scholarly journals Specificity effects in reasoning with counterintuitive and arbitrary conditionals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lupita Estefania Gazzo Castañeda ◽  
Markus Knauff
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Everyday Experiences ◽  
Specificity Effect ◽  
Specificity Effects

AbstractWhen people have prior knowledge about an inference, they accept conclusions from specific conditionals (e.g., “If Jack does sports, then Jack loses weight”) more strongly than for unspecific conditionals (e.g., “If a person does sports, then the person loses weight”). But can specific phrasings also elevate the acceptance of conclusions from unbelievable conditionals? In Experiment 1, we varied the specificity of counterintuitive conditionals, which described the opposite of what is expected according to everyday experiences (“If Lena/a person studies hard, then Lena/the person will not do well on the test”). In Experiment 2, we varied the specificity of arbitrary conditionals, which had no obvious link between antecedent and consequent (“If Mary/a person goes shopping, then Mary/ the person gets pimples”). All conditionals were embedded in MP and AC inferences. Participants were instructed to reason as in daily life and to evaluate the conclusions on a 7-point Likert scale. Our results showed a specificity effect in both experiments: participants gave higher acceptance ratings for specific than for unspecific conditionals.

scholarly journals Diagnosing Causes of Pre-Service Literature Teachers’ Misconceptions on the Narrator and Focalizer Using a Two-Tier Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Jinseok Jung
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fictional Narratives ◽  
Speech Representation ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Everyday Experiences

Constructivism proposes that learners construct concepts based on prior knowledge and experiences. Numerous factors may lead to inadequate or improper concept construction, leading to misconceptions. This study provides a foundation for discussing literary misconceptions using discussions with 47 pre-service literature teachers on the origins of diverse misconceptions regarding the narrator and focalizer. The participants identified the narrator and focalizer in two fictional narratives and elucidated each concept. Thus, the causes and aspects of the misconceptions were identified. Misconceptions about the narrator and focalizer were found to involve four factors: over-contextualization of everyday experiences, misunderstanding of terms, transfer of misconceptions in textbooks, and miscategorization of prior knowledge. The transfer of misconceptions and miscategorization had the largest impact. Moreover, the aspects of misconceptions differed for each cause. Over-contextualization led to equating the narrator with the focalizer, and the transfer of misconceptions led to equating the narrator with the author. Miscategorization resulted in miscategorizing the narrator and focalizer as subordinate concepts of speech representation and point of view. Misunderstanding of terms interacted with other causes, leading to equating the narrator with the focalizer, as well as misclassifying them as speech representation. Based on these results, methods to overcome literary misconceptions at the curriculum, class, and teacher education levels were suggested.

scholarly journals Interictal Photophobia and Phonophobia Are Related to the Presence of Aura and High Frequency of Attacks in Patients with Migraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2474
Author(s):  
Carina F. Pinheiro ◽  
Jessica R. Moreira ◽  
Gabriela F. Carvalho ◽  
Leticia Zorzin ◽  
Fabiola Dach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Migraine ◽  
Migraine With Aura ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Migraine Without Aura ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
Positive Correlations

Background: Despite that photophobia and phonophobia are well-known symptoms related to migraine, it is unclear whether they affect daily life activities during the headache-free period. Objective: To evaluate the interictal photophobia/phonophobia intensity during daily activities in migraineurs and non-headache individuals. Methods: Women with migraine without aura (MoA, n = 30), migraine with aura (MA, n = 30), chronic migraine (CM, n = 30) and without headache (CG, n = 30) reported the photophobia and phonophobia intensity during daily activities using a Likert scale ranging from 0 (no discomfort) to 10 (maximum discomfort). Results: The migraine groups reported higher intensity of interictal photophobia and phonophobia than CG during “driving” and “social situations”, respectively (p < 0.05). MA and CM groups presented higher intensity of phonophobia than CG, hearing sounds in everyday situations and listening to conversations in noisy places (p < 0.05). Also, the MA group presented higher interictal phonophobia than the CG to keep concentration in noisy places (p < 0.05). Weak positive correlations were observed between the intensity of both photophobia and phonophobia with migraine intensity, frequency of migraine and frequency of aura (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Interictally, the intensity of photophobia and phonophobia reported during daily activities is higher in patients with migraine, especially those with aura and chronic migraine, than in non-headache subjects.

scholarly journals Online Interactive Activities to Learn Ramayana Epic by Primary Tamil Students

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Kanthimathi Letchumanan ◽  
Paramasivam Muthusamy ◽  
Potchelvi Govindasamy ◽  
Atieh Farashaiyan
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Digital Natives ◽  
Net Generation ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Computer Assisted Language Learning ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Digital Or

<p>The Ramayana epic has many moral values that can be used as guidance in our daily life especially for the development of a person towards a better direction. Besides this, there are many other lessons that can be learned from within each Ramayana epic stories, for example, the values and norms, customs, mannerism lessons and the various characteristics of people and so on. But today’s digital or Net Generation teenagers do not find reading Ramayana as fun or interesting because of its text form. The technology is more advanced and Ramayana epics look very ancient in the eyes of this Digital Natives. This study used the idea of gamification, a game play mechanics to create meaningful learning experiences and make the learning more interesting and fun. Gamification also looks at games and learning from a different angle on how to make learning more meaningful, engaging, interactive, fun and interesting. In view of this, this research aims to seek if the use of online interactive activities could encourage and motivate teenagers to read Ramayana epics. Forty Primary Tamil students participated in this study voluntarily. The data were collected through a questionnaire. Based on the pre-questionnaire data regarding respondents’ prior knowledge on Ramayana, it was found that respondents had minimal knowledge about it. 37% said they would like to read the epic through comic books and 63% claimed that they would prefer computer. This study has some implications for computer assisted language learning. </p>

scholarly journals I Am Worthy, I Want, and I Can: The Social Implications of Practicing Personal Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Trifan
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Intrinsic Values ◽  
The Social ◽  
Everyday Experiences ◽  
The Way

Abstract This paper addresses the consequences of practicing personal development upon the daily life and interactions of individuals. In this context, I will describe how practitioners are applying the principles and techniques of personal development in order to transform the way individuals are relating to themselves and to others. In parallel, I will analyse how the ideology of personal development is assumed, by negotiation, in connection with the neoliberal project. This article aims to bridge a gap in the literature by showing how practicing personal development can restructure everyday experiences, emphasizing the negotiation of the intrinsic values of personal development techniques and how it (re)configures relationships and social interactions.

scholarly journals Textos de Divulgação Científica como uma Perspectiva para o Ensino de Matemática Science Popularization Articles as a Perspective for the Teaching of Mathematics

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gessy Ribeiro Dias ◽  
Jetro Ialen Moreira Bento ◽  
Severina Coelho da Silva Cantanhede ◽  
Leonardo Baltazar Cantanhede
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Mathematical Concepts ◽  
Teaching Content ◽  
Science Popularization ◽  
Teaching Of Mathematics

ResumoNeste trabalho, foram selecionados e caracterizados artigos da revista Ciência Hoje, seções O Leitor Pergunta e Mundo de Ciência, objetivando a sua utilização como recurso didático para o ensino da Matemática. Foi aplicada uma estratégia didática, utilizando Textos de Divulgação Científica (TDC) como forma de auxiliar os professores no ensino do conteúdo Estatística. Foram verificadas as impressões dos alunos sobre as contribuições do TDC, a partir de questionários aplicados no formato da escala Likert. Assim, 86% dos alunos afirmaram que o TDC proporcionou maior participação na aula e 93% conseguiram relacionar os conceitos matemáticos com o cotidiano. Desse modo, o uso de TDC pode contribuir com o ensino da Matemática, pois abordam distintas temáticas num contexto mais abrangente, motivando e aprofundando conteúdos matemáticos.AbstractIn this work, articles were selected and characterized by Ciência Hoje magazine, O Leitor Pergunta and Mundo de Ciência sections, aiming at its use as didactic resource for the teaching of Mathematics. Then, a didactic strategy was applied, based on the use of SPA to assist teachers in the teaching content statistics. It was possible to verify the impressions of the students regarding, from questionnaires applied in Likert scale. 86% of the students stated that the SPA provided a greater participation in the class and 93% were able to relate Mathematical concepts with daily life. The use of TDC can contribute favorably with the teaching of Mathematics, because they deal with different themes, in a broader context, motivating and deepening mathematical contents.

Goal specificity effects on hypothesis testing in problem solving

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Burns ◽  
Regina Vollmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Verbal Protocols ◽  
Specific Goal ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Specificity Effect ◽  
The One ◽  
Specificity Effects

Previous research has found that having a nonspecific goal (NSG) leads to better problem solving and transfer than having a specific goal (SG). To distinguish between the various explanations of this effect requires direct evidence showing how a NSG affects a participant's behaviour. Therefore we collected verbal protocols from participants learning to control a linear system consisting of 3 outputs by manipulating 3 inputs. This system was simpler than the one we had used previously, so in Exp. 1 we generalized our earlier goal specificity findings to this system. In Exp. 2 protocol analysis confirmed our prediction (based on dual-space theories of problem solving) that NSG participants focused on hypothesis testing whereas SG participants focused on the goal. However, this difference only emerged over time. We also replicated the goal specificity effect on performance and showed that giving participants a hypothesis to test improved performance.

Counseling Adolescents With Hearing Loss Using a Narrative Therapy Approach

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Nelson Crowell ◽  
Julie Hanenburg ◽  
Amy Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Process Evaluation ◽  
Narrative Therapy ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Therapy Approach ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Counseling Adolescents

Abstract Audiologists have a responsibility to counsel patients with auditory concerns on methods to manage the inherent challenges associated with hearing loss at every point in the process: evaluation, hearing aid fitting, and follow-up visits. Adolescents with hearing loss struggle with the typical developmental challenges along with communicative challenges that can erode one's self-esteem and self-worth. The feeling of “not being connected” to peers can result in feelings of isolation and depression. This article advocates the use of a Narrative Therapy approach to counseling adolescents with hearing loss. Adolescents with hearing loss often have problem-saturated narratives regarding various components of their daily life, friendships, amplification, academics, etc. Audiologists can work with adolescents with hearing loss to deconstruct the problem-saturated narratives and rebuild the narratives into a more empowering message. As the adolescent retells their positive narrative, they are likely to experience increased self-esteem and self-worth.

Assessment of health related issues in individuals’, couples’, and families’ daily life

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meinrad Perrez ◽  
Michael Reicherts ◽  
Yves Hänggi ◽  
Andrea B. Horn ◽  
Gisela Michel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Lower Variability

Abstract. Most research in health psychology is based on retrospective self reports, which are distorted by recall biases and have low ecological validity. To overcome such limitations we developed computer assisted diary approaches to assess health related behaviours in individuals’, couples’ and families’ daily life. The event- and time-sampling-based instruments serve to assess appraisals of the current situation, feelings of physical discomfort, current emotional states, conflict and emotion regulation in daily life. They have proved sufficient reliability and validity in the context of individual, couple and family research with respect to issues like emotion regulation and health. As examples: Regarding symptom reporting curvilinear pattern of frequencies over the day could be identified by parents and adolescents; or psychological well-being is associated with lower variability in basic affect dimensions. In addition, we report on preventive studies to improve parental skills and enhance their empathic competences towards their baby, and towards their partner.

Multidimensional Anxiety and Content-specificity Effects in Preferential Processing of Threat

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel G. Calvo ◽  
P. Avero ◽  
M. Dolores Castillo ◽  
Juan J. Miguel-Tobal
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Ego Threat ◽  
Phobic Anxiety ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Content Specificity ◽  
Specificity Effects

We examined the relative contribution of specific components of multidimensional anxiety to cognitive biases in the processing of threat-related information in three experiments. Attentional bias was assessed by the emotional Stroop word color-naming task, interpretative bias by an on-line inference processing task, and explicit memory bias by sensitivity (d') and response criterion (β) from word-recognition scores. Multiple regression analyses revealed, first, that phobic anxiety and evaluative anxiety predicted selective attention to physical- and ego-threat information, respectively; cognitive anxiety predicted selective attention to both types of threat. Second, phobic anxiety predicted inhibition of inferences related to physically threatening outcomes of ambiguous situations. And, third, evaluative anxiety predicted a response bias, rather than a genuine memory bias, in the reporting of presented and nonpresented ego-threat information. Other anxiety components, such as motor and physiological anxiety, or interpersonal and daily-routines anxiety made no specific contribution to any cognitive bias. Multidimensional anxiety measures are useful for detecting content-specificity effects in cognitive biases.

Appropriate Targets for Search Advertising as Part of Online Gatekeeping for Suicide Prevention

Crisis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Sueki ◽  
Jiro Ito
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Consultation Service ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Search Advertising ◽  
Consultation Services ◽  
Age Range

Abstract. Background: Gatekeeper training is an effective suicide prevention strategy. However, the appropriate targets of online gatekeeping have not yet been clarified. Aim: We examined the association between the outcomes of online gatekeeping using the Internet and the characteristics of consultation service users. Method: An advertisement to encourage the use of e-mail-based psychological consultation services among viewers was placed on web pages that showed the results of searches using suicide-related keywords. All e-mails received between October 2014 and December 2015 were replied to as part of gatekeeping, and the obtained data (responses to an online questionnaire and the content of the received e-mails) were analyzed. Results: A total of 154 consultation service users were analyzed, 35.7% of whom were male. The median age range was 20–29 years. Online gatekeeping was significantly more likely to be successful when such users faced financial/daily life or workplace problems, or revealed their names (including online names). By contrast, the activity was more likely to be unsuccessful when it was impossible to assess the problems faced by consultation service users. Conclusion: It may be possible to increase the success rate of online gatekeeping by targeting individuals facing financial/daily life or workplace problems with marked tendencies for self-disclosure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document