scholarly journals “A Lighthearted and Happy Person” (Speech Characteristics of Rusanov, a Character of A. I. Solzhenitsynʼs “Cancer Ward”)

Author(s):  
О.С. Шурупова

Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена необходимостью использования результатов современных исследований языковой личности для создания художественных образов. Целью данной статьи стало создание речевого портрета Русанова, персонажа повести А. И. Солженицына «Раковый корпус». Предметом изучения становится дискурс данного персонажа. В статье подвергнуты анализу интериоризованная речь Русанова, особенности восприятия им чужой речи, цитатный фонд, используемый персонажем. Для анализа коммуникативной личности персонажа использована модель К. Ф. Седова. Выявлены тематические группы слов, занимающих главное место в лексиконе Русанова. Обращается внимание на роль «мира вещей», бытовых предметов, воспоминания о которых приносят Русанову облегчение во время болезни. Ярким средством создания художественного образа являются многочисленные советизмы и канцеляризмы, соседствующие в речи героя с просторечными словами, а также единицы с уменьшительно-ласкательными суффиксами. Традиционно сопровождаемые высокой оценкой славянизмы приобретают в речи Русанова исключительно негативное значение, тогда как ряд слов с негативным значением воспринимается героем положительно. Анализ дискурса этого персонажа показывает глубину его духовного заболевания. Результаты проведенного нами исследования не только позволяют утверждать, что с помощью несобственно-прямой речи А. И. Солженицын раскрывает внутренний мир персонажа, демонстрирует его нравственную несостоятельность, но и найти применение при дальнейшем изучении лингвопоэтики творчества писателя и художественного образа как языковой личности. The relevance of the article is accounted for by the necessity to use the results of modern research of a linguistic personality to create literary images. The aim of the article is to analyze speech characteristics of Rusanov, a character of A. I. Solzhenitsynʼs “Cancer Ward”. The article focuses on the characterʼs discourse. The article analyzes Rusanovʼs inner speech, the peculiarities of his perception of other peopleʼs speeches, the quotations he uses in his speech. To analyze the characterʼs personality, the author of the article uses K. F. Sedovʼs model. The author of the article singles out thematic vocabulary sets that prevail in Rusanovʼs speech. The author focuses on objects remembering which Rusanov experiences some relief of his sickness-related suffering. Numerous Sovietisms and bureaucratic expressions used by the character together with some simple words and diminutives help the author to create the literary image. In Rusanovʼs speech, some Slavinisms, which are traditionally positively charged, acquire a negative meaning, while some negatively charged words are positively perceived by the character. The analysis of the characterʼs discourse shows the severity of his spiritual infirmity. The results of the research conducted by the author of the article enables the author to maintain that A. I. Solzhenitsyn uses the characterʼs inner monologue to reveal the characterʼs inner world, to show the characterʼs moral lameness. The results of our research can be used to further investigate A. I. Solzhenitsynʼs linguopoetics and to analyze a literary image as a linguistic personality.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Tsap ◽  
◽  
Ivan Bekhta ◽  

The concept of thought in the mind is defined. It has been proven that inner speech in discourse helps to see the inner world of a character, which has an internally psychological character and is non-communicative. The purpose of inner speech–to convey the thoughts and feelings of the character, to reflect his inner world, which is a certain interpretation of the development of events, inner speech in the work of art. It should be noted that in the humanities, internal speech is considered monologue, or rather thinking for oneself, addressing oneself, which is not intended for communication. As a result of the study, it was revealed that i ternal speech is speech, which is completely different from external, which is ahead of the connection between thought and word. The relevance of considering this object of research is in the fact that inner speech can be considered as a link between thinking and language. The aim of the article is to study the concept of thought representation as an endophase form of speech in a modern English-language war novel. The object of the research is determined by the character opinion in the modern war novel. The subject of the research is the definition and theoretical research of the concept of character thoughts an end-phase form of speech in a modern war novel. The study of inner speech is characterized by a variety of directions and ideas, in some cases they complemente a chother, in others theydiffer. The thought of thought asanendophasic form is a direct contact between language and thought - a literary way of transmitting speech. The transition from internal speech to external speech is a rather complex dynamic transformation, a change in the individual sound, semantic and syntactic structure of internal speech into a structural form of external, understandable for everyone, language. It was determined that in a work of art, inner speech is used as a technique for conveying the thoughts and feelings of a character, a reflection of his inner world, is a certain interpretation of the development of events, inner speaking. An important aspect is direct, indirect and improperly direct speech, thought in conjunction with non-verbal means of textual communication, linguistic unconsciousness and emotions and actions in forming the opinion of textual interlocutors.


2019 ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
Mavlon Bobokhonov

Мақолада ўзиники бўлмаган кўчирма гапнинг персонаж ички оламини тасвирлашдаги ўрни ўрганилган. Психологизм бевосита кўриниши ҳисобланадиган ички нутқнинг роман қаҳрамонлари руҳиятини очишдаги роли аниқланган. Ўзиники бўлмаган кўчирма гап адабиётшуносликда билвосита муаллиф нутқи сифатида қўлланилишига изоҳ берилиб, соҳа мутахассисларининг бу борадаги фикрларига муносабат билдирилган. Билвосита нутқнинг “Лолазор” романида бевосита психологизм кўринишларидан бири сифатида келиши исботланган. В статье изучается место несобственно-прямой речи в изображении внутреннего мира персонажа. Раскрывается роль этого вида внутренней речи, являющегося разновидностью психологизма. Разъясняется, что несобственно-прямая речь используется в литературоведении как косвенная речь, даётся собственная точка зрения по поводу того, как специалисты отностятся к этому явлению. Утверждается, что косвенная речь является разновидностью прямого психологизма в романе “Край, покрытый тюльпанами”. The article examines the place of indirect speech in the image of the character's inner world. The role of this type of inner speech, which is a kind of psychologism, is revealed. It is explained that improperly direct speech is used in literary criticism as indirect speech, and given own point of view about how specialists relate to this phenomenon. It is argued that indirect speech is a kind of direct psychologism in the novel “The Edge Covered with Tulips”.


Author(s):  
D.P. Bazett-Jones ◽  
F.P. Ottensmeyer

Dark field electron microscopy has been used for the study of the structure of individual macromolecules with a resolution to at least the 5Å level. The use of this technique has been extended to the investigation of structure of interacting molecules, particularly the interaction between DNA and fish protamine, a class of basic nuclear proteins of molecular weight 4,000 daltons.Protamine, which is synthesized during spermatogenesis, binds to chromatin, displaces the somatic histones and wraps up the DNA to fit into the small volume of the sperm head. It has been proposed that protamine, existing as an extended polypeptide, winds around the minor groove of the DNA double helix, with protamine's positively-charged arginines lining up with the negatively-charged phosphates of DNA. However, viewing protamine as an extended protein is inconsistent with the results obtained in our laboratory.


Author(s):  
D.P. Bazett-Jones ◽  
F.P. Ottensmeyer

It has been shown for some time that it is possible to obtain images of small unstained proteins, with a resolution of approximately 5Å using dark field electron microscopy (1,2). Applying this technique, we have observed a uniformity in size and shape of the 2-dimensional images of pure specimens of fish protamines (salmon, herring (clupeine, Y-l) and rainbow trout (Salmo irideus)). On the basis of these images, a model for the 3-dimensional structure of the fish protamines has been proposed (2).The known amino acid sequences of fish protamines show stretches of positively charged arginines, separated by regions of neutral amino acids (3). The proposed model for protamine structure (2) consists of an irregular, right-handed helix with the segments of adjacent arginines forming the loops of the coil.


Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 9517-9523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huizhen Fan ◽  
Yu Fan ◽  
Wenna Du ◽  
Rui Cai ◽  
Xinshuang Gao ◽  
...  

ICG forms aggregates in positively charged mesoporous silica, which show an enhanced type I photoreaction pathway.


2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (15) ◽  
pp. 2921-2934
Author(s):  
Rodrigo D. Requião ◽  
Géssica C. Barros ◽  
Tatiana Domitrovic ◽  
Fernando L. Palhano

Protein segments with a high concentration of positively charged amino acid residues are often used in reporter constructs designed to activate ribosomal mRNA/protein decay pathways, such as those involving nonstop mRNA decay (NSD), no-go mRNA decay (NGD) and the ribosome quality control (RQC) complex. It has been proposed that the electrostatic interaction of the positively charged nascent peptide with the negatively charged ribosomal exit tunnel leads to translation arrest. When stalled long enough, the translation process is terminated with the degradation of the transcript and an incomplete protein. Although early experiments made a strong argument for this mechanism, other features associated with positively charged reporters, such as codon bias and mRNA and protein structure, have emerged as potent inducers of ribosome stalling. We carefully reviewed the published data on the protein and mRNA expression of artificial constructs with diverse compositions as assessed in different organisms. We concluded that, although polybasic sequences generally lead to lower translation efficiency, it appears that an aggravating factor, such as a nonoptimal codon composition, is necessary to cause translation termination events.


2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2S) ◽  
pp. 915-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristie A. Spencer ◽  
Mallory Dawson

Purpose This preliminary study examined whether speech profiles exist for adults with hereditary ataxia based on 2 competing frameworks: a pattern of instability/inflexibility or a pattern of differential subsystem involvement. Method Four dysarthria experts rated the speech samples of 8 adults with dysarthria from hereditary ataxia using visual analog scales and presence/severity rating scales of speech characteristics. Speaking tasks included diadochokinetics, sustained phonation, and a monologue. Results Speech profiles aligned with the instability/inflexibility framework, with the pattern of instability being the most common. Speech profiles did not emerge for the majority of speakers using the differential subsystem framework. Conclusions The findings extend previous research on pure ataxic dysarthria and suggest a possible framework for understanding the speech heterogeneity associated with the ataxias. The predominance of the instability profile is consistent with the notion of impaired feedforward control in speakers with cerebellar disruption.


2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071-1082
Author(s):  
Theresa Schölderle ◽  
Elisabet Haas ◽  
Wolfram Ziegler

Purpose The aim of this study was to collect auditory-perceptual data on established symptom categories of dysarthria from typically developing children between 3 and 9 years of age, for the purpose of creating age norms for dysarthria assessment. Method One hundred forty-four typically developing children (3;0–9;11 [years;months], 72 girls and 72 boys) participated. We used a computer-based game specifically designed for this study to elicit sentence repetitions and spontaneous speech samples. Speech recordings were analyzed using the auditory-perceptual criteria of the Bogenhausen Dysarthria Scales, a standardized German assessment tool for dysarthria in adults. The Bogenhausen Dysarthria Scales (scales and features) cover clinically relevant dimensions of speech and allow for an evaluation of well-established symptom categories of dysarthria. Results The typically developing children exhibited a number of speech characteristics overlapping with established symptom categories of dysarthria (e.g., breathy voice, frequent inspirations, reduced articulatory precision, decreased articulation rate). Substantial progress was observed between 3 and 9 years of age, but with different developmental trajectories across different dimensions. In several areas (e.g., respiration, voice quality), 9-year-olds still presented with salient developmental speech characteristics, while in other dimensions (e.g., prosodic modulation), features typically associated with dysarthria occurred only exceptionally, even in the 3-year-olds. Conclusions The acquisition of speech motor functions is a prolonged process not yet completed with 9 years. Various developmental influences (e.g., anatomic–physiological changes) shape children's speech specifically. Our findings are a first step toward establishing auditory-perceptual norms for dysarthria in children of kindergarten and elementary school age. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12133380


Author(s):  
Amee P. Shah

In this paper, I present accent-related variations unique to Asian-Indian speakers of English in the United States and identify specific speech and language features that contribute to an “Indian accent.” I present a model to answer some key questions related to assessment of Indian accents and help set a strong foundation for accent modification services.


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