative Decrease ◽

Other Hand ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Postharvest Life ◽

Fresh Cut ◽

Harvest Regimes ◽

And Storage ◽

Volatile Esters

Examples from various harvest regimes, storage regimes, cultivars and different packaging methods are presented to characterize volatile ester differences after cutting and how changes occur in characteristic flavors throughout the postharvest life of certain cut fruit products. In many fresh-cut cantaloupe cultivars and in honeydew, there was a relative increase in nonacetates and coinciding relative decrease in acetates during storage. A similar and consistent nonacetate:acetate ester ratio was conserved in cantaloupe from eastern and western U.S. regions, as well as different cultivars from the same field. Furthermore, similar ratios were observed in many melon cultivars over multiple years from different seasons and growing regions. Since many cultivars exhibited similar trends in 2-year repeated studies, the trend is apparently independent of year and season. Fresh-cut `Gala' apples, on the other hand, displayed a slightly different trend whereby both acetates and nonacetate esters decreased appreciably during storage. The hypothesis is put forward that recycling of esters during storage in certain fresh-cut fruits disturbs the delicate fine balance of characteristic volatiles. Consistently decreasing acetates along with increasing nonacetates could alter the overall perceived desirable flavor attributes during fresh-cut melon storage, even though volatile esters are still abundant.

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Comparative study of air quality indices in the European Union towards adopting a common air quality index

Energy & Environment ◽

10.1177/0958305x20921846 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 0958305X2092184

Author(s):

Zissis Karavas ◽

Vayos Karayannis ◽

Konstantinos Moustakas

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Air Quality ◽

Quality Index ◽

Statistical Correlation ◽

Air Quality Index ◽

The Other ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

The European Union ◽

Quality Indices ◽

Positive Correlation

This study aims to compare air quality indices applied in European Union countries towards adopting a common air quality index. The urban European cities Rome, Madrid, Paris, London, Berlin, Warsaw, Stockholm, and Oslo were selected. Using the EEA AirBase air quality database, time series data for the major atmospheric pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5) were recovered for each city, for most recent years available. Daily averages, maximum hourly values and maximum 8-h averages were calculated for each pollutant. The air quality indices selected were BelAQI, DAQx, DAQI, AtmoIndex, AQIH, and CAQI. The daily value of each air quality indices and the corresponding dominant atmospheric pollutant were determined for each city. A two-stage normalization procedure was applied on air quality indices in a 0–1 range, to allow their direct comparison without altering their structure. All air quality indices exhibited air quality rates over 64% for all cities, thus below the European Union air quality standard. The dominant pollutant was NO2 for both BelAQI and DAQx; O3 for both DAQI and AQIH (with an exception for Warsaw where SO2 was the dominant pollutant). For CAQI, NO2 prevails in Berlin, London, Warsaw, Stockholm, and Oslo, while O3 prevails in Rome, Madrid, and Paris. The dominant pollutant for AtmoIndex was NO2 in Berlin, Warsaw, and Stockholm; O3 in Madrid, Paris, London, and Oslo; PM10 in Rome. A very strong positive statistical correlation ( p < 0.01) was found for all cities between BelAQI and CAQI, and also between CAQI and DAQx. A strong positive statistical correlation ( p < 0.01) was found for all cities between BelAQI and DAQx. A moderate positive correlation was shown between the following pairs of indices: AtmoIndex-DAQI, AtmoIndex-AQIH, DAQI-AQIH, BelAQI-AQIH, and AQIH-CAQI. On the contrary, a weak positive correlation was noticed between the following pairs of indices: BelAQI-DAQI, BelAQI-AtmoIndex, DAQX-DAQI, DAQx-AQIH, DAQI-CAQI, and CAQI-AtmoIndex. After the normalization process that enables the direct comparison of the air quality indices, the main results are the BelAQI presents the largest normalized median (range 0.33–0.5) implying the worst air quality compared to the other air quality indices. The CAQI has a median value of 0.33, the DAQx of 0.25, while the AtmoIndex a median value range of 0.125–0.375, and the DAQI and AQIH of 0.165–0.33. Concluding, the AQIH can be proposed as a common European Union air quality index because: firstly, its calculation comprises all significant atmospheric pollutants including PM2.5, thereby being harmonized with the Directive 2008/50/EC, and, secondly, AQIH does not display extremely low or high (normalized) values compared to the other air quality indices.

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Dynamics of the meningococcal carrier state and characteristics of the carrier strains: a longitudinal study within three cohorts of military recruits

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268898008930 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 121 (1) ◽

pp. 85-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

J. ANDERSEN ◽

L. BERTHELSEN ◽

B. BECH JENSEN ◽

I. LIND

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Meningococcal Disease ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Carrier State ◽

The Other ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Military Recruits ◽

Other Hand ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Over Time

Three cohorts of Danish male military recruits (n=1069) were studied for pharyngeal meningococcal carriage during 3 months at different seasons: 39–47% of entrants were meningococcal carriers and the carriage rate remained constant over time and season. However, individual changes in the carrier state occurred frequently, and after 3 months 34% had changed carrier state on one or more occasions. Initially, a loss of carriage predominated; on the other hand almost 20% of non-carriers had acquisition of meningococci within the first month. The serological phenotypes of the 670 carrier strains were compared with those of 261 invasive strains recovered concurrently from patients with meningococcal disease country-wide. Both carrier strains and invasive strains were phenotypically heterogeneous. Almost 60% of the invasive strains belonged to three phenotypes: B[ratio ]15[ratio ]P1.7, 16, C[ratio ]2a[ratio ]P1.2, 5 and C[ratio ]2b[ratio ]P1.2, 5. In contrast, these phenotypes only amounted to 3·2% of the carrier strains, among which no phenotype was found with a prevalence above 4·9%. However, 30% of the carrier strains had serological phenotypes identical to those of 80% of the invasive strains. Our results indicated that the transmission rate of potential pathogenic carrier strains did not differ from that of other carrier strains.

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Research on measurement and source distribution of atmospheric NO2 concentration by ground-based MAX-DOAS system in Nanjing, China

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-21086 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bo ren ◽

Pinhua Xie ◽

jin Xu ◽

Ang Li ◽

Xin Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Large Population ◽

Pollution Prevention ◽

Yangtze River Delta ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Source Distribution ◽

Distribution Model ◽

Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽

Different Seasons ◽

And Control

Nanjing, as one of the important cities in the Yangtze River Delta of China, has a developed economy and a large population. Although the concentration of air pollutants in Nanjing has declined with the introduction of China&#8217;s strict air pollution prevention and control policies, the situation of air pollution is still severe. Therefore, understanding the source and distribution of atmospheric pollutants has an important role in implementing the prevention and controlling of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, we observed the vertical distribution characteristics of tropospheric NO2 by used the ground-based Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) technique in Nanjing. The contribution of transregional transport to NO2 in different seasons and different altitudes (200m, 500m, and 1000m) was analyzed by combining the potential source distribution model (PSCF). The analysis results showed that the distribution of NO2 sources were obvious seasonal changes. Due to the lower wind speed in spring, the distribution of NO2 sources at all altitudes was not obvious. In summer and autumn, the source of NO2 in the lower altitudes (200m) was concentrated in the urban area of &#8203;&#8203;Nanjing and central Jiangsu Province. But for the winter, the NO2 concentrations of lower altitudes were seriously affected by Chuzhou and Ma'anshan area. The sources distribution in the middle and upper altitude were relatively scattered and the WPSCF value was smaller than lower altitudes, which may be caused by the NO2 concentrated in the near ground.

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I. Numerical elements of Indian meteorology.—Series II. Insolation, and its connexion with atmospheric moisture

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rspl.1865.0029 ◽

1865 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 111-112

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

The Other ◽

The Sun ◽

Atmospheric Moisture ◽

Different Seasons ◽

The Difference ◽

Maximum Temperatures ◽

Different Parts

The author regards as an approximate measure of insolation the difference of the maximum temperatures observed by two similar thermometers one in the sun, and the other in the shade, disturbing influences being as much as possible avoided in both cases, and the observations being confined to those days on which the sun shone sufficiently clearly to cast a distinct shadow during some part of the interval between noon and 4 p .m . Comparing the differences of insolation in different parts of India and in different seasons, he is led to regard insolation as dependent greatly on relative humidity. Thus, generally speaking, it is greater on the seaboard than in the interior of India.

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A Simulation Study on Energy Consumption of Cluster Distribution of Residential Buildings in Cold Zones

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.5822 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 243-249 ◽

pp. 5822-5827

Author(s):

Jing Yuan Zhao ◽

Qi Bo Liu

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Simulation Study ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Thermal Conditions ◽

Minimal Energy ◽

Local Climate ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Cluster Distribution ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Energy Consumption Simulation

The distribution of residential buildings is closely related to local climate conditions. This paper takes Xi’an region as its representative city to study the thermal conditions of various shapes of cluster distribution by utilizing energy consumption simulation. By sequentially changing the dimensions of each unit building in the cluster, it sets up models of mathematical examples which meet the requirements of different seasons. Based on the annual minimal energy consumption of buildings, the paper quantitatively expounds the influence of cluster distribution on buildings’ energy consumption. This study finally works out a recommendation for the cluster distribution in Xi’an region, i.e. the annual comprehensive energy consumption of buildings is at its minimum when buildings facing both south and north are “L”-shaped enclosures and when they have no westward extension and their length ratio between eastward extended exterior walls and southward level exterior walls is 0.5:1.

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A New Blocking Index and Its Application: Blocking Action in the Northern Hemisphere

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli3886.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 19 (19) ◽

pp. 4819-4839 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Yina Diao ◽

Jianping Li ◽

Dehai Luo

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Atlantic Sector ◽

The North ◽

North Side ◽

The Pacific ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Action Center ◽

Blocking Event ◽

Blocking Index

Abstract In this paper, a new two-dimensional blocking index is proposed by defining a difference between the daily 500-hPa geopotenial heights at the reference latitude and its north side. The reference latitude is determined by a composite latitude-dependent 500-hPa geopotenial height of blocking events in different seasons and sectors. The new index can take account of the duration, intensity, propagation, and spatial structure of a blocking event. Using this index, the characteristics (frequency, duration, intensity, and preferred occurrence region) of the blocking action in the North Hemisphere (NH) are investigated using a 42-yr sample of blocking events from the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. It is found that blocking events in the NH are more frequent in the Atlantic–Europe sector than in the Pacific sector in winter and spring and autumn, but more persistent in the Atlantic–Europe sector than in the Pacific sector for all seasons. Blocking events in the Pacific sector tend to have larger amplitudes than the Atlantic counterparts. In addition, it is shown that in the NH independently occurring blocking events are most frequent, but simultaneously occurring blockings are rather rare, indicating that the blocking events in the NH should be a local phenomenon. On the other hand, a comparison with the existing indices [e.g., Tibaldi and Molteni (TM) index] indicates that in summer and autumn the new index shows similar longitudinal dependency of NH blocking events as does the TM index, but it shows two distinct action centers of blocking events in the Atlantic sector in winter and spring (in which the most frequent one is situated more westward) and an eastward blocking action center in the Pacific sector in spring and autumn, compared to the TM index. In addition, it is found that the new blocking index proposed here shows relatively low blocking frequency for all seasons compared to the TM index, especially in the Atlantic sector in spring and in the Pacific sector in winter and spring, which seems to be in agreement with the result obtained by Pelly and Hoskins using the PV–θ index.

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The INGV tectonomagnetic network: 2004–2005 preliminary dataset analysis

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-6-773-2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 773-777 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F. Masci ◽

P. Palangio ◽

A. Meloni

Keyword(s):

Local Field ◽

Geomagnetic Field ◽

Central Italy ◽

The Other ◽

Intensity Data ◽

National Network ◽

The Earth ◽

Complete Dataset ◽

Dataset Analysis ◽

Geomagnetic Anomalies

Abstract. It is well established that earthquakes and volcanic eruption can produce small variations in the local geomagnetic field. The Italian Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) tectonomagnetic network was installed in Central Italy since 1989 to investigate possible effects on the local geomagnetic field related to earthquakes occurrences. At the present time, total geomagnetic field intensity data are collected in four stations using proton precession magnetometers. We report the complete dataset for the period of years 2004–2005. The data of each station are differentiated respect to the data of the other stations in order to detect local field anomalies removing the contributions from the other sources, external and internal to the Earth. Unfortunately, no correlation between geomagnetic anomalies and the local seismic activity, recorded in Central Italy by the INGV Italian Seismic National Network, was found in this period. Some deceptive structures present in the differentiated data are pointed out.

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