scholarly journals Physiological responses of resistant and susceptible pepper plants to exogenous proline application under Phytophthora capsici stress

2022 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esra Koç
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Scavenging ◽  
Positive Effect

Phytophthora capsici Leon. is the main pathogen that limits the production of peppers. In this study, the effects of 1 and 10 mM proline (Pro), prior to exposure of resistant (CM-334) and susceptible (SD-8) pepper seedlings to P. capsici, on some physiological parameters were investigated. A lower Pro concentration (1 mM) was found to be more effective than 10 mM Pro in increasing the stress tolerance of the CM-334 cultivar. Namely, in CM-334 cultivar, the highest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, glucose and fructose content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity percentage were detected on the seventh day after application of 1 mM Pro + P. capsici, while the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) amount was measured on the third day in the same treatment. The highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) increase was determined on the seventh day in the 10 mM Pro + P. capsici application. The effects of the same Pro treatments on the SD-8 cultivar somewhat differed; the highest amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, anthocyanins, fructose, total protein and endogenous Pro were detected on the seventh day in the 1 mM Pro + P. capsici application, while the lowest MDA amount was measured on the third day after the 10 mM Pro + P. capsici application, the highest DPPH % and FRAP values were detected on the seventh day with 10 mM Pro + P. capsici application. Although some differences were detected between the cultivars, Pro application against the P. capsici stress in general resulted in a positive effect on photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrates and antioxidant capacity in pepper. The exogenous application of Pro helped the non-resistant cultivar to overcome the stress.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of three species of Cornukaempferia in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
THEERAPHAN CHUMROENPHAT ◽  
Surapon Saensouk ◽  
PIYAPORN SAENSOUK
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Scavenging

Abstract. Chumroenphat T, Saensouk S, Saensouk P. 2021. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of three species of Cornukaempferia in Thailand. Biodiversitas 22: 4036-4044. Genus Cornukaempferia (Zingiberaceae) were used as medicinal plants in Thailand. Cornukaempferia has never been reported the chemical compounds and antioxidant activity before. This study was designed to identify the chemical composition and antioxidant activities in root, rhizome, stem, and leaves of Cornukaempferia aurantiflora, C. larsenii, and C. longipetiolata. DPPH scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays assessed the chemical composition and antioxidant activity. The results showed that total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) found different plant parts obtained in this study were in the order of root>rhizomes>leaves>?stems. The C. aurantiflora had a high TPC of 416.39 mg GAE/g dry weight, while individual phenolics, such as vanillic acid at 256.90 mg/g dry weight, showed high contents in the leaf part. For C. larsenii,  TFC and individual flavonoids, such as catechin, have high 62.52 and 56.47 mg/100g dry weight values in the roots, respectively. The antioxidant activities in different species of different plant parts (DPPH: root>leaves?> rhizomes?>?stems; FRAP: leaves?>root>?rhizomes?>?stems). The genus Cornukaempferia is a rich source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the genus Cornukaempferia will be used as medicine and food to produce products with health benefits in the future.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Potential of Mauby Bark Extracts (Colubrina arborescens) Brewed for Different Lengths of Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Jeremy Embola ◽  
Cheryl Rock ◽  
Long Wang ◽  
Wendy Reiboldt ◽  
Saba Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Polyphenolic Content ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽  
Total Polyphenolic Content ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Dpph Scavenging

Mauby bark (Colubrina arborescens) is commonly used to make a beverage,“Mauby”, in the Caribbean and is believed to possess antiglycemic, antilipidemic, and anticarcinogenic properties. However, limited studies have been conducted to substantiate the compounds present that may confer these benefits. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to quantify the total polyphenolic content and evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Mauby bark extracts brewed in water at 30, 45, and 60 minutes. In the extracts, the Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) ranged from 1.93 - 3.17 mg CE/mL and the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) ranged from 2.10 mg ± 0.11 GAE/mL (45 minutes) - 2.36 mg ± 0.067 GAE/mL (30 minutes). Moreover, their antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2 Diphenyl 1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and  Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The DPPH scavenging activity observed from Mauby extracts ranged from 75% ± 4.02 (30 minutes) to 83% ± 0.66 (60 minutes) and the FRAP values ranged from 6.29± 0.84 (30 minutes) to 6.90 ± 1.54 mM FeSO4 equivalents/ 0.2 mL Mauby extract (45 minutes). Although, polyphenolic content at 30 minutes was greater than 60 minutes of brewing for TFC (p < 0.001) and TPC (p = 0.002), the scavenging activity was greater at 60 minutes than 30 minutes (p = 0.014) while antioxidant power was not affected by brewing time (p = 0.736). In summary, brewing the bark at 60 minutes was observed to provide the highest antioxidant activity.

scholarly journals Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Some Varieties of Persea americana Peels Consumed in Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ruth Edwige Kemadjou Dibacto ◽  
Boris Ronald Tonou Tchuente ◽  
Maxwell Wandji Nguedjo ◽  
Yves Martial Tongue Tientcheu ◽  
Emilienne Carine Nyobe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Dpph Scavenging

Fruit peels are increasingly being used as functional foods nowadays. Peelings of twelve varieties of Persea americana fruits consumed in Cameroon were investigated for their phenolic compounds (polyphenols and flavonoids) using three solvents systems, water, ethanol: water (50 : 50 v / v ), and ethanol, and antioxidant activity using total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging methods. Total polyphenol, flavonoids, and antioxidant potential of the peels significantly varied with P. americana variety and also with the extraction solvents in the order ethanol > ethanol: water > water. Total phenolic content varied from 2407 (Fuerte florid) to 673 (Semil) mg GAE/g DM, respectively, while flavonoids varied from 986 to 119 mg QE/g DM for Fuerte florid and Hickson varieties, respectively. TAC, respectively, varied between 132.87 and 126.85 mg AAE/g DM with Hass and Semil varieties, respectively. The highest DPPH scavenging capacity was recorded for the ethanolic extract with Lula (86.33%) and the least for the aqueous extract with the Semil (30.11%) variety. With FRAP, the highest capacity was obtained with hydroethanolic extract of Fuerte florid (0.43 mg AAE/g DM) and the least for aqueous extract with the Semil (0.269 mg AAE/g DM) variety. In conclusion, varieties of avocado peels are a good source of antioxidants. Solvent extraction significantly affected the concentration of bioactive compounds but not the potency of the antioxidants. A weakly positive correlation but not significant between the quantity of polyphenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant capacity of avocado peelings was obtained in this study.

scholarly journals E-Configuration Improves Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Capacities of Resveratrols

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Lin ◽  
Xican Li ◽  
Ban Chen ◽  
Gang Wei ◽  
Dongfeng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Hydrogen Atom Transfer ◽  
Dihedral Angles ◽  
Antioxidant Action ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Cellular Assays ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Dpph Scavenging

The antioxidant and cytoprotective capacities of E-resveratrol and Z-resveratrol were compared using chemical and cellular assays. Chemical assays revealed that the two isomers were dose-dependently active in •O2−-scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Cu2+-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide radical (PTIO•)-scavenging (pH 7.4 and pH 4.5), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•)-scavenging assays. The cellular assay indicated that the two isomers could also increase cell viabilities. However, quantitative analyses suggested that E-resveratrol exhibited stronger effects than Z-resveratrol in all chemical and cellular assays. Finally, the conformations of E-resveratrol and Z-resveratrol were analyzed. It can be concluded that both E-resveratrol and Z-resveratrol can promote redox-related pathways to exhibit antioxidant action and consequently protect bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) from oxidative damage. These pathways include electron transfer (ET) and H+-transfer, and likely include hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The E-configuration, however, improves antioxidant and cytoprotective capacities of resveratrols. The detrimental effect of the Z-configuration may be attributed to the non-planar preferential conformation, where two dihedral angles block the extension of the conjugative system.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites (Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity) of Amlok (Diospyros lotus L) Fruit Extracts of Jammu Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Anjum Ayoub ◽  
Jagmohan Singh ◽  
Fozia Hameed ◽  
Muntazir Mushtaq
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Diospyros Lotus ◽  
Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Scavenging ◽  
Antibacterial And Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Black Color

Amlok (Diospyros lotus L.) fruit is growing in the hilly areas of jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir India. It is locally known as amlok. This fruit has black color and small in size and astringent taste. Analysis of the fruit was done quantitatively and qualitatively for various secondary metabolites such as total phenols, quercitin, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins with the help of various standard methods. It was analyzed that the fruit contains the abundant amount of the tannins as compared to the rest of the metabolites. The antibacterial activity of the fruit extract shows it has great potential to provide defense against wide spectrum infections because of many pathogenic organisms. This fruit can provide defense against many diseases and carcinogenic infections because it contains the higher amount of the antioxidants as reveled with the help of the antioxidant power assay viz, DPPH Scavenging activity.

scholarly journals ASPECTOS BIOQUÍMICOS E FLUORESCÊNCIA DA CLOROFILA A EM PLANTAS DE MINIMELANCIA HIDROPÔNICA SOB ESTRESSE SALINO*

Irriga ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-239
Author(s):  
Laís Monique Gomes do Ó ◽  
Alide Mitsue Watanabe Cova ◽  
Petterson Costa Conceição Silva ◽  
Hans Raj Gheyi ◽  
André Dias de Azevedo Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Fluorescence Of Chlorophyll A ◽  
Inorganic Solutes

ASPECTOS BIOQUÍMICOS E FLUORESCÊNCIA DA CLOROFILA A EM PLANTAS DE MINIMELANCIA HIDROPÔNICA SOB ESTRESSE SALINO*     LAÍS MONIQUE GOMES DO Ó1, ALIDE MITSUE WATANABE COVA2, PETTERSON COSTA CONCEIÇÃO SILVA3, HANS RAJ GHEYI4, ANDRÉ DIAS DE AZEVEDO NETO5, ROGÉRIO FERREIRA RIBAS6   1Doutoranda em Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, s/n, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil [email protected]. 2Pós-Doutoranda no Programa de Pós-graduação de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, s/n, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected]. 3Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, s/n, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected]. 4Professor Visitante, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, [email protected]. 5Professor Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, s/n, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected]. 6Professor Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, s/n, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected]. *Este artigo é proveniente da tese de doutorado do primeiro autor.     1 RESUMO   A salinidade é um dos principais estresses abióticos que induz distúrbios bioquímicos e fisiológicos em diversas culturas. O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da salinidade da solução nutritiva (CEsol) sobre a produção, acúmulo de solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos e fluorescência da clorofila a em plantas de minimelancia cv. Sugar Baby. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. As plantas foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico com cinco níveis de CEsol: 2,5; 3,5; 4,5; 5,5 e 6,5 dS m-1. Foram avaliados: massa do fruto, biomassa da parte aérea, teores de clorofilas a e b, fluorescência da clorofila a e teores de solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos. A massa do fruto e a biomassa seca da parte aérea foram influenciadas negativamente pela CEsol. Houve redução na concentração de carboidratos solúveis totais, aminoácidos livres, proteínas solúveis e prolina livre com o aumento da CEsol. Os íons sódio, cloreto e razão sódio/potássio aumentaram com a salinidade e os teores de potássio foram reduzidos. O incremento da salinidade aumentou linearmente o teor de clorofila b e reduziu linearmente o rendimento quântico da conversão de energia fotoquímica do FSII promovendo um ligeiro aumento no rendimento quântico da perda de energia regulada do FSII.   Palavras-chaves: biomassa, carboidratos, íons tóxicos, estresse abiótico.     Ó, L. M. G.; COVA, A. M. W.; SILVA, P. C. C.; GHEYI, H. R.; AZEVEDO NETO, A. D. de; RIBAS, R. F. BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS AND CHLOROPHYLL A FLUORESCENCE IN HYDROPONIC MINI WATERMELON PLANTS UNDER SALT STRESS   2 ABSTRACT   Salinity is one of the main abiotic stresses that induce biochemical and physiological disorders in diverse crops. This study investigated the effects of nutrient solution salinity (ECsol) on production, accumulation of organic and inorganic solutes and chlorophyl a fluorescence in mini watermelon plants cv. Sugar Baby. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. The plants were grown in a hydroponic system with five levels of ECsol: 2.5; 3.5; 4.5; 5.5 and 6.5 dS m-1. The variables evaluated were the mass of the fruit, the biomass of the aerial parts, contents of chlorophylls a and b, fluorescence of chlorophyll a, and contents of organic and inorganic solutes. The mass of the fruit and dry biomass of the aerial parts was negatively influenced by ECsol. There was a reduction in the concentration of total soluble carbohydrates, free amino acids, soluble proteins and free proline with the increase in ECsol. The sodium, chloride and sodium/potassium ratio increased with ECsol and potassium levels were reduced. The increase in ECsol linearly increased the chlorophyll b content and reduced the quantum yield of the photochemical energy conversion of the PSII promoting a slight increase in the quantum yield of the regulated energy loss of the PSII.   Keywords: abiotic stress, biomass, carbohydrates, toxic ions.

scholarly journals In VitroStudy on the Antioxidant Potentials of the Leaves and Fruits ofNauclea latifolia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ademola O. Ayeleso ◽  
Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju ◽  
Nicole L. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Total Polyphenols ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Dpph Scavenging ◽  
Nauclea Latifolia

This study was carried out to investigate thein vitroantioxidant potentials of the leaves and fruits ofNauclea latifolia, a straggling shrub or small tree, native to tropical Africa and Asia. Hot water extracts of the leaves and fruits ofNauclea latifoliawere assessed for their total polyphenolic, flavanol, and flavonol contents as well as 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The aqueous extract of the leaves was found to contain higher level of total polyphenols (11.63±0.023 mg GAE/g), flavanol (1.45±0.10 mg CE/g), and flavonol (2.22±0.37 mg QE/g) than the extract of the fruits with values of1.75±0.02 mg GAE/g (total polyphenol),0.15±0.01 mg CE/g (flavanol), and1.00±0.13 mg QE/g (flavonol). Similarly, the aqueous extract of the leaves also exhibited higher DPPH (IC5020.64 mg/mL), FRAP (86.10±3.46 μmol AAE/g), TEAC (94.83±3.57 μmol TE/g), and ORAC (196.55±0.073 μmol TE/g) than the extract of the fruits with DPPH (IC50120.33 mg/mL), FRAP (12.23±0.40 μmol AAE/g), TEAC (12.48±0.21 μmol TE/g), and ORAC (58.88±0.073 μmol TE/g). The present study showed thatNauclea latifoliahas strong antioxidant potentials with the leaves demonstrating higherin vitroantioxidant activities than the fruits.

scholarly journals The Effect of Light on Antioxidant Properties and Metabolic Profile of Chia Microgreens

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5731
Author(s):  
Selma Mlinarić ◽  
Vlatka Gvozdić ◽  
Ana Vuković ◽  
Martina Varga ◽  
Ivan Vlašiček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Salvia Hispanica L ◽  
One Year ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Effect Of Light

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a one-year plant known as a source of nutrients that can be consumed in the diet in the form of seeds or sprouts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of illumination for 24 and 48 h on dark-grown chia microgreens. Total antioxidant capacity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, along with the total phenolics, ascorbic acid and cellulose content, and chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate the biochemical composition and elucidate the changes in compound structures between dark-grown and illuminated chia microgreens. Analysis of the results showed that illumination significantly increased the content of all measured bioactive compounds as well as antioxidative capacity, especially 48 h after exposure to light. FTIR analyses supported structural and molecular changes in chia microgreens grown under different light regimes. Our results suggest that illumination has a positive effect on the antioxidant potential of chia microgreens, which may present a valuable addition to the human diet.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF IN VITRO- ANTI-OXIDANT POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS ROOT EXTRACT OF CLERODENDRUM SERRATUM L.

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 402
Author(s):  
Raj Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Udayabanu Malairaman ◽  
Silpi Chanda
Keyword(s):  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Dpph Scavenging ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

Objective: The intent  of this report  was to investigate the effect of aqueous root extract of Clerodendrum serratum L. for antioxidant activity using divergent models viz. DPPH scavenging assay, Superoxide scavenging assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay.Materials and Methods: The root of C. serratum was extracted using water. The yield of aqueous extract was 10%w/w. The outcome was examined statistically by the regression method.Results and discussions: The IC50 values are 85.43 µg/ml and 107.59 µg/ml for DPPH radical scavenging and Superoxide scavenging assay respectively whereas  FRAP showed significant reducing power activity with increased concentration of sample. The pilot study showed, a significant correlation existed between concentrations of the extract and percentage engrossment of free radicals.Conclusion: The antioxidant property may be corresponding to the polyphenols and flavonoids adjacent in the extract. These results clearly revealed that C. serratum might be effective against diseases analogous with free radical mediated. Keywords Clerodendrum serratum, DPPH, Superoxide, FRAP, Rutin, Antioxidant

scholarly journals Antioxidants Distribution in Pulp and Seeds of Black and Red Goji Berries as Affected by Boiling Processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Xin ◽  
Fengmei Zhu ◽  
Bin Du ◽  
Baojun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Scavenging Capacity ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Goji Berries ◽  
Dpph Scavenging

Pulp and seeds from four varieties of black goji and two varieties of red goji with different geographical origins were examined for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), condensed tannin content (CTT), monomeric anthocyanin content (MAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) using colorimetric methods. Contribution rates of pulp and seed to phytochemical contents and overall antioxidant capacities of whole fruits were calculated for each parameter. It was observed that most of the phytochemicals and antioxidant activities were predominantly contributed by the pulp in all six varieties. Boiling led to significant (p< 0.05) losses in the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity. The average MAC value in black goji was significantly (p< 0.05) higher than that observed for red goji.

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