scholarly journals An overview of mosquitoes and emerging arboviral infections in the Zagreb area, Croatia

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1286-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Klobucar ◽  
Nikola Benic ◽  
Darko Krajcar ◽  
Mirjana Lana Kosanovic-Licina ◽  
Vanja Tesic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Zagreb Area ◽  
The City

Mosquito control in the Zagreb area has been conducted for many years, whereas the fauna has only been investigated in the last 20 years. So far 30 mosquito species have been detected in the city area. Culex pipiens form molestus is the dominant mosquito species in indoor breeding sites. In forested areas and areas exposed to flooding, the active period is early spring and the dominant species are Ochlerotatus sticticus, Ochlerotatus cantans, Ochlerotatus geniculatus and Aedes vexans. The eudominant mosquito species found in the artificial breeding sites are Culex pipiens and the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Invasive Ae. albopictus, present in the Zagreb area since 2004, has expanded to a larger area of the city during the last three years. The recent emergence of the human West Nile virus and Usutu virus neuroinvasive disease in Zagreb and its surroundings highlighted the role of mosquitoes as vectors of emerging arboviruses. The paper focuses on mosquito species and arboviral infections detected in humans and animals in the Zagreb area, Croatia.

scholarly journals Update on the mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) distribution in Cabo Verde: occurrence of the species complexes Anopheles gambiae and Culex pipiens (pipiens, quinquefasciatus and their hybrids)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvânia da Veiga Leal ◽  
Isaias Baptista Fernandes Varela ◽  
Davidson Daniel Sousa Monteiro ◽  
Celivianne Marisia Ramos de Sousa ◽  
Maria da Luz Lima Mendonça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Entomological Survey ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Species Complexes

In this study, we aimed to update the mosquito species composition and distribution based on a national entomological survey in all municipalities of Cabo Verde. This includes the sibling species of the Culex pipiens complex, namely Cx. pipiens , Cx. quinquefasciatus and their hybrids, in locations where information is not available. The entomological survey took place from October 2017 to September 2018, in all municipalities of Cabo Verde. Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected in breeding sites and samples were sent to the Laboratory of Medical Entomology of the National Institute of Public Health for the morphological identification of the species. The mosquitoes morphologically identified in Anopheles gambiae and Culex pipiens complexes of species were further molecular analysed to species confirmation. A total of 814 breeding sites were surveyed and 10 mosquito species of five genera were identified. The greatest number of mosquito species was reported in the island of Santiago. The most widespread species in the country were Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Anopheles arabiensis was the only species identified in the Gambiae complex of species. The results of this study will assist decision makers in important health policies to control mosquitoes and vector-borne diseases towards a strategic approach by timely detection of changes in species diversity.

scholarly journals Diverse sensitivities of TRPA1 from different mosquito species to thermal and chemical stimuli

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianbang Li ◽  
Claire T. Saito ◽  
Tomoyuki Hikitsuchi ◽  
Yoshihiro Inoguchi ◽  
Honami Mitsuishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Splice Variants ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Culex Pipiens Pallens ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Pipiens Pallens

AbstractTemperature and odors profoundly affect the behavior of animals. Transient receptor potential channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) functions as a polymodal nociceptor for sensing both vital environmental cues in insects. Mosquitoes are recognized as disease vectors, and many efforts have been devoted to investigations of their host-seeking behaviors and repellents. However, the physiological characteristics of mosquito TRPA1 have not been systematically studied. We identified multiple alternative splice variants of the TrpA1 gene from Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes. And we performed comparative analyses of the responses of mosquito TRPA1s to heat or chemical stimuli with calcium-imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp methods. Comparison of TRPA1 among four mosquito species from different thermal niches revealed that TRPA1 of Culex pipiens pallens inhabiting the temperate zone had a lower temperature threshold for heat-evoked activation, which was supported by the in vivo heat-avoidance test. Notably, the chemosensitivity of mosquito TRPA1 channels revealed differences not only between variants but also among species. Moreover, we discovered three novel mosquito TRPA1 agonists. Thermal niches selection and evolutionary trajectories significantly affect the functional properties of mosquito TRPA1, which represents a hallmark of the behaviors that may permit the design of improved mosquito control methods.

The biting flies of the Kano Plains, Kenya: Part II. Larval habitats of common mosquito species (Dipt., Culicidae)

1971 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canute P. M. Khamala
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Emergent Plants ◽  
Culex Pipiens Fatigans ◽  
Breeding Habitats ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
Selection Of

Six natural terrestrial mosquito breeding habitats were recognised in the Kano Plains of Kenya by their condition, i.e. temporary or permanent, presence or absence of emergent plants, and by the chemical and physical characteristics of their water. Between September 1968 and March 1970, 13 mosquito species were found breeding in these habitats. Most species were restricted to a few habitats; only four showed a wide occurrence, being found in at least four. Anopheles gambiae Giles and Culex annulioris Theo. exploited all six habitats, suggesting that the characteristics studied were probably not critical to their selection of a breeding site. Mansonia and Coquillettidia spp. were restricted to habitats with some plants, indicating their dependence on such vegetation for respiration and protection. The indiscriminate selection of breeding sites by disease vectors, e.g. A. gambiae, A. pharoensis Theo. and Culex pipiens fatigans Wied., is worth noting in irrigation schemes.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Characteristics of Four Limonene-Based Nanoemulsions and Their Larvicidal Properties against Two Mosquito Species, Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens molestus

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Ioanna Theochari ◽  
Athanasios Giatropoulos ◽  
Vassiliki Papadimitriou ◽  
Vasileios Karras ◽  
Georgios Balatsos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Culex Pipiens Molestus

Negative impacts on the environment from the continuous use of synthetic insecticides against mosquitoes has driven research towards more ecofriendly products. Phytochemicals, classified as low-risk substances, have been recognized as potential larvicides of mosquitoes; however, problems related to water solubility and stability are limiting factors for their use in mosquito control programs in the field. In this context, many researchers have focused on formulating essential oils in nanoemulsions, exploiting innovative nanotechnology. In the current study, we prepared 4 (R)-(+)-limonene oil-in-water nanoemulsions using low and high energy methods, and we evaluated their physicochemical characteristics (e.g., viscosity, stability, mean droplet diameter, polydispersity index) and their bioactivity against larvae of two mosquito species of great medical importance, namely, Cx. pipiens molestus and Ae. albopictus. According to the dose–response bioassays with the limonene-based nanoemulsions and pure limonene (dissolved in organic solvent), the tested nanoformulations improved the activity of limonene against Ae. albopictus larvae, while the performance of limonene was either the same or better than limonene against Cx. pipiens molestus, depending on the applied system. Overall, we achieved the production of limonene-based delivery nanosystems, with sufficient lethal properties against mosquito larvae to consider them promising larvicidal formulations applicable to mosquito breeding sites.

scholarly journals Spatial and Annual Temporal Distribution of Ozone Concentrations in the Madrid Basin Using Passive Samplers

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 785-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Sanz ◽  
F. Sanz ◽  
G. Sanchez-Peaa
Keyword(s):  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Passive Samplers ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Ozone Distribution ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
The City ◽  
Ozone Levels

Passive samplers are useful tools for helping to describe the ozone distribution in complex terrain situations. They are also a good complement to continuous monitoring stations. This paper discusses the results of a pilot study that used ozone passive samplers to describe the spatial and annual temporal distribution of ozone in several forested areas around the city of Madrid. The ozone concentrations around Madrid were found to be higher on the elevated sites located at a certain distance from the city�s urban zone. A seasonal ozone cycle was observed, with maximum concentrations found in the basin in late spring or summer depending on the location. The information obtained allowed us to group the locations into four classes. Altitude and distance to the city during the summer and winter explained the observed ozone concentrations. However, during the transition periods, especially in early spring and to a lesser extent in autumn, there was not a good correlation between ozone levels and elevation or distance from precursor sources. These data strongly suggest that altitudinal gradients for ozone are not always the case in the Madrid Basin.

The Scientific Basis for the Prevention of Zooanthroponoze Vector-Borne Diseases Spread by Parasitic Arthropods of the Center of the East European Plain

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Fedor I. Vasilevich ◽  
Anna M. Nikanorova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
East European Plain ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Kaluga Region

The purpose of the research is development of preventive measures against zooanthroponoze vector-borne diseases spread by parasitic arthropods in the Kaluga Region. Materials and methods. The subject of the research was Ixodidae, mosquitoes, and small mammals inhabiting the Kaluga Region. The census of parasitic arthropods was carried out on the territory of all districts of the Kaluga Region and the city of Kaluga. Open natural habitat and human settlements were investigated. Weather conditions from 2013 to 2018 were also taken into account. For the purposes of the study, we used standard methods for capturing and counting arthropods and mouse-like rodents. In order to obtain mathematical models of small mammal populations, a full factorial experiment was conducted using the collected statistical data. In-process testing of the drug based on s-fenvalerate and piperonyl butoxide were carried out under the conditions of the agricultural collective farm “Niva” of the Kozelsky District, the Kaluga Region, and LLC “Angus Center of Genetics” of the Babyninsky District, the Kaluga Region. Results and discussion. In the Kaluga Region, two species of ixodic ticks are found, namely, Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, which have two activity peaks. Mosquito may have 3-4 generations in a year in the Kaluga region. The most common mosquito species in the Kaluga Region are Aedes communis, Ae. (Och.) togoi and Ae. (Och.) diantaeus, Culex pipiens Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Culicidae) (Culex pipiens): Cx. pipiens f. pipiens L. (non-autogenic form) and Cx. p. f. molestus Fors. (autogenic form), which interbreed, and reproductively isolated in the Region. The developed mathematical models make it possible to quantify the risks of outbreaks of zooanthroponoze vector-borne diseases without the cost of field research, and allow for rational, timely and effective preventive measures. Medications based on s-fenvalerate and piperonyl butoxide and based on cyfluthrin showed high insecto-acaricidal efficacy and safety.

scholarly journals Entomological survey for identification of Aedes larval breeding sites and their distribution in Chattogram, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Sahidur Rahman ◽  
Md. Omar Faruk ◽  
Sumiya Tanjila ◽  
Nur Mohammad Sabbir ◽  
Najmul Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Entomological Survey ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Coconut Shells ◽  
Positive Properties

Abstract Background Studying the characteristics of Aedes mosquito habitats is essential to control the mosquito population. The objective of this study was to identify the breeding sites of Aedes larvae and their distribution in Chattogram, Bangladesh. We conducted an entomological survey in 12 different sub-districts (Thana) under Chattogram City, during the late monsoon (August to November) 2019. The presence of different wet containers along with their characteristics and immature mosquitoes was recorded in field survey data form. Larvae and/or pupae were collected and brought to the laboratory for identification. Results Different indices like house index, container index, and the Breteau index were estimated. The multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to identify habitats that were more likely to be positive for Aedes larvae/pupae. A total of 704 wet containers of 37 different types from 216 properties were examined, where 52 (7.39%) were positive for Aedes larvae or pupae. Tire, plastic buckets, plastic drums, and coconut shells were the most prevalent container types. The plastic group possessed the highest container productivity (50%) whereas the vehicle and machinery group was found as most efficient (1.83) in terms of immature Aedes production. Among the total positive properties, 8% were infested with Aedes aegypti, 2% with Aedes albopictus, and 1% contained both species Ae. aegypti and A. albopictus. The overall house index was 17.35%, the container index was 7%, and the Breteau index was 24.49. Containers in multistoried houses had significantly lower positivity compared to independent houses. Binary logistic regression represented that containers having shade were 6.7 times more likely to be positive than the containers without shade (p< 0.01). Conclusions These findings might assist the authorities to identify the properties, containers, and geographical areas with different degrees of risk for mosquito control interventions to prevent dengue and other Aedes-borne disease transmissions.

scholarly journals Gonoactivity of Culex (Culex) (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes During Winter in Temperate Argentina

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Florencia Branda ◽  
Magdalena Laurito ◽  
Andrés Mario Visintin ◽  
Walter Ricardo Almirón
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Dry Ice ◽  
Culex Pipiens Pipiens ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
The City

Abstract The subgenus Culex L. includes species involved in summer–autumn arbovirus transmission but studies during winter are scarce in temperate Argentina. Female specimens were collected host-seeking at dry-ice-baited traps during autumn–winter–spring at two sites in Córdoba City during 2016 and 2017. The specimens were morphologically identified and dissected to determine the follicular developmental stage (gonotrophic activity). Females with advanced follicular stages (≥III) were subjected to molecular procedures to confirm or re-identify previous morphological identification. Five species (Culex apicinus Philippi (Diptera: Culicidae), Culex dolosus (Lynch-Arribálzaga) (Diptera: Culicidae), Culex maxi Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae), Culex pipiens pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae), and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)) were collected and found gonoactive during winter; showing that a high proportion of Culex (Culex) females remain reproductively active during the unfavorable season for mosquito populations. Among them, it is worth noting the collection of Cx. quinquefasciatus, vector of the St. Louis encephalitis virus (endemic in the city), a specimen of Cx. p. pipiens, and a hybrid of Cx. p. pipiens/Cx. quinquefasciatus (during autumn). The study of this community during winter should continue because a high gonoactive female proportion with advanced follicular stages was found: 29.12 and 13.07% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Local studies such as this one provide evidence about ornithophilic Culex species with active year-round life cycles, species that could favor arbovirus overwintering.

scholarly journals At the tip of an iceberg: citizen science and active surveillance collaborating to broaden the known distribution of Aedes japonicus in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Eritja ◽  
Sarah Delacour-Estrella ◽  
Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo ◽  
Mikel A. González ◽  
Carlos Barceló ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Surveillance Strategy ◽  
Aedes Japonicus ◽  
Invasive Mosquito Species ◽  
Invasive Mosquito

Abstract Background Active surveillance aimed at the early detection of invasive mosquito species is usually focused on seaports and airports as points of entry, and along road networks as dispersion paths. In a number of cases, however, the first detections of colonizing populations are made by citizens, either because the species has already moved beyond the implemented active surveillance sites or because there is no surveillance in place. This was the case of the first detection in 2018 of the Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus, in Asturias (northern Spain) by the citizen science platform Mosquito Alert. Methods The collaboration between Mosquito Alert, the Ministry of Health, local authorities and academic researchers resulted in a multi-source surveillance combining active field sampling with broader temporal and spatial citizen-sourced data, resulting in a more flexible and efficient surveillance strategy. Results Between 2018 and 2020, the joint efforts of administrative bodies, academic teams and citizen-sourced data led to the discovery of this species in northern regions of Spain such as Cantabria and the Basque Country. This raised the estimated area of occurrence of Ae. japonicus from < 900 km2 in 2018 to > 7000 km2 in 2020. Conclusions This population cluster is geographically isolated from any other population in Europe, which raises questions about its origin, path of introduction and dispersal means, while also highlighting the need to enhance surveillance systems by closely combining crowd-sourced surveillance with public health and mosquito control agencies’ efforts, from local to continental scales. This multi-actor approach for surveillance (either passive and active) shows high potential efficiency in the surveillance of other invasive mosquito species, and specifically the major vector Aedes aegypti which is already present in some parts of Europe. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Mosquito Control Priorities in Florida—Survey Results from Florida Mosquito Control Districts

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 947
Author(s):  
Rishi Kondapaneni ◽  
Ashley N. Malcolm ◽  
Brian M. Vazquez ◽  
Eric Zeng ◽  
Tse-Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Common Control ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Research Questions

Florida lies within a subtropical region where the climate allows diverse mosquito species including invasive species to thrive year-round. As of 2021, there are currently 66 state-approved Florida Mosquito Control Districts, which are major stakeholders for Florida public universities engaged in mosquito research. Florida is one of the few states with extensive organized mosquito control programs. The Florida State Government and Florida Mosquito Control Districts have long histories of collaboration with research institutions. During fall 2020, we carried out a survey to collect baseline data on the current control priorities from Florida Mosquito Control Districts relating to (1) priority control species, (2) common adult and larval control methods, and (3) major research questions to address that will improve their control and surveillance programs. The survey data showed that a total of 17 distinct mosquito species were considered to be priority control targets, with many of these species being understudied. The most common control approaches included truck-mounted ultra-low-volume adulticiding and biopesticide-based larviciding. The districts held interest in diverse research questions, with many prioritizing studies on basic science questions to help develop evidence-based control strategies. Our data highlight the fact that mosquito control approaches and priorities differ greatly between districts and provide an important point of comparison for other regions investing in mosquito control, particularly those with similar ecological settings, and great diversity of potential mosquito vectors, such as in Florida. Our findings highlight a need for greater alignment of research priorities between mosquito control and mosquito research. In particular, we note a need to prioritize filling knowledge gaps relating to understudied mosquito species that have been implicated in arbovirus transmission.

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