Assessment of pattern of refractive errors in infantile esotropia- A single-center cross-sectional study

This was a cross-sectional study conducted to explore the patterns of refractive errors found in infantile esotropia patients from newborns to the age of 15 years, attending the Pediatric clinic of Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Data was collected on a pre-designed proforma. A total of 79 patients (total of 158 eyes) including 44 males (55%) and 36 females (45%) were recruited. All these patients had infantile esotropia. The study showed out of 79 patients (158 eyes), 89 eyes had hyperopia, 15 eyes had myopic astigmatism, 44 eyes had hyperopic astigmatism, while 4 eyes had mixed astigmatism, and 6 eyes had myopia. The hypermatropia was found to be the most commonly occurring refractive error in infantile esotropia resulting in inward eye deviation.

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Association between Refractive Error Types and Asthenopia in Primary School Students

Majalah Kedokteran Bandung ◽

10.15395/mkb.v53n3.2236 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 126-131

Author(s):

Vanessa Kuswanto ◽

◽

Felicia Kurniawan ◽

Angela Shinta Dewi Amita

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Test Results ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Primary School Students ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Snellen Chart

Refractive error is a condition in which the cornea and lens fail to focus the light, resulting in reduced visual efficiency. Twelve million children are experiencing refractive errors worldwide and uncorrected refractive errors in children have been reported to cause asthenopia. This study aimed to determine the association between the types of refractive errors and asthenopia in children. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 111 students aged 10-13 years old in a public elementary school in Indonesia, SDN Penjaringan 10, in 2019. A questionnaire was used to assess asthenopia and the Snellen Chart, trial frames, and trial lenses were used for refractive errors examination. It was demonstrated that 87.4% of respondents experienced asthenopia, and 53.2% of respondents suffered from uncorrected refractive errors, mostly due to myopia. Fisher’s exact test results showed an association between refractive errors and asthenopia (p=0.019) with all myopic students experienced asthenopia. However, there was no significant association between astigmatism and asthenopia (p=0.754). In conclusion, not all types of refractive errors are associated with asthenopia.

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Types and Presentation of Refractive Error among Individuals Aged 0–30 Years: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study, Yemen

Advances in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/5557761 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Tawfik Saleh Mohammed Dhaiban ◽

Femina Purakaloth Ummer ◽

Hanan Khudadad ◽

Shajitha Thekke Veettil

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Early Identification ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Common Presentation ◽

Public Health Challenge ◽

Symptoms And Signs

Background. Refractive errors are the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Its proportion varied among societies and is considered as a public health challenge. Symptoms and signs associated with refractive errors are the most worrisome and common presentations in the general practice in eye clinics. Aim. The goal of this study was to determine the types and presentations of refractive error among the 0–30-year-old Yemeni population to aid early identification, diagnosis, referral, and treatment. Methodology. A cross-sectional study including 1,500 out-patients aged from 0 to 30 years attending the ophthalmology clinic in Sanaa, Yemen (between 2012 and 2015). All patients underwent visual acuity examination, autorefractometer, and anterior and posterior segment examination and were grouped according to type, that is, myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Results. Hyperopia was the most common single diagnosis (53.3%) followed by myopia (33.3%). Astigmatism was uncommon as a single diagnosis (13.4%) but commonly associated with hyperopia or myopia. Myopia was more common in males (42.9%) than in females (25%). Hyperopia was more in females (62.5%) than in males (42.9%). Age groups most affected by refractive errors were 13–18 years (27.7%), 19–24 years (24.8%), and 25–30 years (24.6%), respectively. Decreased vision (53%) was a common presentation in myopia and astigmatism (41.5%) and less in hyperopia (39.6%). Headache was common in astigmatism (56%), hyperopia (28.8%), and myopia (17.8%). Muscle imbalance, namely, exotropia (27.2%), is mainly found in myopia and esotropia (24.3%) in hyperopia. Conclusions. In addition to decreased vision, our patients with refractive errors mostly complain of headaches with clear variations with age and type of refractive error. Early identification and proper categorization of refractive errors by age, gender, and other demographics by general physicians in primary care can better deduce and make useful referrals to eye specialists.

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Evaluation of Refractive Errors in Children

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4449 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽

pp. 2249-2253

Author(s):

Krithiga M ◽

Xavier Jayaseelan C

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Common Type ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Different Types ◽

Eye Examination

The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors in children. Children of selected ages will be identified for visual acuity measurement, and primary eye examination will be performed. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the refractive errors in children in Saveetha medical college. A comprehensive eye examination was performed, and children with different types of refractive errors were found out. A total of 100 children were taken for the study. The sample size of the study is 100. Eye examination was performed, and refractive error was evaluated. The refractive errors that are most common in the affected age groups can be found out. The most common refractive error was found to be myopia, followed by hypermetropia and then astigmatism. This study helps to identify the most common type of error, and the causes can be found out. This is also helpful in the prevention of these errors. Early diagnosis will lead to proper and effective treatment. When these errors are left untreated, it can cause other severe effects in the eye. Awareness should be created among both the children and the parents about this problem, and the importance of regular eye examination can be stressed through this study.

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Uncorrected refractive errors, presbyopia and spectacle coverage in Kamuli District, Uganda

African Vision and Eye Health ◽

10.4102/aveh.v75i1.327 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Naomi Nsubuga ◽

Prasidh Ramson ◽

Pirindha Govender ◽

VingFai Chan ◽

Mary Wepo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Response Rate ◽

Rapid Assessment ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Uncorrected Refractive Error ◽

Age Range ◽

Cluster Random Sampling

Background: Successful refractive error programmes arise from evidence that can be collected cost effectively and timely.Aim: To investigate the prevalence of uncorrected refractive error (URE), presbyopia and spectacle coverage in the Kamuli district, Uganda.Setting: The study was conducted in the Kamuli district in Uganda.Methods: The Rapid Assessment of Refractive Error (RARE) study design is a communitybased cross-sectional study using multistage cluster random sampling to gather information on refractive errors and presbyopia. Subjects aged 15 years and older were selected from the population in Kamuli district in Uganda. Vision impairment due to URE at distance and near and barriers to uptake of refractive error services were investigated.Results: Participants, N = 3281 (57.6% male), with an age range of 15–92 years were enumerated and the response rate was 100%. The prevalence of refractive errors was 4.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7 – 5.5) and the spectacle coverage was 5.96% (95% CI 1.74% – 10.18%). The prevalence of uncorrected presbyopia was 50.3% (95% CI 47.6% – 53.0%) and the spectacle coverage was 0%. Thirty-three (or 1%) respondents were current spectacle users. One-hundred fourteen people (3.5%) had previously used spectacles; however, 50.9% of them discontinued spectacle use a year before the study because the spectacles were broken or scratched. The major barriers to spectacle uptake were accessibility of services and affordability of spectacles.Conclusion: The prevalence of URE and the barriers to uptake of refractive services will inform the implementation of refractive services in the study area. Key words: Uncorrected refractive errors; presbyopia and spectacle coverage

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Prevalence of undetected refractive errors among school children: a cross sectional study in urban Etawah, India

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 4608

Author(s):

Neha Sachan ◽

Dhiraj Srivastava ◽

P. K. Jain ◽

Prashant Kumar Bajpai ◽

Santosh Kumar Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Data Entry ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Admission Policy ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Annual Basis ◽

Periodic Examination

Background: Refractive error is the most common cause of blindness which can be corrected easily. Uncorrected refractive errors are responsible for about 19.7% of blindness in India. The aim and objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of undetected refractive errors in school children and to find out associated factors related to it.Methods: This was a cross sectional study in which school children studying in class 5th to 11th were included. Vision of all the children was checked by using Snellen’s chart. The responses were recorded on a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Data entry was done in MS-EXCEL sheet and analysis was done by using SPSS-23.Results: There are total 350 students out of which 200 (57%) are males and 150 (43%) are females. The undetected refractive error is present in 12% males and 15.3% females. Thus, 47 out of 350 (13.4%) of the children had prevalence of undetected refractive errors.Conclusions: It is recommended that adequate preschool examination of the children be made mandatory as a part of the admission policy of all the schools. In addition, there should be periodic examination of the school children at least on annual basis.

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