Persson’s Merely Possible Persons

In many cases, it seems, one possible outcome is worse than another in virtue of the well-being of people who do not exist in both. For example, it seems, creating a very unhappy person makes the world worse, other things being equal. And some would say that we make the world better, other things being equal, by creating a very happy person. It would be easy to justify such claims if it can be better, or worse, for a person to exist than not to exist. But that seems to require that things can be better, or worse, for a person even in a world in which she does not exist, which sounds paradoxical. This paradoxical sounding claim has been defended by Ingmar Person. He argues that in a world in which a person does not exist, she is a merely possible being – a being that has never existed and never will – and that for such beings it is worse not to exist than to exist with a good life. Furthermore, he argues for this claim from what he claims are “incontestable” premises. We argue that the premises are far from incontestable. The argument, as stated by Persson, has false premises and is invalid. We can reconstruct the argument to make it valid, but this still leaves us with some clearly contestable premises. Finally, we will argue that it is possible to make sense of our obligations to future generations without letting merely possible beings into the moral club.

Mental Status of Youth During Covid-19: A Sociological Analysis

Happiness is a key to success. Being happy is a state of mind in the true sense when a person is mentally present at a place and sounds happy from within. It is observed that a happy person can solve many difficult problems in a couple of minutes. So, it will not be wrong to say that happiness is positivity because when a person is happy he is loaded with an enormous amount of energy which keeps him motivated. Every person passes through different stages of development; infancy, childhood, adolescence, youth, adulthood, and old age in which each stage has its own sweet as well as sour memories, but over time from infancy to childhood and then to adolescence almost everyone changes and is loaded with responsibilities. With time everything changes are its people, place, situation, society, technology, science, environment and the emergence of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus, has proved it to be right that people have to modify themselves with the changing situations. This COVID-19 has also proved Charles Darwin’s concept the right that says “survival of the fittest”, meaning a fit person will only survive and the unhealthy will be eliminated. COVID-19 being a pandemic disease have scattered everything be it people’s life (emotions, state of mind, jobs, education, economic state, relationships, family, etc.), the economic crisis has occurred in overall all states, railways/airlines services have stopped, for instance, one can feel the sudden full stop to almost all the present essential services.

Attachment Theory: How Marvelous Mother Guided An Adoption Child

The paper focuses on analyzing a mother who guides an adoption child reflected in The Blind Side movie. The researcher applies descriptive qualitative method in analysing the problem to find the data. The research questions are 1. What problems are faced by Leigh Anne's, as a mother? 2. What are the factors cause those problems? 3. How does Leigh Anne's solve the problems? The first data consisting of texts of the movie which is related to a mother guide adoption children and the second data that support the analysis. The technique of the data analysis is carried out by applying the close of mother and children using attachment theory by John Bowlby. The result shows that Leigh Anne Tuohy creates efforts in her supporting strategy such as adopted Oher to be her family, Mrs. Tuohy’s guide Oher to be an American football player. Part of that emotional funding for Leigh Anne is that finaly Oher can find his potential as a human being and find his identity to be a happy person like everyone else.The result is the power of love a marvelous mother can make Oher to be a successful American football player.

Population ethical intuitions

We investigated lay people’s population ethical intuitions (N = 4,374), i.e., their moral evaluations of populations that differ in size and composition. First, we found that people place greater relative weight on, and are more sensitive to, suffering compared to happiness. Participants, on average, believed that more happy people are needed to outweigh a given amount of unhappy people in a population (Studies 1a-c). Second, we found that—in contrast to so-called person-affecting views—people do not consider the creation of new people as morally neutral. Participants considered it good to create a new happy person and bad to create a new unhappy person (Study 2). Third, we found that people take into account both the average level (averagism) and the total level (totalism) of happiness when evaluating populations. Participants preferred populations with greater total happiness levels when the average level remained constant (Study 3) and populations with greater average happiness levels when the total level remained constant (Study 4). When the two principles were in conflict, participants’ preferences lay in between the recommendations of the two principles, suggesting that both are applied simultaneously (Study 5). In certain cases, participants even showed averagist preferences when averagism disfavors adding more happy people and favors adding more unhappy people to a population (Study 6). However, when participants were prompted to reflect as opposed to rely on their intuitions, their preferences became more totalist (Studies 5-6). Our findings have implications for moral psychology, philosophy and policy making.

Implicit notions of a happy person in elementary school students

The article is devoted to the substantiation and results of a study of implicit notions of a happy person in elementary school students. The methodological foundation is constructed by D.A. Leontiev’s two-level model of happiness, K. Riff’s concept of happiness as the basis of psychological well-being, and V.L. Sitnikov’s concept of the image of a person. The deployed research method is “SPI(H) — the Structure of a Person’s Image (Hierarchical)” (V.Sitnikov) including the verbal and non-verbal associative experiment with the subsequent content analysis. The novelty of the study lies in the comparison of the image of a happy person and self-image through the psychosemantic method including a comparative analysis of the notions of a happy person in children from complete and incomplete families. A happy person is associated by elementary school children with an emotionally positive attitude towards life, a responsible and caring attitude towards people, the presence of a family and active interaction with it, less often with success in educational and intellectual activity and material well-being, as well as the presence of friends. A happy person is idealized by younger students, however, their image is more abstract compared to children’s self-images. Elementary school students from complete families are characterized by greater conformity of the self-image with the image of a happy person whereas only half of the children from incomplete families show such correspondence. The predominant modality of both images is positive in all children. Social, bodily, and metaphorical characteristics are more common in the image of a happy person among children from incomplete families while the conventional social role characteristics dominate among children from complete families. The prospects for further study of the image of a happy person in elementary school children within the framework of family psychology are outlined.

REFLECTION OF SELF-IDENTIFICATION STRATEGIES IN LEV TOLSTOY'S DIARY FOR 1907-1908

The article is devoted to the study of Leo Tolstoy’s diary of in the aspect of self-identification of his personality. The paper considers diary entries for 1907-1908. It is revealed that the diary was not a form of exclusively autocommunication, since the writer understood that the diary would have its own reader. The diary pays much attention to such aspects as self-esteem, self-identification. Self-identification refers to the process of self-analysis, the result of which is the categorization of one's personality in a coordinate system known to a person. The results of self-identification can be verbalized in various ways. Propositions that reflect these processes have the form I am X. Objectification of identification processes is implemented by different communication strategies, which are understood as a way to achieve the goals of communication. The communicative strategy is determined on the basis of the analysis of the communicative purpose of the utterance, as well as the linguistic means of its implementation. The paper identifies the following communicative strategies and their corresponding identification propositions: setting goals for self-improvement - I am an imperfect person; age identification - I am an old but happy person; self-deprecation - I am an insignificant person; identification with other people - I am the same as everyone else; attitude to God - I am part of God; relations with family members - I am a stranger in my family. Tolstoy's diaries are characterized by analyticism. The study of communicative strategies in the diary of Leo Tolstoy demonstrates their interrelation and determinism. The highlighted strategies reflect Tolstoy's desire for spiritual self-improvement and unity with God.

A CHILD WITH DISABILITIES IN FOSTER CARE: FEATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT

Обсуждаются вопросы устройства ребенка в приемную семью, сопровождающиеся изменением его статуса, децентрацией восприятия себя как ребенка-сироты и обретением новой самоидентификации в качестве домашнего ребенка. Процесс усыновления ребенка рассматривается как период опасений, надежд, ожиданий и иллюзий. Подчеркивается, что суть психолого-педагогического сопровождения ребенка заключается в необходимости смещения внимания замещающей семьи (её педагогической направленности) с факта ограниченных возможностей здоровья (ОВЗ) приемного ребенка, с «жалостливого» и инвалидизирующего отношения к нему на создание условий для воспитания его как счастливого человека. Раскрывается представление о компетентном варианте родительства. The article discusses the issues of placing a child in a foster family, accompanied by a change in his status, decentralizing the perception of himself as an orphan child and gaining a new identity as a home child. The process of adopting a child is seen as a period of fears, hopes, expectations and illusions. It is emphasized that the essence of psychological and pedagogical support of a child is the need to shift the attention of the substitute family (its pedagogical orientation) from the fact of the adopted child's limited health opportunities (HIA), from a «pitiful» and disabling attitude to him to creating conditions for raising him as a happy person. The author reveals the concept of a competent version of parenthood.

“A Lighthearted and Happy Person” (Speech Characteristics of Rusanov, a Character of A. I. Solzhenitsynʼs “Cancer Ward”)

Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена необходимостью использования результатов современных исследований языковой личности для создания художественных образов. Целью данной статьи стало создание речевого портрета Русанова, персонажа повести А. И. Солженицына «Раковый корпус». Предметом изучения становится дискурс данного персонажа. В статье подвергнуты анализу интериоризованная речь Русанова, особенности восприятия им чужой речи, цитатный фонд, используемый персонажем. Для анализа коммуникативной личности персонажа использована модель К. Ф. Седова. Выявлены тематические группы слов, занимающих главное место в лексиконе Русанова. Обращается внимание на роль «мира вещей», бытовых предметов, воспоминания о которых приносят Русанову облегчение во время болезни. Ярким средством создания художественного образа являются многочисленные советизмы и канцеляризмы, соседствующие в речи героя с просторечными словами, а также единицы с уменьшительно-ласкательными суффиксами. Традиционно сопровождаемые высокой оценкой славянизмы приобретают в речи Русанова исключительно негативное значение, тогда как ряд слов с негативным значением воспринимается героем положительно. Анализ дискурса этого персонажа показывает глубину его духовного заболевания. Результаты проведенного нами исследования не только позволяют утверждать, что с помощью несобственно-прямой речи А. И. Солженицын раскрывает внутренний мир персонажа, демонстрирует его нравственную несостоятельность, но и найти применение при дальнейшем изучении лингвопоэтики творчества писателя и художественного образа как языковой личности. The relevance of the article is accounted for by the necessity to use the results of modern research of a linguistic personality to create literary images. The aim of the article is to analyze speech characteristics of Rusanov, a character of A. I. Solzhenitsynʼs “Cancer Ward”. The article focuses on the characterʼs discourse. The article analyzes Rusanovʼs inner speech, the peculiarities of his perception of other peopleʼs speeches, the quotations he uses in his speech. To analyze the characterʼs personality, the author of the article uses K. F. Sedovʼs model. The author of the article singles out thematic vocabulary sets that prevail in Rusanovʼs speech. The author focuses on objects remembering which Rusanov experiences some relief of his sickness-related suffering. Numerous Sovietisms and bureaucratic expressions used by the character together with some simple words and diminutives help the author to create the literary image. In Rusanovʼs speech, some Slavinisms, which are traditionally positively charged, acquire a negative meaning, while some negatively charged words are positively perceived by the character. The analysis of the characterʼs discourse shows the severity of his spiritual infirmity. The results of the research conducted by the author of the article enables the author to maintain that A. I. Solzhenitsyn uses the characterʼs inner monologue to reveal the characterʼs inner world, to show the characterʼs moral lameness. The results of our research can be used to further investigate A. I. Solzhenitsynʼs linguopoetics and to analyze a literary image as a linguistic personality.

Happiness among higher education academicians: a demographic analysis

Purpose To deal with highly energetic younger generation patiently, need academicians who can spread happiness while teaching/mentoring are needed. This is possible when an academician himself is a happy person. This paper aims to explore the factors that generate happiness among academicians, studies the impact of demographic variables on academicians’ happiness and examines the relationship between academicians’ happiness and their performance. Design/methodology/approach Convenience purposive sampling method was used to obtain data through self-administered survey questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale, delineating the research purpose and assurance of confidentiality. For data analysis, statistical techniques like mean, percentage method, Levene’s test, t-test and analysis of variance were used. To study the relationship between performance and happiness, the attitude, motivation and outcome theory was applied and happiness index was developed. Findings After analyzing the various factors impacting academicians’ happiness, this study found that except for work–life balance, research activities and working environment, all other factors are available to academicians according to their ranked importance assigned to them. This study also obtained a happiness index using matrix and has developed an equation which can be applied to find out the relationship between happiness and performance in future. Research limitations/implications This study has certain limitations, first, this study has been conducted on academicians working in higher education institutes situated in Delhi/NCR and thus entails a specific socio-cultural environment that may limit the potential level of generalization. Practical implications The results of this research might help institutes/higher education bodies to make rules and policies which may further augment academicians’ happiness to accomplish their desired goals. Social implications An academician who is happy, satisfied and motivated can easily deal with today's enthusiastic younger generation and can spread happiness amongst them. so it is very much necessary for an academician to be happy and energetic all the time. Originality/value This study found the factors impacting higher education academicians’ happiness and its impact on their teaching performance.