scholarly journals Antibiotic profile of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase negative Staphylococci species isolated from raw camel milk from Garissa County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elly Kirwa ◽  
Abong O Gabriel ◽  
Timothy E. Maitho ◽  
Mbindyo CM ◽  
Abuom T O ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Camel Milk ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Milk Samples

The emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria in clinically challenging situations is a global concern. Staphylococcus resistance poses a threat to available therapeutic agents in management of camel diseases. S. aureus is often isolated from mastitic camel milk. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) can be pathogenic in humans and animals. This cross-sectional study investigated the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of Staphylococci species in raw camel milk from Garissa County, Kenya. A total of 231 raw camel milk samples from healthy camels were collected. Disk diffusion was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Bacteria were revived in Buffered Peptone Water (BPW). Staphylococcus isolates were cultured on Mannitol Salt agar (MSA) and Blood Agar (BA). Coagulase and catalase tests were used to biochemically characterize the isolates. Antibiotic disks were placed on Mueller Hinton Agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and diameters of zones inhibition measured. The readings were recorded as either susceptible, intermediate, or resistant based on the interpretative breakpoints by the veterinary Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Antimicrobial agents tested included; Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Cephalexin, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Cefoxitin, Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol. Out of the 231 raw camel milk samples cultured, 52.8% (122/231) Staphylococci isolates were recovered. Among the Staphylococci isolates 83.6% (102) were S. aureus and 16.4% (20) were CoNS. Overall, 83 (68%) isolates were catalase positive and 122 (91.7%) showed β-haemolysis on BA culture. Highest resistance was observed against Cephalexin (81.9%) and Streptomycin (72.1%) while the lowest resistance was seen against Chloramphenicol (1.6%) and Tetracycline (3.3%). MRSA and MRCoNS were reported at 9.8% and 15% of the isolates respectively. MDR was recorded in 43.4% of the isolates resistant to at least 3 or more antimicrobial groups while 39.3% isolates were resistant to 1 or 2 antimicrobial tested.   In conclusion, the study showed that CoNS and S

scholarly journals Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from CMT Positive Milk Samples Obtained from Dairy Cows, Camels, and Goats in Two Pastoral Districts in Southern Ethiopia

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1530
Author(s):  
Amanuel Balemi ◽  
Balako Gumi ◽  
Kebede Amenu ◽  
Sisay Girma ◽  
Muuz Gebru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples

A study was carried out from August 2017 to February 2018 on lactating dairy cows, one-humped dromedary camels, and goats to determine mastitis in the Bule Hora and Dugda Dawa districts of in Southern Ethiopia. Milk samples from 564 udder quarters and udder halves from 171 animals consisting of 60 dairy cows, 51 camels, and 60 goats were tested for mastitis. Sixty-four positive udder milk samples were cultured, and bacterial mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from milk with mastitis was tested against nine antimicrobials commonly used in the study area. Cow- and quarter-level prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows, camels, and goats was 33.3%, 26.3%, and 25% and 17.6%, 14.5%, and 20%, respectively. In cattle, the prevalence was significantly higher in Dugda Dawa than in Bule Hora. Major bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (39.1%), S. aureus (17.2%), S. hyicus (14.1%), and S. intermedius and Escherichia coli (9.4% each). In camels, udder abnormality and mastitis were significantly higher in late lactation than in early lactation. Mastitis tends to increase with parity in camels. E. coli isolates were highly resistant to spectinomycin, vancomycin, and doxycycline, whereas most S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant. Most of the rural and periurban communities in this area consume raw milk, which indicates a high risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. We recommend a community-focused training program to improve community awareness of the need to boil milk and the risk of raw milk consumption.

scholarly journals Activity of Debio1452, a FabI Inhibitor with Potent Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus spp., Including Multidrug-Resistant Strains

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 2583-2587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Flamm ◽  
Paul R. Rhomberg ◽  
Nachum Kaplan ◽  
Ronald N. Jones ◽  
David J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Human Infections

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusand coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are responsible for a wide variety of human infections. The investigational antibacterial Debio1450 (previously AFN-1720), a prodrug of Debio1452 (previously AFN-1252), specifically targets staphylococci without significant activity against other Gram-positive or Gram-negative species. Debio1452 inhibits FabI, an enzyme critical to fatty acid biosynthesis in staphylococci. The activity of Debio1452 against CoNS, methicillin-susceptibleS. aureus(MSSA), and methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA), including significant clones, was determined. A globally diverse collection of 574 patient isolates from 35 countries was tested that included CoNS (6 species, 103 strains), MSSA (154 strains), MRSA (163 strains), and molecularly characterized strains (includingspa-typed MRSA clones; 154 strains). The isolates were tested for susceptibility by CLSI broth microdilution methods against Debio1452 and 10 comparators. The susceptibility rates for the comparators were determined using CLSI and EUCAST breakpoint criteria. AllS. aureusand CoNS strains were inhibited by Debio1452 concentrations of ≤0.12 and ≤0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC50s for MSSA, MRSA, and molecularly characterized MRSA strains were 0.004 μg/ml, and the MIC90s ranged from 0.008 to 0.03 μg/ml. The MICs were higher for the CoNS isolates (MIC50/90, 0.015/0.12 μg/ml). AmongS. aureusstrains, resistance was common for erythromycin (61.6%), levofloxacin (49.0%), clindamycin (27.6%), tetracycline (15.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (7.0%). Debio1452 demonstrated potent activity against MSSA, MRSA, and CoNS. Debio1452 showed significantly greater activity overall (MIC50, 0.004 μg/ml) than the other agents tested against these staphylococcal species, which included dominant MRSA clones and strains resistant to currently utilized antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Potential spread of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci through healthcare waste

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 029-034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago César Nascimento ◽  
Vânia Lúcia Da Silva ◽  
Alessandra Barbosa Ferreira-Machado ◽  
Cláudio Galuppo Diniz
Keyword(s):  
Meca Gene ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Healthcare Waste ◽  
Sanitary Landfills ◽  
Rdna Sequencing

Introduction: Healthcare waste (HCW) might potentially harbor infective viable microorganisms in sanitary landfills. We investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the occurrence of the mecA gene in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains (CoNS) recovered from the leachate of the HCW in an untreated sanitary landfill. Methodology: Bacterial identification was performed by physiological and molecular approaches, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial drugs were determined by the agar dilution method according to CLSI guidelines. All oxacillin-resistant bacteria were screened for the mecA gene. Results: Out of 73 CoNS, seven different species were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing: Staphylococcus felis (64.4%; n = 47), Staphylococcus sciuri (26.0%; n = 19), Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.7%; n = 2), Staphylococcus warneri (2.7%; n = 2), Staphylococcus lentus (1.4%; n = 1), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1.4%; n = 1), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1.4%; n = 1). Penicillin was the least effective antimicrobial (60.3% of resistance; n = 44) followed by erythromycin (39.8%; n = 29), azithromycin (28.8%; n = 21), and oxacillin (16.5%; n = 12). The most effective drug was vancomycin, for which no resistance was observed, followed by gentamicin and levofloxacin, for which only intermediate resistance was observed (22%, n = 16 and 1.4%, n = 1, respectively). Among the oxacillin-resistant strains, the mecA gene was detected in two isolates. Conclusions: Considering the high antimicrobial resistance observed, our results raise concerns about the survival of putative bacterial pathogens carrying important resistance markers in HCW and their environmental spread through untreated residues discharged in sanitary landfills.

scholarly journals Investigation of Antimicrobial Susceptibilities Among Bacteria Isolated from Blood Cultures in Hospitalized Patients, Tehran, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadi Aghamohammad ◽  
Maryam Nouri ◽  
Fatemeh Ashrafian ◽  
Mohtaram Sadat Kashi ◽  
Mehrdad Gholami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Positive Blood Culture ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Bacteremia is the status, which is detected via a positive blood culture test with no contamination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that direct medical procedures and total costs are significantly high. Antibiotic resistance can play a major role in the costs, which are related to the long duration of treatment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the rate and profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility of blood culture isolates from Tehran, Iran. Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, a total of 5,000 blood culture samples were collected from patients hospitalized in the Loghman General Hospital, Tehran, Iran, with positive blood culture results from 2012 to 2013. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was analyzed using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. Results: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (38.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.5%), Acinetobacter (11.9%), and Escherichia coli (11.7%) were the most frequent bacteria isolated from the blood cultures, collectively accounting for > 80% of the isolates. Of isolated microorganisms, 63.75% and 36.24% belonged to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Moreover, 88% of the isolates were MRSA (oxacillin-/methicillin-resistant), and 7% were VRE (vancomycin-resistant). Conclusions: The most frequent isolated organisms were Gram-positive bacteria, and the rate of MDR (multi-drug resistance) was high. The results of the current study obviously indicate the misuse of antibiotic in society. National surveillance studies in Iran will be useful for clinicians to choose the right empirical treatment and will help control and prevent infections caused by resistant organisms.

scholarly journals Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria on the Mobile Phones and Computer Keyboards of Healthcare University Students in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Michael Olu-Taiwo ◽  
Christian Afotey Laryea ◽  
David Kweku Mykels ◽  
Akua Obeng Forson
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Healthcare Students ◽  
The University

Globally, mobile phones and computers (laptops and desktops) are indispensable part of human lives for communication, entertainment, and educational purposes. However, there are concerns about the increasing risk of bacterial contamination and antibiotic resistant trends from the surfaces of these devices. This study aims to assess bacterial contamination of mobile phones and computer keyboards and their resistant profile at the University of Ghana, Korle-Bu Campus, Accra. This was a cross-sectional study conducted from March to June 2017 with 240 swabs collected from the surfaces of mobile phones and computer keyboards used by healthcare students. Swabs were cultured on MacConkey, blood, and mannitol salt agar. Bacteria identification was performed with a standard bacteriological method. A total of 91 bacterial isolates were obtained from the devices, and they were tested against 9 commonly used antibiotics by the Kirby–Bauer disc method. The study revealed mobile phones and computer keyboards had contamination levels of 83.3% and 43.3%. Bacteria isolated included Staphylococcus epidermidis (25.4%), Klebsiella spp. (12.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.2%), Escherichia coli (6.7%), Pseudomonas spp. (5.4%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.1%), and Enterobacter spp. (1.7%). Overall, 91 bacterial isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (96.7%) and tetracycline (75.8%) and moderately resistant to chloramphenicol (49.5%) with lower resistance to cefotaxime (18.7%), ceftadizime (14.2%), ciprofloxacin (25.3%), and gentamycin (24.7%). Additionally, 45.1% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Findings from this study revealed mobile phones and computer keyboards of healthcare students in the university were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Hence, frequent hand hygiene and disinfection of mobile phones and computer keyboard surfaces is encouraged to minimize the spread of resistant bacteria pathogens.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance among Neonates with Bacterial Sepsis and Their Clinical Outcomes in a Tertiary Hospital in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Bijendra Raj Raghubanshi ◽  
Karuna D. Sagili ◽  
Wai Wai Han ◽  
Henish Shakya ◽  
Priyanka Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
College Teaching ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Cross Sectional

Globally, antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from neonatal sepsis is increasing. In this cross-sectional study conducted at a medical college teaching hospital in Nepal, we assessed the antibiotic resistance levels in bacteria cultured from neonates with sepsis and their in-hospital treatment outcomes. We extracted data of neonates with sepsis admitted for in-patient care from June 2018 to December 2019 by reviewing hospital records of the neonatal intensive care unit and microbiology department. A total of 308 neonates with sepsis were admitted of which, blood bacterial culture antibiotic sensitivity reports were available for 298 neonates. Twenty neonates (7%) had bacteriologic culture-confirmed neonatal sepsis. The most common bacterial species isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (8), followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (5). Most of these bacteria were resistant to at least one first-line antibiotic used to manage neonatal sepsis. Overall, there were 7 (2%) deaths among the 308 neonates (none of them from the bacterial culture-positive group), and 53 (17%) neonates had left the hospital against medical advice (LAMA). Improving hospital procedures to isolate bacteria in neonates with sepsis, undertaking measures to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and addressing LAMA’s reasons are urgently needed.

Resistance to nitrofurantoin is an indicator of extensive drug-resistant (XDR) Enterobacteriaceae

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Balaram Khamari ◽  
Prakash Kumar ◽  
Bulagonda Eswarappa Pradeep
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

Introduction. Nitrofurantoin is one of the preferred antibiotics in the treatment of uropathogenic multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections. However, resistance to nitrofurantoin in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria has severely limited the treatment options. Gap statement. Information related to co-resistance or collateral sensitivity (CS) with reference to nitrofurantoin resistant bacteria is limited. Aim. To study the potential of nitrofurantoin resistance as an indicator of the XDR phenotype in Enterobacteriaceae . Methods. One hundred (45 nitrofurantoin-resistant, 21 intermediately resistant and 34 nitrofurantoin-susceptible) Enterobacteriaceae were analysed in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) against nitrofurantoin and 17 other antimicrobial agents across eight different classes was performed by using the Vitek 2.0 system. The isolates were screened for the prevalence of acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and efflux pump genes by PCR. Results. In total, 51 % of nitrofurantoin-resistant and 28 % of intermediately nitrofurantoin resistant isolates exhibited XDR characteristics, while only 3 % of nitrofurantoin-sensitive isolates were XDR (P=0.0001). Significant co-resistance was observed between nitrofurantoin and other tested antibiotics (β-lactam, cephalosporin, carbapenem, aminoglycoside and tetracycline). Further, the prevalence of AMR and efflux pump genes was higher in the nitrofurantoin-resistant strains compared to the susceptible isolates. A strong association was observed between nitrofurantoin resistance and the presence of bla PER-1, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, ant(2) and oqxA-oqxB genes. Tigecycline (84 %) and colistin (95 %) were the only antibiotics to which the majority of the isolates were susceptible. Conclusion. Nitrofurantoin resistance could be an indicator of the XDR phenotype among Enterobacteriaceae , harbouring multiple AMR and efflux pump genes. Tigecycline and colistin are the only antibiotics that could be used in the treatment of such XDR infections. A deeper understanding of the co-resistance mechanisms in XDR pathogens and prescription of AST-based appropriate combination therapy may help mitigate this problem.

scholarly journals Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from surgical site of dogs, surgeon's hands and operating room in a veterinary teaching hospital in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareliza Possa de Menezes ◽  
Mariana Borzi ◽  
Mayara Ruaro ◽  
Marita Cardozo ◽  
Fernando Ávila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The One ◽  
Clean Contaminated ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococci

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli isolated from the surgical environment. All samples were collected during the intraoperative period of clean/clean-contaminated (G1) and contaminated (G2) surgery. A total of 150 samples were collected from the surgical wound in the beginning (n = 30) and end (n = 30) of the procedure, surgeon’s hands before (n = 30) and after (n = 30) antisepsis and the surgical environment (n = 30). Forty-three isolates with morphological and biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus spp. and 13 of Gram-negative bacilli were obtained. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (85.71% [18/21]), coagulase-positive staphylococci (9.52% [2/21]) and Pseudomonas spp. (47.52% [1/21]) in G1, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (40% [14/35]), coagulase-positive staphylococci (20% [7/35]), Proteus spp. (17.14% [6/35]), E. coli (8.57% [3/35]), Pseudomonas spp. (2.86% [1/35]) and Salmonella spp. (2.86 [1/35]) in G2 were more frequently isolated, and a high incidence of multidrug resistance was observed in coagulase-negative staphylococci (87.5% [28/32]), coagulase-positive staphylococci (100% [11/11]) and Gram-negative bacilli (76.92% [10/13]). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. accounted for 83.72% (36/43) of the Staphylococcus strains. Gram-negative bacilli cefotaxime-resistance constituted 81.82% (9/11) and imipenem resistance constituted 53.85% (7/13). The high rate of resistance of commensal bacteria found in our study is worrying. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are community pathogens related to nosocomial infections in human and veterinary hospitals, their presence in healthy patients and in veterinary professionals represent an important source of infection in the one health context. Continuous surveillance and application of antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential in the fight against this threat.

scholarly journals Plasmid Derived AmpC Genotypes among the Multidrug Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Strains Isolated from Urine Samples in Southern India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ronni Mol ◽  
Ganesan Shanthi ◽  
Khalid Bindayna
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Hospital Infection Control ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: The most common pathogens causing Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) in community and hospital settings are Enterobacteriaceae. Antibiotic resistance is a major problem worldwide because of an increase in the use of antibiotics. Production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC beta-lactamases is the most common cause of resistance among Enterobacteriaceae (AmpC). Initially, AmpC β-lactamases received less attention globally, but now it has become a rising problem. Detection of AmpC β-lactamases expressing microbes is a requirement for addressing surveillance, for problems of hospital infection control, and for choosing optimal antimicrobial therapy. Aim: To study the genotype distribution of plasmid mediated AmpC β-lactamase produced in Enterobacteriaceaestrains isolated from urine samples. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study based on clinical laboratory surveillance was conducted from July 2019 to February 2020. Sixty Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified by standard biochemical reactions. AmpC screening were done by cefoxitin disk diffusion and confirmed by an inhibitor-based assay using boronic acid. The presence of six plasmid mediated AmpC genes was determined by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0 was used to obtain descriptive data. Results: Among 60 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 23 (38.3%) were cefoxitin-resistant isolates which contain Escherichia colistrain (n=17) while the remaining samples consist ofKlebsiella pneumoniae (n=5) and Proteus mirabilis strains (n=1). AmpC β-lactamase production was phenotypically confirmed in 12(20%) isolates and genotypically confirmed by PCR analysis in 16(26.6%) of all the urine isolates. In the present study, 3(13%), 2 (8.6%) of cefoxitin resistant isolates harboured the DHA, EBC gene and 1(4.3%) each harboured FOX and CIT gene, and 9(39.1%) harboured a combination of the genes. Conclusion: The present study suggested the predominant existence of plasmid mediated AmpC producers in Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. We suggest continuous surveillance is important to effectively control the spread of these strains and for optimal clinical outcome.

scholarly journals Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Associated with Cell Phones of Healthcare Professionals in Selected Hospitals in Saudi Arabia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Banawas ◽  
Ahmed Abdel-Hadi ◽  
Mohammed Alaidarous ◽  
Bader Alshehri ◽  
Abdul Aziz Bin Dukhyil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Pseudomonas Stutzeri ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci

Cell phones may be an ideal habitat for colonization by bacterial pathogens, especially in hot climates, and may be a reservoir or vehicle in transmitting nosocomial infections. We investigated bacterial contamination on cell phones of healthcare workers in three hospitals in Saudi Arabia and determined antibacterial resistance of selected bacteria. A questionnaire was submitted to 285 healthcare workers in three hospitals, and information was collected on cell phone usage at the work area and in the toilet, cell phone cleaning and sharing, and awareness of cell phones being a source of infection. Screening on the Vitek 2 Compact system (bioMérieux Inc., USA) was done to characterize bacterial isolates. Of the 60 samples collected from three hospitals, 38 (63.3%) were positive with 38 bacterial isolates (4 Gram-negative and 34 Gram-positive bacteria). We found 38.3% of cell phones were contaminated with coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis (10 isolates). Other bacterial agents identified were S. aureus, S. hominis, Alloiococcus otitis, Vibrio fluvialis, and Pseudomonas stutzeri. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that most coagulase-negative staphylococci were resistant to benzylpenicillin, erythromycin, and rifampicin. Eight isolates were resistant to oxacillin, specifically S. epidermidis (3), S. hominis (2), and S. warneri (2). A. otitis, a cause of acute otitis media showed multidrug resistance. One isolate, a confirmed hetero-vancomycin intermediate-resistant S. aureus, was resistant to antibiotics, commonly used to treat skin infection. There was a significant correlation between the level of contamination and usage of cell phone at toilet and sharing. Our findings emphasize the importance of hygiene practices in cell phone usage among healthcare workers in preventing the transmission of multidrug-resistant microbes.

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