Sakāmvārda kā valodas vienības īpašības

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Olga Billere
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Empirical Material

The existence of various approaches to attributing the proverb to different branches of linguistics is due to the narrow, often intuitive, understanding of its meaning as an ancient, generalized and transmitted one of folk descent. The similarity with units of paremiology, as defined in explanatory and terminological dictionaries, brings even more confusion to the issue of delimiting recited forms. Indeed, aphorisms, apophthegms, maxims are semantically and structurally very similar to proverbs because, like proverbs, they are concise, often self-sufficient statements of an instructive nature, which are read, understood, and interpreted independently of the surrounding text. All these recited forms also have a stable syntactic and semantic structure, and, at first glance, it is difficult to judge which of the expressions is an aphorism, a maxim, an apothegm, and which a proverb. Thus, analyzing the features of the proverb as a language unit, that is, its similarity with other oral art forms, semantic and syntactic completeness and autonomy, and its bipartite structure, as well as determining common and different features of paremiological units, the most complete definition of the proverb and criteria for delimiting recited forms may be found. Here, autonomy means the feature of a unit to be in any part of speech, and completeness – the unit’s functioning as a self-sufficient expression. The attention is also paid to the bipartite structure, as most units (approx. 65%) are rhythmically constructed compound or complex sentences. The research is based on French, Russian, and Latvian theoretical and empirical material; the sources of the units are dictionaries and collections of proverbs in three languages compiled in the 20th century.

scholarly journals Role of Social and Cultural Aspects in the Formation of Spanish Language

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Nina Korbozerova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Cultural Factor ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Qualitative Changes

The article deals with the syntactic and semantic structure of a complex sentence in Spanish during the period from the 12th to the 20th century. Are analyzed the evolutionary processes of the conjunctions, relations, the modal-temporal correlation, the positional arrangement of the dependent subordinate component relative to the main one. Are revealed the trends in the development of object, attributive and adverbial models of sentences, as well as quantitative and qualitative changes in the volume of complex sentences. Is analyzed the role of the socio-cultural factor in the evolution of a complex sentence at one or another historical stage of the development of the Spanish language.

scholarly journals THE EVOLUTION OF ARABIC LOANWORDS IN THE LANGUAGES OF EAST AND WEST AFRICA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Nelli V. Gromova ◽  
◽  
Yulia G. Suetina ◽  
Aida R. Fattakhova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
West Africa ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
African Languages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Part Of Speech

The article deals with the evolution of words borrowed from the Arabic language in two major African languages – Swahili and Hausa, from the mid-20th century to the present day. We used S. Baldi’s dictionary A First Ethnolinguistic Comparison of Arabic Loanwords Common to Hausa and Swahili as a basis for comparative analysis. The analysis allowed us to identify the peculiarities of the functioning of Arabic loanwords in the Swahili and Hausa languages at the contemporary stage of their development. These are code-switching at the phonological level, lexical and semantic variations of linguistic borrowings introduction (semantic broadening or narrowing, acquisition of a new meaning different from the original one), grammar transformation (change of the part of speech, derivational activity). When adapting Arabic loanwords, the Swahili and Hausa languages adhere to certain strategies, which are generally common to both languages. The paper is mainly focused on the study of the lexical and semantic relations between the prototype and the correlative borrowing in the modern Swahili and Hausa languages, the identification of changes in the original semantic structure of a word in the recipient language or its conservation with the motivational feature being preserved. There are distinguished thematic groups of Arabic loanwords, with words related to religion and trade constituting the largest groups in number. Many Arabic loanwords have disappeared from active use in the past 70 years, especially in the Hausa language that has a lesser period of contacts with the Arabic language.

The Limit Situation And The Narrative Of War (On The Material Of The Novel “My Lieutenant” By Daniil Granin)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104
Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Kuprin ◽  
Galina I. Danilina
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Continuous Limit ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Term Limit ◽  
Abstract Author ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of this study is the analysis of limit situation in the narrative of war. The material of the study is the novel of Daniil Granin “My Lieutenant” and related texts. In the first part of the paper, the authors explore existing approaches to the term “limit situation” and similar concepts into scientific and philosophical traditions; limits of its applicability in literary studies and its relation to the categories of “narrative instances” and “event”. Proposed a literary-theoretical definition of the limit situation, which can be used in the analysis of fiction texts. Existing approaches to the examination of the situation of war are analyzed: philosophical-existential, psychoanalytic, sociological, literary. In the second part of the paper, the authors propose their method for analyzing limit situations in texts about war, which basis on existing approaches and preserves the text-centric principle of studying the structure of the story. Two interrelated areas of research have been identified: the study of war as a continuous limit situation in the intertextual aspect (the discourse of war); the study of limit situations (death, suffering, guilt, accident) in the narrative of war as part of a specific text. In the third part of the scientific work,the analysis of war as a continuous limit situation results in the study of the concept of “limit” (border) in a fiction text. The role of “limit” (border) concept in the texts about the war is studied, the possible types of limits in the discourse of war are examined. Limit situations in the narrative of war are analyzed on the basis of the novel “My Lieutenant” by Daniil Granin. A review of journalistic and scientific works about the novel revealed both the continuity and the differences between the novel and the “lieutenant” prose of the 20th century. An analysis of the limit situations in the novel revealed their key position in the narrative. These situations are independent of the fiction time, of the fluctuation of the point of view’; the function of the abstract author is to build the narrative as a “directive” immersion of the hero and narrator in these situations.

Early Theories of the Sound Film

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Buhler
Keyword(s):  
Silent Film ◽  
Sergei Eisenstein ◽  
Sound Film ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
Transition To Sound ◽  
Definition Of

Chapter 2 examines several major theories that emerged during the transition to sound film, when even the definition of the sound film was contested. The theories of sound film that arose during the transitional decade from 1926 to 1935 focused on the closely related forms of recorded theater and silent film and worked to articulate how sound film differed from them. They also gave considerable attention to asynchronous sound in part because it was a figure specific to sound film (or in any event more difficult to produce in other art forms) and in part because asynchronous sound had affinities with montage. The chapter focuses on five important theorists who wrote prolifically during the transition years: Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, Béla Balázs, Rudolf Arnheim, and Harry Potamkin.

scholarly journals Patterns of Memory in Askold Melnyczuk’s Novels as an Example of Ukrainian-American Émigré Fiction

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137
Author(s):  
Marta Koval
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
European History ◽  
Family Stories ◽  
Traumatic Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Definition Of

Although Ukrainian emigration to North America is not a new phenomenon, the dilemmas of memory and amnesia remain crucial in Ukrainian-American émigré fiction. The paper focuses on selected novels by Askold Melnyczuk (What is Told and Ambassador of the Dead) and analyzes how traumatic memories and family stories of the past shape the American lives of Ukrainian emigrants. The discussion of the selected Ukrainian-American émigré novels focuses on the dilemmas of remembering and forgetting in the construction of both Ukrainian and American narratives of the past. The voluntary amnesia of the Ame- rican-born Ukrainians in Melnyczuk’s novels confronts their parents’ dependence on the past and their inability to abandon it emotionally. Memories of ‘the old country’ make them, similarly to Ada Kruk, ambassadors of the dead. The expression becomes a metaphoric definition of those wrapped by their repressed, fragmentary and sometimes inaccessible memories. Crucial events of European history of the 20th century are inscribed and personalized in the older generation’s stories which their children are reluctant to hear. For them, their parents’ memories became a burden and a shame. Using the concept of transgenerational memory, the paper explores the challenges of postmemory, and eventually its failure. 

scholarly journals Rewiry metafory. Między ozdobą dyskursu a zwierciadłem duszy

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 46-69
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Popek
Keyword(s):  
Donald Davidson ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gottlob Frege ◽  
Ernst Cassirer ◽  
Rhetorical Tradition ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
George Lakoff ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon ◽  
Rule Out

The purpose of the text is to make some reconnaissance in the area of title "districts of metaphor" (or hunting grounds of metaphor) as well as reference to the unsolvable problems which are implied by a metaphorical mystery of metaphysical expressions. Thy are the order of the day in the main currents of philosophy. Starting from the rhetorical tradition of metaphor (the Aristotelian attempts of definition of metaphor as such) and of terms additional related with it (Max Black), I gradually illustrate what involves its post-rhetorical tradition. I show that philosophical symbolism derives from Aristotle’s hermeneutics, which becomes a gateway for understanding the mystery of metaphor. Like browsing in themselves mirrors, it grows also from simple phrases in complex sentences. In semantic sense, while the symbol has many meanings, the metaphor has a double meaning. It is not however limited by this matter, because in some sense, it has broader content than a symbol, as it introduces into language meanings that in the symbol are only internal (Paul Ricoeur). We also encounter reflective metaphors in our everyday speech and in the attempts of associative penetration into other people's expression. Conceptual decoding of metaphors is common for users of language (George Lakoff, Mark Johnson). On the other hand, there are specific districts of metaphorical expressions, which are reserved for poetic metaphors (Donald Davidson). Noteworthy are also the very unobvious contexts of metaphor in which the authors do not talk about this linguistic phenomenon directly (eg. Gottlob Frege, Ernst Cassirer). Declarative answer to the question whether the metaphor is a simply ornament of discourse or rather a mirror of the soul, is not possible too. Perhaps the metaphor as such includes the both variants. One must consider that being an ornament of speech or writing does not rule out it is also something more than just decoration. It wonders, bothers, disquiet, returning us into our souls. It is also like the unifying soul of all people – in cognitive sense.

scholarly journals Imagination in Entrepreneurship: An Inspiration from Heidegger

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Talat ◽  
Kirk Chang
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Opportunity Identification ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Definition Of

Entrepreneur's imagination has crucial implication on business success and management. Despite its espoused importance, imagination is still undervalued and deserves more academic attention. The current article aims to provide a novel perspective on imagination informed by Heidegger (1889-1976; widely acknowledged to be one of the most original philosophers of the 20th century). Specifically, the article has clarified the definition of imagination in entrepreneurship and risen constructs align with the proposed conception. Under the microscope of Heidegger’s theory, entrepreneur’s imagination co-operates ventures successfully by incorporating notions of webs of significance, authenticity, spontaneity, heroes and moods, which guide opportunity identification and exploration in markets. The article has offered new insights to the knowledge of entrepreneur's imagination. From a pragmatic viewpoint, inferential leaps are possible because entrepreneurs practice against a background of webs of significance they own - which they relationally, linguistically and pragmatically - share across institutional frames. Implications of the findings on management are discussed. 

scholarly journals Aproximación teórica y práctica a una propuesta de gestión conjunta: el archivo y la biblioteca de la familia Belmonte-Chico de Guzmán

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camino Sánchez Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Management System ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
A Current

ENGLISH: The paper presents a current research and examines the design elements of a Familiar Heritage Documentary Collection, composed by bibliographical (a library) and archival (a family archive) collections, and, with enough frequency, a collection of objects related to the activities of the generators of these kind of heritage. The objective is to reflect on the definition of an integrator management system, with particular reference to patrimonial conceptualization and organisation documental systems. It is exposed The experience of managing a particular case of private ownership: the library and archive of the Belmonte-Chico de Guzmán family. We refer to a historical collection, of bibliographic and archival character, contributed and generated by the members of the different generations, branches and houses that compose this Castilian family of noble origin, throughout several centuries (from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 20th century). SPANISH: Se presenta parte de una investigación en curso, cuyo objetivo es definir y reflexionar sobre los elementos que fundamentan un sistema de gestión de lo que se ha denominado como un Fondo Documental Patrimonial Familiar (FDPF), compuesto por un fondo bibliográfico (una biblioteca), un fondo archivístico (un archivo familiar) y, con bastante frecuencia, una colección de objetos materiales relacionados con las actividades de los generadores del FDPF. El objetivo es reflexionar sobre la definición de un sistema de gestión conjunto en base a su conceptualización patrimonial, a su procesamiento documental y a su funcionalidad, así como atender al tipo de centro a cargo de dicho patrimonio. Se expone la experiencia de gestión de un caso particular de titularidad privada: la biblioteca y el archivo de la familia Belmonte-Chico de Guzmán. Nos referimos a un fondo histórico, de carácter bibliográfico y archivístico, aportado y generado por los miembros de las distintas generaciones, ramas y casas que componen esta familia castellana de origen nobiliario- hidalgo, a lo largo de varios siglos (desde finales del s. XV hasta inicios del siglo XX).

scholarly journals A TWO-CHANNEL MODEL FOR REPRESENTATION LEARNING IN VIETNAMESE SENTIMENT CLASSIFICATION PROBLEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-323
Author(s):  
Quan Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Ly Vu ◽  
Quang Uy Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Channel Model ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Representation Learning ◽  
Classification Problem ◽  
Sentiment Classification ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Important Research Topic

Sentiment classification (SC) aims to determine whether a document conveys a positive or negative opinion. Due to the rapid development of the digital world, SC has become an important research topic that affects many aspects of our life. In SC based on machine learning, the representation of the document strongly influences on its accuracy. Word Embedding (WE)-based techniques, i.e., Word2vec techniques, are proved to be beneficial techniques to the SC problem. However, Word2vec is often not enough to represent the semantic of documents with complex sentences of Vietnamese. In this paper, we propose a new representation learning model called a \textbf{two-channel vector} to learn a higher-level feature of a document in SC. Our model uses two neural networks to learn the semantic feature, i.e., Word2vec and the syntactic feature, i.e., Part of Speech tag (POS). Two features are then combined and input to a \textit{Softmax} function to make the final classification. We carry out intensive experiments on $4$ recent Vietnamese sentiment datasets to evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model can significantly enhance the accuracy of SC problems compared to two single models and a state-of-the-art ensemble method.

scholarly journals The Status of Questions in the Ontology of Scientific Change

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
William Rawleigh
Keyword(s):  
Basic Element ◽  
Scientific Change ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Epistemic Agent ◽  
Distinct Class ◽  
Epistemic Stance ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theory Acceptance ◽  
Scientific Questions

The currently accepted scientonomic ontology includes two classes of epistemic elements – theories and methods. However, the ontology underlying the Encyclopedia of Scientonomy includes questions/topics as a basic element of its semantic structure. Ideally there should be no discrepancy between the accepted ontology of theoretical scientonomy and that of the Encyclopedia.  I argue that questions constitute a distinct class of epistemic elements as they are not reducible to other elements that undergo scientific change – theories or methods. I discuss and reject two attempts at reducing questions to either descriptive or normative theories. According to the descriptive-epistemic account, scientific questions can be logically reduced to descriptive propositions, while according to the normative-epistemic account, they can be reduced to normative propositions. I show that these interpretations are incapable of capturing the propositional content expressed by questions; any possible reduction is carried at the expense of losing the essential characteristic of questions. Further, I find that the attempts to reduce questions to theories introduce an infinite regress, where a theory is an attempt to answer a question, which is itself a theory which answers another question, ad infintum. Instead, I propose to incorporate the question-answer semantic structure from erotetic logic in which questions constitute a distinct class of elements irreducible to propositions. An acceptance of questions into scientonomic ontology as a separate class of epistemic elements suggests a new avenue of research into the mechanism of question acceptance and rejection, i.e. how epistemic communities come to accept certain questions as legitimate and others as illegitimate. Suggested Modifications [Sciento-2018-0001]: Accept the following definition of question: Question ≡ a topic of inquiry. [Sciento-2018-0002]: Accept the ontology of epistemic elements with theories, methods, and questions as distinct epistemic elements. Reject the previously accepted ontology of epistemic elements. [Sciento-2018-0003]: Provided that modification [Sciento-2018-0002] is accepted, accept that the epistemic stance that can be taken by an epistemic agent towards a question is question acceptance (the opposite is unacceptance), defined as follows:  Question Acceptance ≡ a question is said to be accepted if it is taken as a legitimate topic of inquiry. [Sciento-2018-0004]: Provided that modifications [Sciento-2018-0002] and [Sciento-2018-0003] are accepted, accept the following question as legitimate topics of scientonomic inquiry:  Mechanism of Question Acceptance: How do questions become accepted as legitimate? What is the mechanism of question acceptance?  Indicators of Question Acceptance: What are the historical indicators of theory acceptance? How can observational scientonomists establish that such-and-such a question was accepted as a legitimate topic of inquiry by a certain epistemic agent at a certain time?

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