scholarly journals Distribution of cystoliths in the leaves of Acanthaceae and its effect on leaf surface anatomy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.H. Gabel ◽  
R.R. Wise ◽  
G.K. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Anatomy ◽  
Leaf Mesophyll ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Scanning Electron

Cystoliths are large outgrowths of cell wall material and calcium carbonate with a silicon-containing stalk found in the leaves, stems and roots of only a handful of plant families. Each cystolith is contained within a cell called a lithocyst. In leaves, lithocysts may be found in the mesophyll or the epidermis. A study by Koch et al. (2009) reported unique, indented features on the surface of superamphiphilic Ruellia devosiana (Acanthaceae) leaves which the authors named ‘channel cells’. We report herein that such ‘channel cells’ in the Acanthaceae are actually lithocysts containing fully formed cystoliths in which only a portion of the lithocyst is exposed at the epidermis, forming a leaf epidermal impression. Intact leaves and isolated cystoliths from 28 Acanthaceae species (five in the non-cystolith clade and 23 in the cystolith clade) were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. All 23 members of the cystolith clade examined contained cystoliths within lithocysts, but not all showed leaf epidermal impressions. In four species, the lithocysts were in the leaf mesophyll, did not contact the leaf surface, and did not participate in leaf epidermal impression formation. The remaining 19 species had lithocysts in the epidermis and possessed leaf epidermal impressions of differing sizes, depths and morphologies.

THE EFFECT OF PENICILLIN ON THE STRUCTURE OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL CELL WALLS

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. E. Murray ◽  
W. H. Francombe ◽  
B. H. Mayall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Resistant Strains

Cultures of sensitive stains of Staphylococcus aureus were fixed with osmium tetroxide after 1–5 hours' exposure to various does of pencillin and were embedded in methacrylate for sectioning and electron microscopy. They were compared with untreated, control cultures. The contrast of the cell wall material was untreated, control cultures. The contrast of the cell wall material was increased, by cutting the section of lanthanum nitrate.The cells increased in size and the surrounding cell wall was thinner than normal. The main lesions appeared in the developing cell wall septa, which showed a loss in density and gross irregularity of shape. Some questionable inclusions were seen in the cytoplasm. Lysis was prevented in a medium containing 0.3 M sucrose and the stable spheroplasts retained a recognizable cell wall after 24 hours' exposure to penicillin. However, the septa could not be demonstrated in the cells treated in sucrose medium.Two resistant strains were exposed to penicillin. In one, the cells showed no morphological effects; in the other, there was temporary damage to the cell septa with complete recovery.The observations support the hypothesis that penicillin interferes with the synthesis of a cell wall component and indicate that the main point of cell wall synthesis is at the site of septum formation.

Light and electron microscopy of the spermogonial stage of Gymnoconia peckiana, one of the causes of orange rust of Rubus

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Mims ◽  
Elizabeth A. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Single Nucleus ◽  
Epidermal Cell Wall

Hyphae of Gymnoconia peckiana (Howe in Peck) Trotter spread from infected Rubus argutus Link. stems into leaf primordia where they proliferated in an intercellular fashion as leaves differentiated. Hyphae were septate, and each compartment appeared to contain a single nucleus. Hyphae gave rise to numerous haustoria that resembled the monokaryotic haustoria of other rust fungi. Hyphae located immediately adjacent to the upper and lower leaf epidermis gave rise to spermogonial initials. Each initial consisted of a small group of tightly packed hyphae that developed in an intercellular space adjacent to the epidermis. As an initial enlarged, the proliferating hyphae pushed their way between, as well as into, epidermal cells. Invaded epidermal cells soon died. A layer of spermatiophores then developed within each young spermogonium and appeared to push the epidermal cell wall material and leaf cuticle covering the spermogonium out from the leaf surface. Once mature, spermatiophores gave rise to a succession of uninucleate spermatia that emerged from the tip of each spermatiophore. Spermatia initially accumulated beneath the layer of epidermal cell wall material and cuticle that covered the developing spermogonium and appeared to push this layer further out from the leaf surface until it ruptured. A few receptive hyphae were observed in mature spermogonia.

Test Research on Preparation of New Wall Material with Iron Tailings in Tangshan Area

2011 ◽  
Vol 295-297 ◽  
pp. 535-538
Author(s):  
De Qing Gan ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
Jin Xia Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Steam Curing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Scanning Electron

This paper discussed the experimental resuhs of exploiting brick materials with iron tailing materials in Tanshang area. Through preparation of iron tailing bricks, the technical flow and production proportion was obtained. The results show that a burning-and steam curing-free brick product with a compressive strength of 28.30 MPa and Flexural strength of 5.63 MPa as the following: iron tailing; fly ash; sand; CaO; gypsum; cement. And long-term properties of a burning-and steam curing-flee brick is also studied by experiments in this paper. Put forward a new technique of making materials with iron tailing. At the same time, the micro mechanism of iron tailing brick was also studied with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).

scholarly journals Microencapsulation of guava pulp using prebiotic wall material

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica Chaves Rivas ◽  
Lourdes Maria Correa Cabral ◽  
Maria Helena Miguez da Rocha-Leão
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Important functional compounds present in fruits are often lost in technological processes and during storage. Microencapsulation technique allows maintaining the compounds of interest and adding value to the product using functional encapsulating materials. This work aimed to produce microencapsulated guava pulp using the spray-drying technique and a functional encapsulant material, i.e., a mix of inulin and maltodextrin. The guava pulp was analyzed for centesimal composition, carotenoid content, and antioxidant activity. The microspheres were analyzed for retention of carotenoids, antioxidant activity over time, and morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Two proportions of coating material could maintain the antioxidant activity of guava pulp. The microencapsulation with a higher percentage of inulin is a preferred option due to the good results of retention and stability regarding antioxidant activity over time, relevant retention of the carotenoid content, and a more stable microstructure. In addition, inulin can add value to powders owing to its inherent functional properties. The product obtained in the study is innovative and interesting, as well as may provide a capable use of these materials as encapsulated agents. In fact, it can be considered a potential functional ingredient.

scholarly journals Effects of Three Herbicides on the Foliage of Kurume Azaleas

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
J. Ray Frank ◽  
Charles R. Krause ◽  
C. Edward Beste
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Scanning Electron

A single foliar spray of Fusilade 2000 (fluazifop-butyl) [( ± )-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid] or PP005 (fluazifop-p-butyl) [butyl (R)-2[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoate] at 0.50 or 1.0 kg/ha (0.45 or 0.89 lb/A) caused extensive foliar damage and reduced growth of ‘Hinocrimson’ azaleas but not ‘Hershey Red.’ Poast (sethoxydim) [2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)-propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-l-one] at 1 kg/ha (0.89 lb/A) or less did not injure ‘Hinocrimson’ or ‘Hershey Red’ azaleas. Scanning electron microscopy observations and photographs of the upper leaf surface of the untreated control plants of both azalea varieties revealed that the epidermal cells were uniformly turgid and covered with smooth epicuticular wax. The leaf epidermal cells of ‘Hinocrimson’ azalea treated with Fusilade 2000 or PP005 at rates of 0.25 kg/ha (0.22 lb/A) or more were flaccid, the epicuticular wax was damaged, and the stomatal configurations were altered to produce cells with an ovoid pointed appearance. When ‘Hinocrimson’ foliage treated with Fusilade 2000 or PP005 was examined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), a potassium (K) peak which was over 3 times higher than that of the untreated control plants was observed. No increase in potassium peak size was observed following EDX analysis with any ‘Hershey Red’ foliage samples.

scholarly journals Microstructural and Texturizing Properties of Partially Pectin-Depleted Cell Wall Material: The Role of Botanical Origin and High-Pressure Homogenization

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2644
Author(s):  
Jelle Van Audenhove ◽  
Tom Bernaerts ◽  
Novita I. Putri ◽  
Erick O. Okello ◽  
Luisa Van Rooy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
High Pressure Homogenization ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Botanical Origin ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
A Cell

In the current study, the texturizing properties of partially pectin-depleted cell wall material (CWM) of apple, carrot, onion and pumpkin, and the potential of functionalization by high-pressure homogenization (HPH) were addressed. This partially pectin-depleted CWM was obtained as the unextractable fraction after acid pectin extraction (AcUF) on the alcohol-insoluble residue. Chemical analysis was performed to gain insight into the polysaccharide composition of the AcUF. The microstructural and functional properties of the AcUF in suspension were studied before HPH and after HPH at 20 and 80 MPa. Before HPH, even after the pectin extraction, the particles showed a cell-like morphology and occurred separately in the apple, onion and pumpkin AcUF and in a clustered manner in the carrot AcUF. The extent of disruption by the HPH treatments at 20 and 80 MPa was dependent on the botanical origin. Only for the onion and pumpkin AcUF, the water binding capacity was increased by HPH. Before HPH, the texturizing potential of the AcUFs was greatly varying between the different matrices. Whereas HPH improved the texturizing potential of the pumpkin AcUF, no effect and even a decrease was observed for the onion AcUF and the apple and carrot AcUF, respectively.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

Sem Studies of Co-Cr-Mo Surgical Implant Alloy Corrosion Behavior

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 520-521
Author(s):  
Ann Chidester Van Orden ◽  
John L. Chidester ◽  
Anna C. Fraker ◽  
Pei Sung
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Anodic Polarization ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Saturated Calomel Electrode ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution ◽  
Scanning Electron

The influence of small variations in the composition on the corrosion behavior of Co-Cr-Mo alloys has been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), and electrochemical measurements. SEM and EDX data were correlated with data from in vitro corrosion measurements involving repassivation and also potentiostatic anodic polarization measurements. Specimens studied included the four alloys shown in Table 1. Corrosion tests were conducted in Hanks' physiological saline solution which has a pH of 7.4 and was held at a temperature of 37°C. Specimens were mechanically polished to a surface finish with 0.05 µm A1203, then exposed to the solution and anodically polarized at a rate of 0.006 v/min. All voltages were measured vs. the saturated calomel electrode (s.c.e.).. Specimens had breakdown potentials near 0.47V vs. s.c.e.

Quantification of Silica Uptake by Alveolar Macrophages - An Emperical Scanning Electron Microprobe Method

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
V. V. Damiano ◽  
R. P. Daniele ◽  
H. T. Tucker ◽  
J. H. Dauber
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Bulk Sample ◽  
Silica Particles ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Calibration Standards ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accurate Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Scanning Electron

An important example of intracellular particles is encountered in silicosis where alveolar macrophages ingest inspired silica particles. The quantitation of the silica uptake by these cells may be a potentially useful method for monitoring silica exposure. Accurate quantitative analysis of ingested silica by phagocytic cells is difficult because the particles are frequently small, irregularly shaped and cannot be visualized within the cells. Semiquantitative methods which make use of particles of known size, shape and composition as calibration standards may be the most direct and simplest approach to undertake. The present paper describes an empirical method in which glass microspheres were used as a model to show how the ratio of the silicon Kα peak X-ray intensity from the microspheres to that of a bulk sample of the same composition correlated to the mass of the microsphere contained within the cell. Irregular shaped silica particles were also analyzed and a calibration curve was generated from these data.

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