ECO-BALANCE FEATURES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF HEMIHYDRATE PHOSPHOGYPSUM REPROCESSING INTO GYPSUM BINDING MATERIALS

The classification and grouping of materials investigation according to raw material's nature and product purpose (use) was conducted by using comparative material energetic usefulness and its production ecobalance analytical methods. Energy expenditures and pollution emissions into the environment were studied and compared to analogical purpose materials. One of the most economically perspective technogenic waste ‐ extractive hemihydrate phosphogypsum was investigated. Two technological production streams of phosphogypsum were studied. It was found, that the energy needs for production of analogical purpose materials (wall partitions) differ significantly. The nature of raw materials has an influence on energetic usefulness. The most effective materials according to their nature, energetic usefulness and environmental protection are mineral ones, especially if they are made with technogenic inorganic waste materials. The best results, from the energetic and ecological point of view, are obtained by using the waste raw material ‐ extractive hemihydrate phosphogypsum. Its reprocessing energy expenditures and pollutant emissions into the environment are several times less, than for other analogical purpose and properties wall materials, also with less environmental pollution. Products made from reprocessing extractive hemihydrate phosphogypsum can replace other energy consuming articles for wall partitions. Santrauka Klasifikuojant ir grupuojant medžiagas pagal žaliavų kilmę ir gaminių paskirtį atlikti lyginamieji medžiagų energinio naudingumo ir jų gamybos ekobalanso analitiniai tyrimai. Nagrinėtos ir lygintos energijos sąnaudos ir teršalų patekimas į aplinką analogiškos paskirties medžiagoms gauti. Tirtos vienos iš perspektyviausių ekonomoniu ir ekologiniu požiūriu technogeninės atliekos – ekstrakcinio pushidračio fosfogipso (E-PG) savybės. Nustatyta, kad energijos poreikis gaminant analogiškos paskirties medžiagas iš esmės skiriasi. Žaliavos kilmė turi įtaką produkcijos energiniam naudingumui. Efektyviausios pagal kilmę energinio naudingumo ir aplinkosaugos požiūriu yra mineralinės medžiagos, ypač jeigu jos pagamintos iš technogeninių neorganinių atliekų. Geriausi rezultatai energiniu ir ekologiniu požiūriu gauti naudojant atliekų žaliavą – E-PG. Jo perdirbimo energijos sąnaudos ir teršalų emisija į aplinką yra kelis kartus mažesnės, negu gaminant kitas analogiškos paskirties ir savybių sienines medžiagas, be to, mažėja aplinkos tarša. Ateityje gaminiai iš perdirbto E-PG galėtų pakeisti pastatų atitvaroms naudojamus keraminius, silikatinius ir kitus energijai imlius dirbinius.

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Calculation of the Glaze Recipe for Porcelain Feldspar Products Based on their Molecular Formula Rationalization

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.08.2.1719 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 129-134

Author(s):

Ion Teoreanu ◽

Roxana Lucia Dumitrache ◽

Stefania Stoleriu

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Computer Programs ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Easy Access ◽

Molecular Formula ◽

Design Equation ◽

Material Sources

Any change of the raw material sources for glazes, economically, ecologically motivated, and also from the glaze quality point of view, is conditioned by the molecular formula rationalization and by the variation limits of the molecular formula, respectively. The proper glaze compositions are placed within their limit variation intervals with optimized processing and utilization properties. For this purpose, the rationalization criteria and procedures of molecular formulas are summarized in the present paper, as well as the results referring to their rationalization obtained in the authors� previous work. Thus, one starts from a base of raw materials that are selected, usable and also accessible for the design and producing of the glazes. On these bases the groundwork and the design equation for the glaze recipes are developed, exemplified for a single glaze. For an easy access to results, computer programs are used for an easy access to results.

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Study of Phyto-ingredients of Wild Berry Juice

Beer and beverages ◽

10.52653/pin.2021.2.2.003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 47-50

Author(s):

Антонина Григорьевна Чернобровина ◽

Наталья Николаевна Роева ◽

Наталия Евгеньевна Куликова ◽

Ольга Юрьевна Попова

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Point Of View ◽

Natural Dyes ◽

Raw Material ◽

Protective Properties ◽

Enzyme Preparations ◽

Other Substances ◽

Ingredient Composition ◽

Functional Components

В настоящее время к одним из наиболее приоритетных направлений пищевой промышленности относят разработку функциональных продуктов питания на основе экологически чистого сырья естественного происхождения, в том числе ягодного. При разработке новых продуктов с защитными свойствами важно учитывать ингредиентный состав сырья, оказывающий лечебно-профилактический эффект, и с этой точки зрения ягоды малины и брусники заслуживают особого внимания. С целью максимального извлечения и сохранения природных, физиологически-функциональных компонентов дикорастущих ягод (витаминов, микро- и макроэлементов, фенольных, пектиновых соединений и др.) были разработаны и созданы мультиэнзимные композиции для предобработки ягод брусники (МЭКб) и малины (МЭКм). Большой интерес вызывали исследования состава и содержания красящих веществ в исследуемых образцах. В качестве структурных элементов антоцианов в соке малины и брусники, а также в их ферментативных соках установлены дисахариды, основной структурный компонент которых - цианидин. Количественное содержание антоцианов в соке брусники и малины составило 305,4 и 106,2 мг/дм3, а в ферментативном соке брусники (БФС) и малины (МФС) - 553,7 и 146,4 мг/дм3, соответственно. Высокое содержание красящих веществ - важный критерий для использования БФС и МФС в качестве источника натуральных красителей. Установлена более высокая антиоксидантная активность в БФС и МФС (соответственно в 1,3 и 1,5 раза) по сравнению с соком, полученным без применения ферментных препаратов. Следовательно, ферментативный сок ягод обладает высокими антиоксидантными свойствами и служит источником натуральных красителей, поэтому его можно рассматривать как перспективный сырьевой полуфабрикат при производстве продуктов питания функциональной направленности, оказывающих благотворное регулирующее действие на организм человека. Currently, one of the priority areas of the food industry is the development of functional food products based on environmentally friendly raw materials of natural origin, including berry. When developing new products with protective properties, it is important to take into account the ingredient composition of the raw materials, which has a therapeutic and prophylactic effect, and from this point of view, raspberries and lingonberries deserve special attention. In order to maximize the preservation and extraction of natural, physiologically functional components of wild berries (vitamins, micro - and macroelements, phenolic compounds, pectin and other substances) were developed and created multienzymatic compositions for the pretreatment of lingonberry (MEKb) and raspberry (MEKm). Of great interest were studies on the characterization and content of dyes in the samples being studied. As structural elements of anthocyanins in raspberry and lingonberry juice, as well as in their enzymatic juices, disaccharides were established, the main structural component of which is cyanidine, and the quantitative content of anthocyanins (mg/dm3) in the juice of lingonberry and raspberry, corresponded - 305.40 and 106.20, and in the enzymatic juice of lingonberry and raspberry - 553.70 and 146.40. The high content of dyes is an important criterion for the use of BFS and MFS as a source of natural dyes. A higher antioxidant activity was found in BFS and MFS (1.3 and 1.5 times, respectively) compared with juice obtained without the use of enzyme preparations. Therefore, the enzymatic juice of berries has high antioxidant properties and is a source of natural dyes, so it can be considered as a promising raw material in the production of functional foods that have a beneficial regulatory effect on the human body.

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Carbonate complexes underlying Flysch belt and subsurface Neogene volcanic in the NE part of Slovakia – a potential for geothermal energy and raw materials

Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy ◽

10.2478/v10126-012-0013-8 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 283-294

Author(s):

Ľudovít Kucharič ◽

Vladimír Bezák ◽

Dušan Majcin ◽

Ján Vozár

Keyword(s):

Gravity Anomaly ◽

Magnetic Measurements ◽

Slovak Republic ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Geothermal Potential ◽

Two Factors ◽

New Perspective ◽

Carbonate Complexes

Abstract A positive gravity anomaly was observed in the Flysch belt realm. Based on this fact and available geological knowledge we suppose that the source of gravity anomaly might be carbonate rocks lying perhaps in the footwall of Flysch sediments. The carbonates belong perhaps to the Penninic crust cover (a part of Klippen belt), or to lower structural stage of the Flysch belt. Besides this it is interpreted more volume of Neogene subvolcanic bodies in the frame of the Flysch belt based on the results of the newest magnetic measurements in the NE part of Slovakia (Kucharič et. al., in press). These are accompanied by increasing heat flow and hydrothermal alteration within neighbouring rocks what may eventuate into creation of raw materials. These two factors - carbonates and subvolcanic bodies - are important items for appraisal of new perspective in this area not only from hydrocarbon occurrences point of view (a primary intend within this area) but also for enhancement of geothermal potential of Slovak Republic and opening possibilities for prognosis of raw material occurrences as well.

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Investigations of quartz raw materials from the locality of Rekovac muncipality

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind190328023m ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 265-274

Author(s):

Slavica Mihajlovic ◽

Zivko Sekulic ◽

Jovica Stojanovic ◽

Vladan Kasic ◽

Iroslav Sokic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Quartz Sand ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Size Fraction ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Potential Applications

Quality of raw materials, including quartz sand and quartzite, varies from one deposit to another. Furthermore, the material quality determines in which industrial branches it can be used after certain preparation processes. Potential applications of quartz raw materials are: in the construction and refractory industry, ceramics and glass industry, then in metallurgy, foundry and also in production of water treatment filters. Geological investigations of the central Serbia region, in the Rekovac municipality, resulted in identification of occurrence of quartz sand ("Ursula") and quartzite ("Velika Krusevica"). Preliminary laboratory tests and characterization of the quartz sand size fraction -0.63+0.1 mm confirmed the possibility of applying this size fraction in the construction materials industry, while the quartzite can be used in refractory, glass and metallurgy industries. After determining the geological reserve of quartz sand "Ursula" and quartzite "Velika Krusevica", detailed investigations are required. Quality conditions from the aspect of chemical composition and physical properties of quartz sand and quartzite are mostly clearly defined by a special standard for this purpose. On the other hand, there are also application areas where standards does not exist, but users define their quality conditions. This example is with the application of quartz sand in the production of water glass. Chemical composition as well is not always the determining factor for the application of quartz raw material. For example, for quartz sand used for sandblasting, grain form is essential. From the economic analysis point of view, the prices of quartz raw materials vary depending on their chemical and physical properties. After all, what needs to be pointed out is the fact that these raw materials are very widespread in nature and that their exploitation is quite simple. After the raw material is excavated, it is stored and further sieved, washed, dried and processed according to customer requirements. All of these processes are cheaper than preparing, for example, limestone, and significaly cheaper than preparation of metal ores.

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Expedient behaviour and predetermination at the Ciota Ciara cave (north-western Italy) during Middle Palaeolithic.

10.31219/osf.io/jk2mr ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sara Daffara ◽

Gabriele L.F. Berruti ◽

Marta Arzarello

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Functional Study ◽

Middle Palaeolithic ◽

General Behaviour ◽

Stratigraphic Sequence ◽

Hunter Gatherers ◽

Functional Studies ◽

North Western

The Ciota Ciara cave is a Middle Palaeolithic site located in Piedmont (north-western Italy) and it is the only one systematically investigated in the region. It opens at 670 m a.s.l. on the west side of Monte Fenera and its archaeological deposit has a stratigraphic sequence documenting several and repeated human frequentations. Four archaeological layers have been identified (13, 14, 15 and 103) and are characterized by lithic assemblages where vein quartz is the main exploited raw material. The upper level (13), was already subject to technological and functional studies but the enlargement of the excavated area made necessary a completion of the technological data. The aim of this work is to deal with a complete technological and functional study of the lithic assemblage of the four archaeological layers of the Ciota Ciara cave to face the issues of predetermination and adaptation of the reduction sequences to the raw materials features. The technological analysis is based on the concept of chaîne opératoire and refers to the classical definitions of the S.S.D.A., discoid and Levallois methods for the identification of the different exploitation strategies. The concepts of curated and expedient technology are also applied to the present study. We finally refer to the huge debate concerning the concept of predetermination related to cores that show reduced or none phases of core configuration for the analysis and interpretation of the considered lithic assemblage.The results obtained show that the general behaviour can be interpreted as expedient, both from a technological and a functional point of view. The Middle Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers of the Ciota Ciara cave adapted their “technological background” to the resources available and put into action flexible adaptation strategies. Even in the shortness or absence of phases of core configuration, predetermination can be observed in the adaptation of Levallois and discoid concepts to the natural constraints of the pebbles chosen as cores. The natural convexities are exploited to obtain Levallois and discoid flakes after an intentional choice made by the knappers. In order to deeply investigate the characteristics of the technological behaviour of the hunter-gatherers that inhabited the site, the use-wear analysis is a fundamental additional source of information and it is here aimed to understand if there is or not a differential use of the lithic artefacts according to their typology and/or to the knapping method.

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Development of Advanced High Strength Automotive Steels

Acta Materialia Transilvanica ◽

10.33924/amt-2021-01-02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 9-17

Author(s):

Miklós Tisza

Keyword(s):

Automotive Industry ◽

First Generation ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Raw Materials ◽

High Strength Steels ◽

High Strength ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Advanced High Strength Steels ◽

Harmful Emissions

Abstract In recent decades, the automotive industry has faced ever-increasing demands. Increasing requirements can be observed in terms of both consumer expectations and legal requirements. On the consumer side, there is a demand for cars that are as economical as possible with lower fuel consumption, but providing also greater comfort and safety. These requirements are accompanied, from a legal point of view by more rigorous environmental regulations and requirements concerning the reduction of harmful emissions. Meeting these often-contradictory requirements is a growing challenge for car manufacturers and raw material suppliers, as well. Meeting the requirements in the most versatile way has resulted in tremendous progress over the last 40–50 years, both in the automotive industry and in the production and development of raw materials. The first part of this series of papers summarizes the main requirements in the automotive industry, as the main driving forces for material developments. Furthermore, the main types and properties of traditional high-strength steels, as well as the so-called first-generation Advanced High-Strength Steels will be introduced. In the second part, the main types and manufacturing processes of second generation advanced high-strength steels will be analyzed and some of the current steel developments will be presented through the results of the three generations of Advanced High-Strength Steels.

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Properties of Foamed Lightweight High-Performance Phosphogypsum-Based Ternary System Binder

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10186222 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (18) ◽

pp. 6222 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Girts Bumanis ◽

Jelizaveta Zorica ◽

Diana Bajare

Keyword(s):

Ternary System ◽

High Performance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Total Energy Consumption ◽

And Performance

The potential of phosphogypsum (PG) as secondary raw material in construction industry is high if compared to other raw materials from the point of view of availability, total energy consumption, and CO2 emissions created during material processing. This work investigates a green hydraulic ternary system binder based on waste phosphogypsum (PG) for the development of sustainable high-performance construction materials. Moreover, a simple, reproducible, and low-cost manufacture is followed by reaching PG utilization up to 50 wt.% of the binder. Commercial gypsum plaster was used for comparison. High-performance binder was obtained and on a basis of it foamed lightweight material was developed. Low water-binder ratio mixture compositions were prepared. Binder paste, mortar, and foamed binder were used for sample preparation. Chemical, mineralogical composition and performance of the binder were evaluated. Results indicate that the used waste may be successfully employed to produce high-performance binder pastes and even mortars with a compression strength up to 90 MPa. With the use of foaming agent, lightweight (370–700 kg/m3) foam concrete was produced with a thermal conductivity from 0.086 to 0.153 W/mK. Water tightness (softening coefficient) of such foamed material was 0.5–0.64. Proposed approach represents a viable solution to reduce the environmental footprint associated with waste disposal.

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Investigation of Hydrometallurgical Processing of Titanomagnetite Ore Enrichment Waste

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.1115 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 299 ◽

pp. 1115-1120

Author(s):

E.S. Makhotkina ◽

M.V. Shubina ◽

I.G. Shubin

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Magnetite Ore ◽

Hydrometallurgical Processing ◽

Vanadium Extraction ◽

Extraction Degree

In the article the negative impact of titano-magnetite ore enrichment waste on the environment and the possibility of its use as vanadium-containing raw materials are overviewed. The chemical and mineralogical composition features of various samples of the Kusinsky deposit titanomagnetite ore tails are presented. Different combinations of their roasting processes (with and without salt additives, with oxides, carbonates, or their compositions) and leaching processes (with water or acid) during hydrometallurgical processing were analyzed.The experiment results on the extraction of vanadium in the form of soluble vanadates from the titanomagnetite ore tails by leaching from samples subjected to roasting with soda ash, sodium sulfate, calcium oxide, and sodium chloride in various mass ratios are presented. The significant influence of ore sample chemical composition on the vanadium extraction degree was revealed. It was revealed that for this type of vanadium raw material additives of sodium chloride and sodium carbonate are most preferable from the vanadium extraction degree point of view.

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HISTORY OF URANIUM RAW MATERIALS BASE CREATION IN UKRAINE

Мінеральні ресурси України ◽

10.31996/mru.2018.1.4-14 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 4-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Kh. Bakarzhyiev ◽

O. A. Lysenko

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Natural Uranium ◽

Nuclear Industry ◽

Raw Material ◽

Professional Activity ◽

Material Base ◽

Energy Needs ◽

History Of ◽

Energy Independence ◽

Second World

The basis of this publication is the documents and historical facts, materials of meetings, conferences and production reports, memoirs of veterans of the uranium industry, which are published, as well as their own memories, impressions and reflections of the authors whose professional activity was related to the prospect and exploration of uranium deposits. The article deals with successively the main stages of the emergence, development and formation of uranium geology in Ukraine, the solving of complex tasks for the creation and strengthening of the uranium raw material base for the complete provision of the nuclear energy needs of the state by the own mined natural uranium and achievement of energy independence. The history of the uranium raw material base creation in Ukraine is a path for pioneers, who constantly had to solve new strategic tasks promptly. In the first years after the Second World War, these were issues of defensive significance. Then become the turn of the peaceful atomic energy. By the work of the Kirov geological prospecting expedition that specialized on uranium, which was subsequently transformed into the SGE “Kirovgeologiya”, and then SE “Kirovgeologiya”, at the end of the 80th of the XX century a reliable uranium raw material base was created, that could provide state nuclear industry for the long term.

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The main ecological aspects of the complex processing of natural phosphate raw material

10.35688/2413-8452-2016-02-002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 9-17

Author(s):

Kochetkov S.P. ◽

Bryl S.V.

Keyword(s):

Phosphoric Acid ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wet Process ◽

Phosphate Raw Material ◽

Sulfuric Acid Decomposition

In the Russian Federation a unique phenomenon of nature as the reserves of phosphate raw materials and reserves of associated components are Apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny Deposit, located in the Central part of the Kola Peninsula. The main consumer of this raw material are the plants basic chemistry, processing of Apatite in a wet-process phosphoric acid sulfuric acid decomposition (the city of Cherepovets, Balakovo, the resurrection, etc.). This gives a dihydrate or hemihydrate wet-process phosphoric acid, and piecework output of dry phosphogypsum is 4 to 6 t per 1 t Apatite, depending on the ratio therein of CaO/P2O5 and the method of obtaining. The problem of disposing of chemical wastes are illustrated by various examples. Provides a conclusion on the feasibility of processing into fertilizer of phosphate raw materials, and scarce Apatite – to obtain construction materials. First developed a fundamentally new, environmentally friendly technology to produce phosphoric and complex fertilizers on the basis of wet mechanical activation of the phosphate. Methods have been pilot tested in the experimental shop at Moscow Production Association «Phosphate» (Voskresensk) using (0.3 t/h) and industry – to Estimate povorotniki (Aksai) (1.0 t/h) on the basis of vibrating mills. The implementation of methods obtained new types of fertilizers: granular and suspended mechanically activated phosphates and ammophosphate. It is concluded that from the point of view of environmental safety and economic feasibility of fertilizer phosphate should be recycled raw materials, and scarce Apatite should be directed to the production of construction materials oncooking phosphate with the simultaneous extraction and recovery of rare earth elements.

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