scholarly journals Social inequalities associated with the onset of tuberculosis in disease-prone territories in a city from northeastern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1443-1452
Author(s):  
Hamilton Leandro Pinto De Andrade ◽  
Luiz Henrique Arroyo ◽  
Melina Yamamura ◽  
Antônio Carlos Vieira Ramos ◽  
Juliane de Almeida Crispim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
P Value ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
The Social

Introduction: Tuberculosis remains a major health problem worldwide, killing thousand adults and children every year mainly in developing countries as Brazil. The disease is socially determined, caused mainly by inequalities as overcrowding, bad conditions of housing, unemployment, and limited access to health care. The aim of this study was to identify the social inequalities associated with the onset of tuberculosis in disease-prone territories in a city from the Northeast. Methodology: This was an ecological study, which has gathered patients diagnosed with tuberculosis through secondary data source in a city from the northeast of Brazil. The GAMLSS statistical model has been applied considering as response variable the count of Tuberculosis cases and the independent variable, the social conditions. The double Poisson distribution was considered in the analysis. The best model fitted was selected according the Akaike information criterion value. For all tests, the p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: 460 patients with diagnosis of tuberculosis were identified, which represents an incidence of 36.3 cases/100,000 in males and 20.7 cases/100,000 in females. Regarding social inequality associated with tuberculosis, income (households with per capita income between 1/8 and 3 minimum wages), gender and age (Proportion of males under 15 years of age) were associated with the disease.  Conclusions: The findings evidenced the social determinants associated with tuberculosis, with a greater occurrence of the disease in areas with mostly male children and low-income families, these issues must be managed within and beyond the health sector, which is mandatory for the Tuberculosis elimination.

POVERTY, SEXUAL EXPERIENCE AND HIV VULNERABILITY RISKS: EVIDENCE FROM ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASSEFA TOLERA SORI
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Modest Contribution ◽  
The Right

SummaryThis study explores the relationship between poverty and vulnerability to HIV infection in Ethiopia using primary (quantitative and qualitative) and secondary data from two sub-cities of Addis Ababa. The data show that sexual experience is influenced by diverse factors such as age, gender, economic status and education level. Household economic status and migration explain the nature of sexual experience and level of vulnerability to HIV infection. Poor uneducated women in poor neighbourhoods are more likely to engage in risky sexual encounters despite awareness about the risk of HIV infection as they operate in an environment that provides the ‘path of least resistance’ (Lindegger & Wood, 1995, p. 7). This article argues that poverty provides a situation where early sexual initiation, ‘transactional sex’ and an inability to negotiate for safer sex are associated with low income, lack of education and increased vulnerability to HIV infection. This vulnerability is simultaneously contested and accepted as a commitment to even sacrifice one's life for the sake of one's loved ones. As a modest contribution to the ‘structural violence’ approach, which emphasizes social inequalities based on gender, class, ethnicity and race and inequalities in terms of exposure to risk and access to health care (Massé, 2007), this article challenges the ‘African promiscuity’ discourse, which ‘does not permit policymakers to think beyond sex’ (Stillwaggon, 2006, p. 156), and encourages researchers and policymakers to ask the right questions to understand the complexity of HIV/AIDS and seek solutions to the pandemic.

scholarly journals Has it done properly? The Difference between Before and After Social Distancing’s Policy Implementation in Controlling Covid-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 12031
Author(s):  
Rony Darmawansyah Alnur ◽  
Meita Veruswati ◽  
Al Asyary
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Low Resource Setting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
The Difference

Social distancing shall be effective to control Covid-19 spread. However, its effectiveness is doubtfully due to late response of authority in a low-resource setting such as Indonesia. This study aims to present the effectiveness of large-sale social restriction (LSSR) as the social distancing policy by analyze the chronological as well as the difference between before and after LSSR implementation in Jakarta, Indonesia. The secondary data analysis was derived from surveillance data for Covid-19 from government authorities, including the Ministry of Health and the local government of Jakarta. Two statuses related to Covid-19 were examined in the study: incidence and suspect. These Covid-19 statuses were presented in daily rates with pre and post of LSSR policy in Jakarta, Indonesia. LSSR policy had just implemented over a month after the first multiple cases found. The number of positive confirmed patients increased significantly after the LSSR (p-value = 0.000; mean difference = -70.532). This study’s findings showed that social distancing was not effective to control Covid-19 incidence which indicates the late response of the authorities.

scholarly journals Covid-19, Socio-Economic Impact and the Nigerian Government: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Idowu SS
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Nigerian Government ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

The outbreak of Covid-19 has both local and global implications with the response at both levels. However, national governments are the major player and device strategy and measures to lessen the negative impact on their populace. This paper carried out an overview of the Nigerian case with emphasis on the social and economic sides vis-à-vis government palliatives response measures. The analytical design was used to critically examine secondary data while the social contract theory was employed as a framework. The findings reveal that the Nigerian government efforts to lessen the adverse effects of the pandemic produced minimal impact due to government unpreparedness, corruption and administrative laxity. It recommends that the Nigerian governments should scale up their level of preparation for emergency situations and ramp up investment in the health sector for better performance amongst others.

Social inequality and access to social capital in microfinance interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 575-588
Author(s):  
Mudit Kumar Singh ◽  
Jaemin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unequal Access

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the inequality perpetuated through social categories in accessing the social capital generated through the microfinance interventions in India as the country has pronounced economic inequality by social categories like many developing stratified societies.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses survey data collected from 75 villages in rural India and tests whether the formation and maximization of social capital through self-help groups (SHGs) is dominated by social categories, e.g. high-caste groups, males and superior occupation classes. Using logistic regression framework, the study assesses the formation and maximization of social capital through multiple SHG membership.FindingsThe paper finds that the microfinance approach of empowering weaker sections is considerably limited in its success, in the sense that it provides them with the opportunity to the credit access and support through SHGs. But, the empirical model further indicates that social capital in form of these SHGs may fall prey to the dominant social categories, and thus, these institutions may potentially enhance inequality.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is derived from the secondary data set, so it is unable to comment field reality qualitatively.Practical implicationsMicrofinance policy makers will have an improved understanding of inherent social inequalities while implementing group-based programs in socially stratified societies.Originality/valueSocial capital, if treated as an outcome accumulated in form of groups, provides with an important framework to assess the unequal access through the microfinance interventions. Overlooking the inherent unequal access will deceive the purpose of social justice in the group-based interventions. The microfinance and other welfare policies engaged in group formation and generating the social capital need to be more sensitive to the disadvantageous sections while focusing on multiple group access by disadvantaged social groups.

scholarly journals Providing a Smart Healthy Diet for the Low-Income Population: Qualitative Study on the Usage and Perception of a Designed Cooking App (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faustine Régnier ◽  
Manon Dugré ◽  
Nicolas Darcel ◽  
Camille Adamiec
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cooking Skills ◽  
Low Income Population ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low Income Groups

BACKGROUND Health behaviors among low-income groups have become a major issue in the context of increasing social inequalities. The low-income population is less likely to be receptive to nutritional recommendations, but providing cooking advice could be more effective. In this domain, taking advantage of digital devices can be a bonus with its own challenges. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and deploy NutCracker, a social network–based cooking app for low-income population, including cooking tips and nutritional advices, aiming at creating small online communities. We further determined the usefulness, perceptions, barriers, and motivators to use NutCracker. METHODS The smartphone app, designed jointly with beneficiaries of the social emergency services, was implemented in a disadvantaged neighborhood of Magny, (Paris region, France). Once the app became available, 28 subjects, living in the neighborhood, tested the app for a 6-month period. Logs to the app and usages were collected by the software. In total, 12 in-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted among the users and the social workers to analyze their uses and perceptions of the app relative to their interest in cooking, cooking skills, socioeconomic constraints, and social integration. These interviews were compared with 21 supplementary interviews conducted among low-income individuals in the general population. RESULTS NutCracker was developed as a social network–based app, and it includes cooking tips, nutritional advice, and Web-based quizzes. We identified barriers to uses (especially technical barriers, lack of knowledge in the field of new technologies and written comprehension, and search for real contacts) and motivators (in particular, good social integration, previous use of social networks, and help of children as intermediaries). Cooking skills were both a barrier and a lever. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the low-income groups through a cooking app to promote healthier behaviors offers many advantages but has not been fully explored. However, the barriers in low-income milieu remain high, especially among the less socially integrated strata. Lessons from this intervention allow us to identify barriers and possible levers to improve nutrition promotion and awareness in deprived areas, especially in the time of social crisis.

scholarly journals Pandemia se Combate em Rede! Desafios da COVID-19 no Nordeste do Brasil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (spe) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Jesus Campos de Andrade ◽  
José Milton de Sousa-Filho ◽  
Fátima Evaneide Barbosa de Almeida ◽  
Samuel Façanha Câmara
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Leadership Process ◽  
Business Administration Students ◽  
Cooperation Network

ABSTRACT With the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, it became imperative to adopt emergency measures to prevent a crisis in the health system in northeastern Brazil. In this context, Miguel Bastos, manager of Sistema Indústria, a class entity in the northeastern industrial sector, dedicated all his efforts to coordinate an emerging network of institutions involved in research, development, innovation, manufacturing, and maintenance of products demanded by a health system. Thus, this teaching case aims to allow students to understand the context of a cooperation network created to meet the needs of the health sector in combating the pandemic of COVID-19. Given the difficulties inherent in a leadership process involving seven different institutions, how should the protagonist organize this network to meet the expected demands? The case has as target audience undergraduate Business Administration students, as well as lato sensu graduate courses, in subjects such as Business Strategy, Cooperation Networks, Public-Private Partnerships, among others that address the themes proposed in the present case. It is noteworthy that authors collected data from participant observation, secondary data, and interviews. The characters are real, but the names are fictitious.

scholarly journals How French general practitioners adapt their care to patients with social difficulties?

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e000044
Author(s):  
Annie De Oliveira ◽  
Barbara Chavannes ◽  
Magali Steinecker ◽  
Mady Denantes ◽  
Julie Chastang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Pay For Performance ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Primary Care Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Difficulties ◽  
The Individual

ObjectiveSeveral studies have shown the role of the primary care system in access to care and in reducing social inequalities in health. The objective of this study was to describe the practices of general practitioners (GPs) in taking into account the social environment of their patient, and the ways they adapted to social difficulties.DesignQualitative study comprising interviews and focus groups.SettingFrench primary care settings.ParticipantsTwenty semistructured interviews and two focus groups were conducted with 33 GPs. Sessions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. The reporting of findings was guided by consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research.ResultThis study identified adaptations at three levels: in the individual management of patients (alert system, full involvement in prevention, better communication, prioritised additional examinations, financial facilities, help in administrative tasks), in the collective management of patients in an office (consultation without appointment, pay-for-performance indicators, medical staffs, multidisciplinary protocols, medical practice in group, medical student), and in the community management (patients description, cooperation with associations, public health sector and politics).ConclusionIn France, GPs can take into account the social determinants of health in practice through simple or more complex actions.

A Review of Data on the U.S. Health Sector Fall 2004

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Hellander
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
The U.S

This report presents information on the state of the U.S. health sector in late 2004. It includes data on the uninsured and underinsured and their access to health care, underinsurance for long-term care and mental health, and the rising costs of health insurance and health care. The author presents data on the increasing social inequalities in health and access to health care; the role of corporate money in health and health care; and the hospital and pharmaceutical industries. The article also includes updates on the consequences of the Medicare prescription drug bill and the state of Medicare spending, and seniors' spending, on drugs; the results of some recent public opinion polls on health care; information on labor, labor unions, and health insurance; and some international comparisons of health insurance. The article concludes with some useful sources of information on single-payer, universal health care.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Inequality in University Education: Is the District Quota Scheme Addressing Socio-Economic Disparities in Access to University Education in Uganda?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Godfrey Bagonza ◽  
Yuda Taddeo Kaahwa ◽  
Nicholas Itaaga
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
University Education ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Government

Access to university education is one of the fundamental educational questions in contemporary educational debates. This is because university education is seen as having an array of benefits to individuals, their households, and their nations. However, the challenge of inequality in terms of gender, income, location, and socio-economic status has constrained some individuals and households to access quality university education. In 2005 the government of Uganda introduced the District Quota Scheme to address the social inequalities in accessing university education. This study examined how the District Quota Scheme is addressing the rural-urban divide in access to university; how the District Quota Scheme has increased access to university education for children with parents who have low levels of education; and whether the District Quota Scheme is improving access to university education for children from low-income families. Following the social constructivist research paradigm and integrating both quantitative and qualitative research methods, the study found a change in access to university education by students from rural areas, students whose parents have lower levels of education, and those from low-income families as a result of introducing the District Quota Scheme. The study recommends that the government of Uganda and other stakeholders in the higher education sector should address the structural challenges to ensure that mainly the socially disadvantaged students take the biggest advantage of this scheme. 

scholarly journals COVID 19: ASSESSING SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY AND THE INVOLVEMENT OF STREET LEVEL BUREAUCRATS IN NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Ajulor O. ◽  
◽  
Okewale R. ◽  
Aliu F. ◽  
Ojikutu A. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Welfare Policy ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Social Welfare Policy ◽  
Street Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Street Level Bureaucrats ◽  
The Government

The incident of COVID – 19 in Nigeria has exposed the dilapidated level of the health sector, inadequacy in the provision and administration of social welfare to the citizens and the challenges faced by the street-level bureaucrats in their course of duties to fight COVID 19. The Study assesses the social welfare policy of COVID 19 in Nigeria and the involvement of the street-level bureaucrat. The study relies on secondary data with content analysis of books, journals, internet source and other relevant materials. The study revealed that COVID 19 pandemic with its damaging effects is real in Nigeria and the number of effected persons and death are gradually increasing. The social welfare policy measures by the government is inadequate, the frontline healthcare bureaucrats faced the challenge of coping with the outbreak of COVID-19 due to shortage of resources such as: equipment, staff, protection gears and other accessories needed to work. Most Nigerian did not believe in the existence of the coronavirus. The study recommended that Nigeria should improve on testing capacity; recruit more health care personnel, Institutionalize people oriented social welfare policies with or without emergency situation; there should investment on street level bureaucrats in area of capacity building and motivation. Awareness and sensitization should be created on the existence COVID 19 pandemic and its ravaging effects through mobilization of the people at the grassroots. Government should open up the economy school and the churches should be opened. People must be ready to take responsibility for their healths while the WHO and countries of the word should be proactive in finding cure for the COVID 19 pandemic.

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