TREATMENT AND RECOVERY OF NICKEL RICH PRECIPITATE FROM PLATING PLANT WASTE/NIKELIAVIMO GAMYKLŲ ATLIEKŲ APDOROJIMAS IR NIKELIO IŠGRYNINIMAS/ПЕРЕРАБОТКА ОТХОДОВ И ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ЧИСТОГО НИКЕЛЯ НА ЗАВОДАХ ПО ОБРАБОТКЕ НИКЕЛЯ

Author(s):  
Haldun Kurama

Nowadays, with the environmental regulations becoming more and more stringent and growing pressure on the conservation of mineral resources, recycling has been gaining interest to develop economically‐viable refining technology. As the costs of the wastewater disposal increase (especially in the metal finishing industry) more emphasis is being placed on the recovery and recycling of valuable chemicals contained within these streams. In this study, a commercial plating plant filter waste (PPFW) was examined as an alternative source for the recovery of Ni as a nickel rich precipitate. The treatment tests performed by H2SO4 leaching method showed that dissolution amounts of metals such as Ni, Cu, Zn and Cr were affected by leaching time, temperature and acid concentration. Although the dissolution of metallic compounds almost was completed within the one hour of the extraction time, a rapid and higher dissolution amounts of Ni within the first minute of the leaching process (approximately 81% of the total extractable amount of Ni is extracted at the beginning period for 24 °C) indicated that the usage of this waste as a source of Ni has an advantage compared to Ni recovery from natural ores. A kinetic study carried out to clarify the dissolution of Ni, showed that a series of rate controlling steps, both chemical and diffusion reactions, was involved in the observed kinetic. After leaching, the filtered solution was subjected to two stages of controlled precipitation carried out at a pH of about 4–5.5 and about 8 to produce the solids containing non‐nickel and nickel respectively. The precipitation test performed by NaOH or MgO showed that almost all of the dissolved Ni ions were seperated from the solution. Based on the XRD and IR analysis, it was found out that a final precipitate, obtained by the use of NaOH, could be characterized as a disordered α‐Ni(OH) or as a blend of α and β‐Ni(OH)2, as for the MgO, the precipitate composed of mainly β‐(Ni(OH)2) phase and/or α‐(Ni(OH)2) phases. Santrauka Griežtėjant aplinkos apsaugos reikalavimams ir didėjant poreikiui taupyti mineralinius išteklius, siekiama plėtoti ekonomiškai perspektyvias rafinavimo technologijas. Ypač tai svarbu metalų apdirbimo pramonėje, nes didėja nuotekų šalinimo išlaidos. Išeitis būtų vertingų cheminių preparatų, susidarančių šiuose srautuose, pakartotinis panaudojimas ir perdirbimas. Šiame darbe nikeliavimo gamyklos atliekų filtras buvo išnagrinėtas kaip alternatyvus šaltinis nikeliui išgauti iš nikelio įsisotinusių nuosėdų. Apdorojimo testas atliktas taikant H2SO4 išplovimo metodą. Nustatyta, kad ištirpusių metalų, kaip antai: Ni, Cu, Zn, ir Cr, – kiekiai priklausė nuo plovimo trukmės, temperatūros ir rūgšties koncentracijos. Nors metalų junginiai beveik visai ištirpo per vieną plovimo valandą, iš proceso spartos ir didesnio ištirpusio Ni kiekio per pirmąją plovimo minutę (apytiksliai 81 % bendro išgauto Ni kiekio yra išgaunama pradiniu periodu esant 24 °C temperatūrai) galima spręsti, kad šių atliekų kaip Ni šaltinio panaudojimas yra pranašesnis, palyginti su Ni išgavimu iš natūralios rūdos. Atlikus kinetinį tyrimą Ni tirpumui nustatyti, paaiškėjo, kad proceso spartą lėmė cheminės ir difuzijos reakcijos. Filtruotasis tirpalas buvo nukreiptas nusodinti. Tai atlikta dviem etapais, kontroliuojant sąlygas, kai pH 4–5,5 ir vėliau pH 8,0 – atitinkamai išgaunant nuosėdas. Iš nusodinimo testo, atlikto su NaOH ar MgO, akivaizdu, kad beveik visi ištirpę nikelio jonai buvo išskirti iš tirpalo. Remiantis XRD ir IR analize, nustatyta, kad galutinės nuosėdos, susidarę naudojant NaOH, gali būti apibūdinamos kaip netvarkingas α-Ni(OH) arba kaip α ir β-Ni(OH)2 mišinys, o naudojant MgO, nuosėdos susidarė iš β-(Ni(OH)2 ) ir/arba α-(Ni(OH)2 ) fazių. Резюме В связи с ужесточением требований по охране окружающей среды и природных ресурсов заслуживает внимания вопрос о расширении применения экономически перспективных технологий по рафинированию. Это особенно касается металлургической промышленности в связи с увеличением расходов на удаление стоков, повторное применение и переработку ценных химических препаратов, оcтающихся в стоках. В статье описано исследование коммерческого фильтра по удалению отходов на заводе по обработке никеля в качестве альтернативного источника по получению никеля из осадков. Тест по обработке осадков, выполненный с применением метода вымывания H2SO4 , показал, что количество таких растворенных металлов, как Ni, Cu, Zn и Cr, зависит от времени вымывания, температуры и концентрации кислоты. Несмотря на то, что соединения металлов почти полностью растворились в течение одного часа вымывания, быстрое и большее количество растворенного в первую минуту вымывания Ni (приблизительно 81% от общего количества полученного Ni получают в начальный период при температуре 24 °C) показало, что применение этих отходов в качестве источника Ni имеет преимущество по сравнению с получением никеля из природной руды. Кинетическое исследование растворимости Ni показало, что скорость процесса обусловили как химические, так и диффузные реакции. После вымывания отфильтрованный раствор подвергался двухэтапному осаждению при pH 4–5,5 и позже pH 8,0. Тест по вымыванию NaOH или MgO показал, что почти все растворенные ионы никеля были выделены из раствора. На основании анализа XRD и IR установлено, что окончательный осадок, образовавшийся с применением NaOH, может быть охарактеризован как неупорядоченный α-Ni(OH) или как смесь α ir β-Ni(OH)2 , в то время как при применении MgO осадки выпадали в фазах β-(Ni(OH)2) и/или α-(Ni(OH)2).

1980 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Bosworth

The last two decades have seen a welcome erosion of traditional dogmas of Alexander scholarship, and a number of hallowed theories, raised on a cushion of metaphysical speculation above the mundane historical evidence, have succumbed to attacks based on rigorous logic and source analysis. The brotherhood of man as a vision of Alexander is dead, as is (one hopes) the idea that all Alexander sources can be divided into sheep and goats, the one based on extracts from the archives and the other mere rhetorical fantasy. One notable theory, however, still flourishes and has indeed been described as one of the few certainties among Alexander's aims. This is the so-called policy of fusion. As so often, the idea and terminology go back to J. G. Droysen, who hailed Alexander's marriage to Rhoxane as a symbol of the fusion (Verschmelzung) of Europe and Asia, which (he claimed) the king recognised as the consequence of his victory. At Susa the fusion of east and west was complete and Alexander, as interpreted by Droysen, saw in that fusion the guarantee of the strength and stability of his empire. Once enunciated, Droysen's formulation passed down the mainstream of German historiography, to Kaerst, Wilcken, Berve and Schachermeyr, and has penetrated to almost all arteries of Alexander scholarship. Like the figure of Alexander himself the theory is flexible and capable of strange metamorphoses. In the hands of Tarn it developed into the idea of all subjects, Greek and barbarian, living together in unity and concord in a universal empire of peace. The polar opposite is an essay of Helmut Berve, written in the heady days before the Second World War, in which he claimed that Alexander, with commendable respect for Aryan supremacy, planned a blending of the Macedonian and Persian peoples, so that the two racially related (!)Herrenvölkerwould lord it over the rest of the world empire. On Berve's interpretation the policy had two stages. Alexander first recognised the merits of the Iranian peoples and placed them alongside the Macedonians in his court and army hierarchy. Next came the ‘Blutvermischung’, the integration of the two peoples by marriage.


2018 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Vyazmina ◽  
Jie Sheng ◽  
Simon Jallais ◽  
Lucas Bustamante-Valencia ◽  
Pierre Bruchet ◽  
...  

The process of carbonitriding is similar to the process of carburization yet with additional ammonia to increase the hardness of the metal surface. Carbonitriding is performed at approximately 850 °C–880 °C, which is lower compare to carburizing and low pressure (10–50 mbar). The process consists of two stages: decomposition of ammonia and diffusion of “activated nitrogen”, and decomposition of acetylene and diffusion of carbon. The decomposition of acetylene is a very complex phenomenon, depending on the temperature, pressure and residence time (the time of presence of acetylene in a furnace). Different reaction products form: small molecules (H2, CH4, C2H4, C6H6, etc.), fine-crystalline graphite (the one that diffuses into the metal surface), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), soot etc. The current investigation is based on detailed kinetic modeling (using Chemkin 17.1) of the acetylene decomposition in the atmosphere of a reactor. For this modeling three different comprehensive mechanisms from the literature are considered: the mechanism of K. Norinaga (including 227 species, 827 reactions), the mechanism of T. Bensabath (including 364 species, 1245 reactions) and the mechanism of C. Saggese (including 350 species, more than 10,000 reactions). Comparison of simulation results with experimental data from the literature showed good agreement, demonstrating their applicability for modeling of industrial process. A parametric study suggests the best parameters for acetylene decomposition in a furnace.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Vincentius Vincentius ◽  
Evita H. Legowo ◽  
Irvan S. Kartawiria

Natural gas is a source of energy that comes from the earth which is depleting every day, an alternative source of energy is needed and one of the sources comes from biogas. There is an abundance of empty fruit bunch (EFB) that comes from palm oil plantation that can become a substrate for biogas production. A methodology of fermentation based on Verein Deutscher Ingenieure was used to utilize EFB as a substrate to produce biogas using biogas sludge and wastewater sludge as inoculum in wet fermentation process under mesophilic condition. Another optimization was done by adding a different water ratio to the inoculum mixture. In 20 days, an average of 6gr from 150gr of total EFB used in each sample was consumed by the microbes. The best result from 20 days of experiment with both biogas sludge and wastewater sludge as inoculum were the one added with 150gr of water that produced 2910ml and 2185ml of gas respectively. The highest CH 4 produced achieved from biogas sludge and wastewater sludge with an addition of 150gr of water to the inoculum were 27% and 22% CH 4 respectively. This shows that biogas sludge is better in term of volume of gas that is produced and CH percentage.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Huang ◽  
Yan-Qing Liu ◽  
Li-Shuang Liang ◽  
Xue-Wu Lin ◽  
Tao Song ◽  
...  

At present, there are many constantly updated guidelines and consensuses on the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis both at home and abroad. The recommendations established using methods of evidence-based medicine has experienced strict research on controlling bias and promoting reproduction rate. As a result, the previous evidence was reevaluated, and a lot of changes were provoked in the diagnosis and treatment concept of osteoarthritis. However, several methods not recommended by foreign guidelines are still in use in the current clinical practice in China. On the one hand, Chinese experts have not reached extensive consensus on whether it is necessary to make changes according to foreign guidelines. On the other hand, almost all the current relevant guidelines are on osteoarthritis, but the lesions around knee joints which, as a whole, bear the largest weight in human body, cannot be ignored. For this purpose, Chinese Association for the Study of Pain (CASP) organized some leading experts to formulate this Chinese Pain Specialist Consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative knee osteoarthritis (DKOA) in combination with the guidelines in foreign countries and the expert experience of clinical practice in China. The consensus, which includes the definition, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic criteria, and treatments of DKOA, is intended to be used by first-line doctors, including pain physicians to manage patients with DKOA.


2000 ◽  
Vol 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stradins ◽  
Akihisa Matsuda

ABSTRACTThe drift and diffusion in the presence of charged defects and photocarriers trapped in the tail states is re-examined. In continuity equations, diffusive and drift currents are related to free particles while the Poisson equation includes all charges. In order to make use of ambipolar diffusion approximation, the mobilities and diffusion coefficients should be attributed to the total electron and hole populations making them strongly particle-number dependent. Due to the asymmetry of the conduction and valence band tails, almost all trapped electrons reside in negatively charged defects (D−). A simple model of photocarrier traffic via tail and defect states allows to establish the effective mobility values and coefficients in Einstein relations. In a photocarrier grating experiment, grating of D− is counterbalanced by the grating of trapped holes. Nevertheless, electrons remain majority carriers, allowing the measurement of minority carrier diffusion length, but analysis is needed to relate the latter with μτ product.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Jose Alvarez ◽  
Elvira Martinez ◽  
Belén Diezma

Hyperspectral imaging is an appropriate method to thoroughly investigate the microscopic structure of internally heterogeneous agro-food products. By using hyperspectral technology, identifying stress symptoms associated with salinity, before a human observer, is possible, and has obvious benefits. The objective of this paper was to prove the suitability of this technique for the analysis of Triticale seeds subjected to both magneto-priming and drought and salt stress conditions, in terms of image differences obtained among treatments. It is known that, on the one hand, drought and salt stress treatments have negative effects on seeds of almost all species, and on the other hand, magneto-priming enhances seed germination parameters. Thus, this study aimed to relate hyperspectral imaging values—neither positive nor negative in themselves—to the effects mentioned above. Two main conclusions were reached: Firstly, the hyperspectral application is a feasible method for exploring the Triticale structure and for making distinctions under different drought and salt stress treatments, in line with the data variability obtained. Secondly, the lower spectral reflectance in some treatments—in the 400–1000 nm segment—is the result of a great number of chemical compounds in the seed that could be related to magneto-priming.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6507
Author(s):  
Giulia Cricrì ◽  
Linda Bellucci ◽  
Giovanni Montini ◽  
Federica Collino

Intercellular communication governs multicellular interactions in complex organisms. A variety of mechanisms exist through which cells can communicate, e.g., cell-cell contact, the release of paracrine/autocrine soluble molecules, or the transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-surrounded structures released by almost all cell types, acting both nearby and distant from their tissue/organ of origin. In the kidney, EVs are potent intercellular messengers released by all urinary system cells and are involved in cell crosstalk, contributing to physiology and pathogenesis. Moreover, urine is a reservoir of EVs coming from the circulation after crossing the glomerular filtration barrier—or originating in the kidney. Thus, urine represents an alternative source for biomarkers in kidney-related diseases, potentially replacing standard diagnostic techniques, including kidney biopsy. This review will present an overview of EV biogenesis and classification and the leading procedures for isolating EVs from body fluids. Furthermore, their role in intra-nephron communication and their use as a diagnostic tool for precision medicine in kidney-related disorders will be discussed.


2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Celenza ◽  
Fabrizio Rossi

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between corporate performance and Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAICTM) on the one hand, and the relationship between the variations in market value and the variations in VAIC on the other hand. Design/methodology/approach – Starting from the VAIC model, 23 Italian listed companies were examined with the aim of investigating the relationship between VAIC and the performance of the firms in the sample. The analysis was divided into two stages. In the first stage, eight models of linear regression were estimated to verify the presence of a positive and statistically significant relationship between M/BV and VAIC and between accounting performance indicators (ROE, ROI, ROS) and the VAIC. In the second stage, six other models were tested, considering as an independent variable the variations in VAIC and the variations in profitability indicators. Findings – The outcomes of the application stress the importance of VAIC in the explanation of the variations in MV and its role as “additional coefficient” in the analysis of equity performance. Originality/value – This methodology highlights some very interesting aspects. In particular, whereas the relationship between M/BV and VAIC and between profitability indicators (ROI, ROE, ROS) and VAIC is statistically insignificant, the subsequent analysis highlights the importance of VAIC as a variable capable of increasing the explanatory power of the regression in a cross-sectional perspective.


2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1331-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxi Wang ◽  
Qing He ◽  
Nian Chen ◽  
Mingliang Xie

In the study a simple model of coagulation for nanoparticles is developed to study the effect of diffusion on the particle coagulation in the one-dimensional domain using the Taylor-series expansion method of moments. The distributions of number concentration, mass concentration, and particle average volume induced by coagulation and diffusion are obtained.


2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Heng Chen ◽  
Chia-Ling Chang ◽  
Ye-Rong Du

AbstractThis paper reviews the development of agent-based (computational) economics (ACE) from an econometrics viewpoint. The review comprises three stages, characterizing the past, the present, and the future of this development. The first two stages can be interpreted as an attempt to build the econometric foundation of ACE, and, through that, enrich its empirical content. The second stage may then invoke a reverse reflection on the possible agent-based foundation of econometrics. While ACE modeling has been applied to different branches of economics, the one, and probably the only one, which is able to provide evidence of this three-stage development is finance or financial economics. We will, therefore, focus our review only on the literature of agent-based computational finance, or, more specifically, the agent-based modeling of financial markets.


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