LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY AS A LEGAL CONDITION

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Павел Сергеевич Солоницын
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Legal Fact ◽  
Historical Moment

В статье предлагается концепция юридической ответственности как особого правового состояния. Под правовым состоянием понимается протяженный во времени юридический факт, имеющий свойство порождать новые правовые отношения или правовые последствия. Правовое состояние ответственности применительно к теме статьи соотносится с особым правовым статусом лица, совершившего правонарушение. Рассматриваются различные точки зрения на юридическую ответственность как на принуждение, особое правовое отношение, средство правовой охраны. При этом данные позиции не опровергаются. Указывается, что правовое состояние ответственности вписывается в контекст юридической ответственности как особого межотраслевого института. В нем важнейшим элементом является осуждение правонарушителя, то есть выявление самого факта виновного совершения деяния, запрещенного нормами права. Осуждением (либо вынесением решения в случаях с иными мерами ответственности, помимо уголовной) опровергается презумпция добросовестности субъекта права, он официально приобретает статус правонарушителя. Осуждением констатируется состояние ответственности как особого юридического факта, связанного с правовой аномалией или совершением правонарушения. Государство в лице его органов и должностных лиц устраняют эту аномалию через наказания, перевоспитание правонарушителя и другие средства воздействия на него, соответствующие конкретному историческому моменту и достигнутому в обществе пониманию целей и задач воздействия на правонарушителя через так называемые меры ответственности. Осуждение правонарушителя и материализация осуждения через систему мер правового воздействия является одной из важнейших задач любой правовой системы, поскольку при этом используются механизмы восстановления правопорядка, нарушенного фактом преступления или иного нарушения закона. Восстановление правопорядка перестает быть произвольным делом общественности, а становится важным элементом права как достижения человеческой цивилизации. The article proposes the concept of legal responsibility as a special legal state. At the same time, a legal state is understood as a legal fact extended over time, which has the property of generating new legal relations or legal consequences. The legal state of responsibility in relation to the topic of the article is correlated with the special legal status of the person who committed the offense. Various points of view on legal responsibility as a compulsion, a special legal relationship, and a means of legal protection are considered. At the same time, these points of view are not refuted. It is indicated that the legal state of responsibility fits into the context of legal responsibility as a special intersectoral institution. In it, the most important element is the conviction of the offender, i.e., the identification of the very fact of the guilty commission of an act prohibited by the norms of law. A conviction (or a decision in cases with other measures of responsibility, other than criminal) refutes the presumption of good faith of the subject of law, he officially acquires the status of an offender. The state of responsibility as a special legal fact of a legal anomaly is stated. The state, represented by its organs and officials, eliminates this anomaly through punishments, re-education of the offender and other means of influencing him, corresponding to a specific historical moment and the understanding achieved in society of the goals and objectives of influencing the offender through the so-called measures of responsibility. The conviction of the offender and his materialization through a system of measures of legal retribution is one of the most important tasks of any legal system, since it uses mechanisms to restore law and order, violated by the fact of a crime or other violation of the law. The restoration of the rule of law is no longer an arbitrary matter for the public, but becomes an important element of law as an achievement of human civilization.

ON THE STATUS OF ADVISORY AND COORDINATING BODIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-134
Author(s):  
Olga A. TEPLYAKOVA ◽  
Artem A. Kostyukov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The State ◽  
State Council ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Advisory Bodies

The article provides a brief analysis of the legal status of the advisory bodies operating in the Russian Federation. In particular, the article analyzes the provisions of regulatory legal acts governing the activities of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the State Council of the Russian Federation, as well as the Council of Control and Accounting Bodies under the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation as a special advisory body existing within the structure of external state and municipal financial control bodies. The status of constitutional advisory bodies is considered separately, including in the context of current changes in Russian legislation. In addition, the author notes the interconnection of the implementation problems of the separation principle of powers both in the corresponding classification context of state bodies, and in relation to the determination of the advisory legal status bodies, their place in the public authority system of the Russian Federation. An assumption is also made regarding a number of provisions of the draft law which is under consideration by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the status terms of the State Council decisions of the Russian Federation. Public chambers and Public councils are separated into a separate group of advisory bodies. In the study of the issue, classical general scientific methods of cognition were used, in particular: analysis, generalization and synthesis. The authors also applied a modern synergistic approach that is increasingly used in social science research. The conclusion is made that at present there is a growing need for more comprehensive and in-depth studies of the advisory bodies institute of the Russian Federation, in particular, devoted to the issues of their classification and typology, both due to the increasing importance of these bodies in the public administration system, and due to the number of criteria for using these methods.

scholarly journals The status of a Deputy in the system of the state and municipal positions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Alla Gutorova
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article defines the constitutional and legal status of deputies in relation to the system of the state and municipal positions. The Deputy’s mandate gives a Deputy the opportunity to act as a representative of the people, as well as a representative of the authorities. Accordingly, within the framework of constitutional and legal regulation, it is necessary to analyze and compare the term «position» with such terms as «post», «institution» and «deputy position». In the article, the author used formal-legal and comparative methods, which allowed revealing the differences in these terms, disadvantages in the constitutional legal regulation of the position of Deputy in the system of the state positions. As a consequence of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the terms «deputy position», «post», «institution» are identical. Also the author identifies the differences in the terms such as « position of Deputy» and «deputy position». As a result of the election, the candidate gets the position of Deputy, which, in its turn, gives him the opportunity to be elected to the deputy position. At the same time it is not legislatively defined the place of a member of the Federation Council, Deputy of the State Duma, Deputy of the Supreme body of the Executive or Legislature of the Federation’s subject in the system of the public posts. It is necessary to reorganize the internal structure of the legislative authorities to exclude «superior positions» as much as possible, thereby guaranteeing the equality of deputies’ status. However, at the constituent entities, deputies should have the opportunity to influence on the formation of the Executive bodies of the subject of the Russian Federation.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COURT AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF A JUDGE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Skoromnyy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern System ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

The article reveals the conceptual foundations of the social responsibility of the court as an important prerequisite for the legal responsibility of a judge. It has been established that the problem of court and judge liability is regulated by the following international and Ukrainian documents, such as: 1) European Charter on the Law «On the Status of Judges» adopted by the Council of Europe; 2) The Law of Ukraine «On the Judicial System and the Status of Judges»; 3) the Constitution of Ukraine; 4) The Code of Judicial Ethics, approved by the Decision of the XI (regular) Congress of Judges of Ukraine; 5) Recommendation CM/Rec (2010) 12 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Council of Europe to member states regarding judges: independence, efficiency and responsibilities; 6) Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct. The results of a survey conducted by the Democratic Initiatives Foundation and the Razumkov Center, the Council of Judges of Ukraine and the Center for Judicial Studios with the support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation based on the «Monitoring of the State of Independence of Judges in Ukraine – 2012» as part of the study of the level of trust in the modern system were considered and analyzed, justice, judges and courts. It is determined that a judge has both a legal and a moral duty to impartially, independently, in a timely manner and comprehensively consider court cases and make fair judicial decisions, administering justice on the basis of legislative norms. Based on the study of the practice of litigation, it has been proven that judges must skillfully operate with various instruments of protection from public influence. It has been established that in order to ensure the protection of judges from the public, it is necessary to create special units that will function as part of judicial self-government bodies. It was proposed that the Council of Judges of Ukraine, which acts as the highest body of judicial self- government in our state (in Ukraine), legislate the provision on ensuring the protection of the procedural independence of judges.

GENESIS OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF JUDGES IN UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Skoromnyy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
The Status ◽  
Moral Damage

The article examines the features of the formation (genesis) of legal responsibility of judges in Ukraine (from Kievan Rus to the present day). It has been proven that at present there are many problems regarding the criminal (legal) responsibility of judges. It was found that judges are insufficiently protected from manifestations of criminal prosecution, which, in turn, affects the increase in loyalty to the prosecution, in contrast to the defense in the criminal process. It has been established that today there are no perfect mechanisms for appealing the inaction of judges in court. It was determined that bringing judges to disciplinary responsibility in the High Council of Justice does not fully comply with the requirements of the European Charter on the Status of Judges. Based on the results of the legal analysis of the activities of the institutions of judicial responsibility, it was found that modern methods of bringing judges to justice in Ukraine are imperfect, often contradictory, and in some cases allow judges to avoid responsibility. It has been established that the issue of civil liability of judges for carrying out wrong actions against citizens today requires an urgent solution, since the legal literature does not fully disclose the provisions that govern the conditions, grounds and procedure for holding judges accountable for resolving unfair sentences and implementing illegal actions that entail material and/or moral damage to citizens. It has been determined that for harm caused as a result of an unjust court decision made by a judge, as well as due to the judge's inaction, property liability is imposed on the state, since the judge conducting the proceedings acts on behalf of the state, that is, Ukraine. It was found that today a judge can be brought to disciplinary responsibility in cases determined in accordance with the Law of Ukraine «On the Judicial System and the Status of Judges».

The Status of Arabic in Israel: Refiections on the Power of Law to Produce Social Change

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Saban ◽  
Muhammad Amara
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
The State ◽  
French Language ◽  
The Status ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Ethnic Nation ◽  
State Of Israel

AbstractThe status of Arabic in Israel gives rise to question. Israel is a rare case of an ethnic nation-state that grants the language of minority group with a legal status which isprima facieone of equality. Both Hebrew and Arabic are the official languages of the State of Israel. What are the reasons for this special state of affairs? The answer is threefold: historic, sociological and legal. In various ways the potential inherent in the legal status of Arabic has been depleted of content, and as a result of that, as well as other reasons, the socio-political status of Arabic closely resembles what you would expect the status of a language of a minority group in a state that identifies itself as the state of the majority group to be. This answer, however, is another source of puzzlement – how does such a dissonance between law and practice evolve, what perpetuates it for so long, is change possible, is it to be expected?We present an analysis of the legal status of Arabic in Israel and at the same time we proceed to try and answer the questions regarding the gap between the legal and the sociopolitical status of Arabic. We reach some of our answers through a comparison with the use of law to change the status of the French language in Canada. One of these answers is that given the present constellation in Israel, the sociopolitical status of Arabic cannot meaningfully be altered by legal means.

scholarly journals Concessões nas Unidades de Conservação do Estado de São Paulo: reflexões, oportunidades e desafios

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Freire Reis ◽  
Odaléia Telles Marcondes Machado Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
State Parks ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
The Public ◽  
Leisure And Recreation

A discussão sobre a concessão das unidades de conservação é extremamente importante e tem gerado polêmica no Estado de São Paulo, devido à aprovação da Lei Nº 16.260, de 29 de junho de 2016, que “autoriza a Fazenda do Estado a conceder a exploração de serviços ou o uso, total ou parcial, de áreas em próprios estaduais”. A pesquisa e o debate sobre o tema são fundamentais para compreensão e reflexão das possibilidades e consequências da escolha deste caminho para as UCs, ainda que estes devessem anteceder a tomada de decisão. As atividades turísticas e de lazer estão dentre os principais serviços a serem concedidos a iniciativa privada nos Parques Estaduais. Embora essas atividades estejam dentre os objetivos deste tipo de categoria de UC é preeminente ressaltar que a conservação deve nortear a gestão. O Estado é responsável por proteger importantes fragmentos de Mata Atlântica e Cerrado, em áreas com diferentes tipos de ocupação e pressão. Para tanto, necessita de investimento em pessoal capacitado, infraestrutura e equipamentos, além do apoio e diálogo com comunidades tradicionais, que tenham relação com as áreas. O que se observa atualmente é a precarização dos serviços prestados, em que os servidores públicos não têm plano de carreira e os guarda-parques, funcionários primordiais para essas áreas, estão se extinguindo e com eles todo um rico conhecimento. A maioria dos gestores é comissionada e em alguns casos não tem formação adequada para função. A fiscalização é terceirizada e patrimonial deixando que a Floresta propriamente dita, fique a mercê de usos indevidos e inadequados como ocupação irregular, extração de flora, caça, depósito de entulhos, entre outros. É fato que as atividades de uso público realizadas atualmente estão aquém das possibilidades dos parques. A concessão de serviços como alimentação, hospedagem, aluguel de equipamentos e implantação de estruturas para atividades de ecoturismo podem sim ser uma alternativa para dinamizar o uso desses espaços e gerar recursos. Há diversos exemplos de sucesso no exterior e no Brasil, que podem ser inspiradores. Porém, é necessário fundamentalmente que o Estado assuma a responsabilidade legal de salvaguardar as UCs, valorizando a carreira dos servidores públicos investindo em concursos e capacitações. Somente com uma estrutura organizacional fortalecida será possível conduzir com eficiência processos de concessão, que contribuam com a otimização de uso adequado desses espaços. As UCs fornecem serviços ambientais imensuráveis e dentre eles estão às oportunidades turismo, lazer e recreação. Tourism Concessions in Protected Areas of São Paulo state (Brazil): reflections, opportunities and challenges ABSTRACT The discussion on the concession of protected areas is extremely important and has generated controversy in the State of São Paulo, due to the approval of the draft law Nº 16.260, that "authorizes the State Treasury to grant the exploitation of services or use of all or part of areas in state themselves." Research and debate on the subject are fundamental to understanding and reflection of the possibilities and consequences of choosing this way for protected area, even if they were to precede decision-making. Tourist and leisure activities are among the main services to be granted to private initiative in the State Parks. Although these activities are among the goals of that category of PA is paramount to emphasize that conservation should guide the management. The State is responsible for protecting important fragments of Atlantic Forest and Savannah, in areas with different types of occupation and pressure. Therefore, it needs investment in trained personnel, infrastructure and equipment, and support and dialogue with traditional communities that relate to the areas. What we currently see is the precariousness of services, where public servants have no career plan and park rangers, primary staff to these areas, they are dying off and with them a whole wealth of knowledge. Most managers are commissioned and in some cases do not have adequate training to function. The inspection is outsourced and property letting the forest itself, be at the mercy of undue and inappropriate uses such as illegal occupation, flora extraction, hunting, debris deposit, among others. It is true that the public use activities currently performed are beyond the means of the parks. The concession of services such as food, lodging, equipment rental and implementation of ecotourism activities to structures can indeed be an alternative to boost the use of these spaces and generate resources. There are many examples of success in Brazil and abroad, which can be inspiring. However, it is fundamentally necessary that the State assumes the legal responsibility to safeguard the protected areas, enhancing the careers of public servants investing in competitions and training. Only with a strengthened organizational structure will be possible to drive efficiently concession processes that contribute to the optimization of appropriate use of these spaces. PAs provide immeasurable environmental services and among them are the opportunities tourism, leisure and recreation. KEYWORDS: State Parks; Public Use; Management; Conservation.

scholarly journals Dekonstrukcja wolnego zawodu w systemie totalitarnym na przykładzie regulacji prawnej wykonywania zawodu rzecznika patentowego w Polsce w okresie stalinowskim

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Jacek Borowicz
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Professional Autonomy ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
The State ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Planning Commission ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Patent Attorney

In Poland before the Second World War, the profession of patent attorney was categorised as one of the so-called liberal professions. Its legal status and rules of practice were compared to the solicitor profession. A patent attorney practiced his profession personally, independently, and autonomously. In order to exercise his profession, he ran an independent patent attorney’s office. In the second half of the 1940s, with the communists taking power in Poland, a radical transformation of the social, political, economic, and legal system of the state along the lines of Stalin’s Soviet Union began. Any social, political, or economic activities characterised by independence and autonomy were thus in axiological contradiction with the ideology of the planned totalitarian state. The Act on the Establishment of the College of Patent Attorneys passed on 20 December 1949 completely abolished the structure of the patent attorney profession as a free profession, exercised in its own name and on its own account. From that moment on, the patent attorney became a civil servant performing their professional activities under strict hierarchical subordination to his superiors. There was no guarantee of their intellectual independence or professional autonomy. The practice of the patent attorney profession was subject to public law. The Patent Attorneys College was in fact another state office. It was organisationally and financially linked to the Patent Office — an administrative body granting legal protection to objects of industrial and commercial property, collecting and making available patent documentation and literature. The president of the Patent Office supervised the Patent Attorneys College. Both the Patent Attorneys College and the Patent Office were supervised by the State Economic Planning Commission. The State Commission for Economic Planning was a kind of super-ministry, tasked with a Soviet-style mission of closely supervising and controlling the entire centralised economy of the Polish state. The chairman of the State Economic Planning Commission also had key powers to influence patent attorneys. It was he who determined the subject of their professional examination, he who appointed a person meeting the statutory requirements to the position of a patent attorney. He could also exempt a candidate for the profession from meeting the requirements as well as appoint the president of the Patent Attorneys College. The Act of 20 December 1949 was repealed with the end of the Stalinist period in Poland. In 1958, the profession of patent attorney was briefly reinstated as a free profession. After that, until the end of the existence of the socialist state called the Polish People’s Republic, patent attorneys performed their profession as employees within the meaning of the labour law. It was not until the fall of communism in Poland that the profession of a patent attorney was re-established as a liberal profession under the provisions of the Act on Patent Attorneys of 9 January 1993.

scholarly journals An Existence of State Administration Court in Establishing Good Governance

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ruslin Ruslin
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Judicial Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Functions ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Good Government ◽  
Executive Agencies

Administration officials have broad authority in carrying out the affair of government. With this broad authority tends to be misused to cause harm and injustice in the society, therefore there must be other institutions that control it. Based on the theory of Trigs Politico executive agencies are politically controlled by the legislative and juridical institutions controlled by the judiciary, because the officials running the state administration executive functions that control the judiciary is legally the state administrative court. Judicial control of administrative functions of the state administrative court in addition aims to provide legal protection for the public and state administration officials themselves, as well as state administrative law enforcement agencies who aspire to realize a good and authoritative government. Keywords: Good government, State administration court

LEGAL OBLIGATION IN THE LEGAL STATUS STRUCTURE OF A PERSON SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT AND ITS STRUCTURE

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Андрей Владимирович Кулаков ◽  
Ольга Рениславовна Родионова
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Theory Of Law

Общей теорией права и отраслевыми науками достаточно давно исследуется структура правового статуса личности и место в данной структуре юридической обязанности. Доктринально обоснованной является позиция ученых, согласно которой структуру правового статуса личности, в том числе и осужденного к лишению свободы, составляют права, свободы и обязанности лица, закрепленные в нормативно-правовых актах. Несмотря на это, в отечественной науке время от времени появляются мнения ученых-правоведов, которые наряду с системой прав и обязанностей включают в состав правового статуса такие правовые явления, как «законные интересы», «гарантии прав», «юридическая ответственность» и т. д. Кроме того, подвергается сомнению и устоявшееся положение о структуре юридической обязанности как элементе правового статуса. Проведенный авторами анализ уголовно-исполнительных отношений дает основание утверждать, что, несмотря на особое правовое положение осужденных к лишению свободы, структура их правового статуса не изменяется, а юридические обязанности являются неотъемлемым ее элементом. При этом юридическая обязанность осужденного к лишению свободы, как и любого другого участника правовых отношений, всегда корреспондирует субъективному праву и состоит из четырех элементов: - необходимость совершения осужденным определенных (требуемых, должных) действий, предписанных нормативно-правовыми актами; - необходимость отреагировать на законные требования управомоченного лица; - необходимость (обязанность) претерпеть меры государственного принуждения в случае нарушения нормативно-правовых предписаний; - необходимость (обязанность) не мешать контрагенту пользоваться и/или реализовывать законное право. Только при таком подходе к юридической обязанности как элементу правового статуса осужденного ее можно считать не только средством установление границ дозволенного поведения, но и действенным регулятором общественных отношений. The legal status structure of an individual and the place of the legal obligation in it have been studied for a long time by the general theory of law and branch sciences. Doctrinally justified is the opinion of scientists, according to which the structure of the legal status of an individual including a person sentenced to imprisonment, consists of the rights, freedoms and duties of a person enshrined in normative legal acts. Despite this in Russian science from time to time there are points of view of legal scientists which along with the system of rights and obligations, include the legal status of such legal phenomena as «legitimate interests», «guarantees of rights», «legal responsibility», etc. In addition the well-established position on the legal obligation structure as an element of the legal status is also questioned. The author's analysis of penal relations gives grounds to assert that despite the special legal status of those sentenced to imprisonment the structure of their legal status does not change and legal obligations are an integral part of it. At the same time the legal obligation of a convicted person as well as any other participant in legal relations always corresponds to subjective law and consists of four elements: - the need for the convicted person to perform certain (required, due) actions prescribed by regulatory legal acts; - the need to respond to the legal requirements of the authorized person; - the need (obligation) to undergo measures of state coercion in case of violation of legal regulations; - the need (obligation) not to prevent the counterparty from using and / or exercising the legal right. Only with this approach to the legal obligation as an element of the legal status of the convicted person, it can be considered not only a means of establishing the boundaries of permissible behavior, but also an effective regulator of public relations.

Spirits in a Material World

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Trais Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Material World ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Compensatory Payment

This epilogue considers acquittal through the absolution of the apparition—where supernatural beings help to dictate the actions and fates of the living. It is only in the latter world that it makes sense for one to undertake kan-tham khwan, the action of making amends for a lost life through a compensatory payment made to the spirit of the deceased. The chapter illustrates that, insofar as kan-tham khwan masquerades as a payment made to placate the spirit of the deceased, it conforms to the logic and spirit of traditional forms of remediation for lost life. It is a testament to the survival of customary modes of action in an age of ostensibly normalized and homogeneous forms of law and order. At the same time, however, it is a form of action that imparts indemnification or legal protection for the injurer or culpable party. In this respect, kan-tham khwan participates in the long-standing logic of noblesse oblige, whereby social superiors are entitled to make amends for potentially wrongful actions that cost the lives of their subordinates. Within this backdrop, the chapter draws some inferences on the state of social and economic inequality in contemporary Thailand.

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