scholarly journals An Introduction to the Minimum Information about a Digital Specimen (MIDS) Digitisation Standard

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elspeth Haston ◽  
Alex Hardisty
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Electronic Text ◽  
Digital Representation ◽  
Minimum Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Stage ◽  
Text Images ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

Digitisation is the process of converting analogue data about physical specimens to digital representation that includes electronic text, images and other forms. The term has been used diversely within the natural science collections community, and between different digitisation initiatives, the outputs can be quite different. Digitisation of individual specimens provides explicit and precise details about each object curated in a collection. This digitisation is based on diverse aims, the needs of specific projects and the specific practices and workflows in different institutions, so the digitised output has a wide range of uses. Capturing and presenting such data from future digitisation in standard formats is essential so that data can be more easily understood, compared, analysed and communicated via the Internet. By harmonising a framework that clarifies what is meant by different levels of digitisation (MIDS level), as well as the minimum information to be captured at each level, it becomes easier to consistently measure the extent of digitisation achieved over time and to set priorities for the remaining work. Similarly, ensuring that enough data are captured, curated and published is essential so they are useful for the widest possible range of future research, teaching and learning purposes. The Minimum Information about a Digital Specimen (MIDS) specification aims to address these problems. MIDS is a 'minimum specification', which means that the information specified as necessary at a each MIDS level is the minimum expected to be made digitally available following each major stage of digitisation. More is not precluded. From September 2020, MIDS specification work is now the work topic of an approved TDWG Task Group.

scholarly journals MIDS Level 1: Specification, conformance checklist, mapping template and instructions for use

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Hardisty ◽  
Elspeth Haston
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Data Publishing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Minimum Information ◽  
Expected Information ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Instructions For Use ◽  
Basic Minimum ◽  
Core Part ◽  
Different Levels

Approved formally as a TDWG Task Group (TG) in September 2020, TG MIDS is working to harmonise a framework for "Minimum Information about a Digital Specimen (MIDS)". MIDS clarifies what is meant by different levels of digitization (MIDS levels) and specifies the minimum information to be captured at each level. Capturing and presenting data in future digitization in standard formats is essential so that data can be more easily understood, compared, analysed and communicated via the Internet. Adopting MIDS and working to achieve specific MIDS levels in digitization ensures that enough data are captured, curated and published such that they are useful for the widest possible range of future research, teaching and learning purposes. Adopting MIDS makes it easier to consistently measure the extent of digitization achieved over time and to set priorities for the remaining work. In the year since MIDS was first introduced at TDWG 2020, the TG has focussed on the details of MIDS level 1, representing the basic minimum level of information to be expected and captured in basic digitization activities such as creating a catalogue record and (optionally) making photographic or other digital images of specimens. To help the community adopt and embed MIDS conformance as a core part of digitization and data publishing/management pipelines, the MIDS specification consists of definitions of the expected information elements, a template for mapping terms/fields in institutional collection management systems and other data management schemas to those information elements, a conformance proforma allowing declaration of how a digitization or data publishing event conforms to MIDs, and instructions for use.

Impacts of International Baccalaureate programmes on teaching and learning: A review of the literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisah Dickson ◽  
Laura B. Perry ◽  
Susan Ledger
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
International Baccalaureate ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Impact

International Baccalaureate (IB) programmes are growing rapidly worldwide, driven in part by their global reputation and concept-driven, inquiry-based approach to teaching and learning. This thematic review of a range of literature sources examines the impact of IB programmes on teaching and learning, highlighting trends, challenges, and benefits. Findings of the review revealed that most of the studies, both qualitative and quantitative, examined stakeholders’ perspectives or self-reported experiences of IB programmes; a very small number used research designs that control for confounding factors or allow causal inferences to be drawn. A wide range of stakeholders report that IB programmes develop research and critical thinking skills, intercultural appreciation and global awareness, as well as cultivate collaborative working cultures and creative pedagogical practices among teachers. Challenges include extra demands on teachers for lesson planning and assessment, additional stress for teachers and students, and competing demands and expectations with national requirements. Recommendations are provided which may guide future research endeavours.

ESL/EFL Instructors’ Perceptions of the Importance of Computer-assisted Reading in L2 Reading Instruction

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 1753
Author(s):  
Khalid Al-Seghayer
Keyword(s):  
Reading Instruction ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Electronic Text ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
L2 Reading ◽  
P Values ◽  
Assisted Reading

English instructors’ perceptions of computer-assisted reading (CAR) influence their tendency to integrate it in the L2 reading classroom. Accordingly, this study assessed English instructors’ perceptions of the importance of electronic text in L2 reading and their general attitudes about the role and effectiveness of computers in teaching ESL/EFL. To this end, 70 ESL/EFL instructors at multiple universities responded to a two-part survey containing 34 items and open-ended questions about the respondents’ general attitudes about computers in language teaching and learning, and the importance of computer-assisted L2 reading instruction specifically. The researcher performed both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses on the data, including means and standard deviations, as well as paired t-tests and bootstrapped p-values. The results indicated that the participants recognized the importance of CAR in improving the quality of L2 reading instruction and developing learners’ reading skills. The implications of the study are discussed, and potential areas of future research are suggested.

Culture and Lay Theories of Change

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Li-Jun Ji ◽  
Tieyuan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Lay Theories ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
East Asians ◽  
North Americans ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Theories Of Change ◽  
Over Time

Lay theories of change refer to beliefs people hold about how events develop over time and are related to each other. This chapter reviews cultural differences in lay theories of change between East Asians and Euro-Americans/Canadians. The overarching theme from the existing research is that East Asians tend to believe more than Westerners that phenomena change in a cyclical way, whereas Westerners tend to believe that events are either relatively stable or develop in a linear fashion. This cultural variation is manifested in a wide range of predictions and decisions. Furthermore, Euro–North Americans are more likely than East Asians to hold linear beliefs about the correspondence between cause and effect in magnitude, and between appearance and reality (e.g., a strong appearance corresponds to a strong internal state). The chapter also discusses the cultural underpinnings of lay theories of change and directions for future research.

scholarly journals On randomly changing conformity bias in cultural transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (34) ◽  
pp. e2107204118
Author(s):  
Kaleda K. Denton ◽  
Uri Liberman ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Weak Selection ◽  
Stochastic Variation ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Over Time

Humans and nonhuman animals display conformist as well as anticonformist biases in cultural transmission. Whereas many previous mathematical models have incorporated constant conformity coefficients, empirical research suggests that the extent of (anti)conformity in populations can change over time. We incorporate stochastic time-varying conformity coefficients into a widely used conformity model, which assumes a fixed number n of “role models” sampled by each individual. We also allow the number of role models to vary over time (nt). Under anticonformity, nonconvergence can occur in deterministic and stochastic models with different parameter values. Even if strong anticonformity may occur, if conformity or random copying (i.e., neither conformity nor anticonformity) is expected, there is convergence to one of the three equilibria seen in previous deterministic models of conformity. Moreover, this result is robust to stochastic variation in nt. However, dynamic properties of these equilibria may be different from those in deterministic models. For example, with random conformity coefficients, all equilibria can be stochastically locally stable simultaneously. Finally, we study the effect of randomly changing weak selection. Allowing the level of conformity, the number of role models, and selection to vary stochastically may produce a more realistic representation of the wide range of group-level properties that can emerge under (anti)conformist biases. This promises to make interpretation of the effect of conformity on differences between populations, for example those connected by migration, rather difficult. Future research incorporating finite population sizes and migration would contribute added realism to these models.

scholarly journals Categorizing findings on Language Tutor Autonomy (LTA) From Interviews

Relay Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 236-246
Author(s):  
Tomoya Shirakawa
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Tutoring Program ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
International University ◽  
The University

Language Tutor Autonomy (LTA) is a new area of research and spans a wide range of social contexts with important implications. Anyone can be a tutor, and by doing so, they can learn by teaching. LTA can potentially may have many practical applications and, therefore, should be subject to further investigation. This study used interviews to understand LTA from the tutors’ perspective. The context was a peer tutoring program at an international university in Japan specializing in self-access learning. 11 tutors participated in the research, who are all undergraduate (2nd to 4th year) students enrolled in the university. A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews was employed in order to understand how their teaching as tutors influences their learning as students, and, primarily, to identify unique aspects of LTA. The results were organized according to interview questions concerning: (1) dealing with difficulty, (2) preparing for weekly sessions, (3) sharing experiences (beyond teaching English) and (4) developing personally from the tutoring experience. The paper will offer a model of LTA and a framework for future research and practical applications in self-access learning settings, including peer teaching and learning advising.

Convergence in Human Resource Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 366-393
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Mayrhofer ◽  
Chris Brewster ◽  
Katharina Pernkopf
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource Management ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Time Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

This chapter takes the contextual view of human resource management (HRM) and its challenge to the universalistic perspective that is explored in the preceding chapters and adds the element of time. How does time change the relationship between countries in their way of managing HRM? Including time leads to a question that goes beyond snapshot views of how various aspects of context at different levels relate to HRM: How do these relationships and their effects develop as the years go by? The chapter addresses the notion of convergence in three steps. First, it examines a range of conceptual views about what convergence means in different theoretical traditions and discourses. Second, and based on that examination, it offers a balanced overview of the conceptual and empirical evidence about how HRM has been developing in different contextual settings over time, teasing out what we know for sure and what is still open for speculation. Third, the chapter outlines some promising options for future research at the conceptual, empirical, and practical levels.

A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality Applications for Automated Driving: 2009–2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-80
Author(s):  
Andreas Riegler ◽  
Andreas Riener ◽  
Clemens Holzmann
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Driving Simulators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Driving Assistance ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract While augmented reality (AR) interfaces have been researched extensively over the last decades, studies on their application in vehicles have only recently advanced. In this paper, we systematically review 12 years of AR research in the context of automated driving (AD), from 2009 to 2020. Due to the multitude of possibilities for studies with regard to AR technology, at present, the pool of findings is heterogeneous and non-transparent. From a review of the literature we identified N = 156 papers with the goal to analyze the status quo of existing AR studies in AD, and to classify the related literature into application areas. We provide insights into the utilization of AR technology used at different levels of vehicle automation, and for different users (drivers, passengers, pedestrians) and tasks. Results show that most studies focused on safety aspects, driving assistance, and designing non-driving related tasks. AR navigation, trust in automated vehicles (AVs), and interaction experiences also marked a significant portion of the published papers, however a wide range of different parameters was investigated by researchers. Among other things, we find that there is a growing trend toward simulating AR content within virtual driving simulators. We conclude with a discussion of open challenges, and give recommendation for future research in automated driving at the AR side of the reality-virtuality continuum.

scholarly journals Evolving the neuroendocrine physiology of human and primate cooperation and collective action

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1683) ◽  
pp. 20150014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Trumble ◽  
Adrian V. Jaeggi ◽  
Michael Gurven
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Different Levels

While many hormones play vital roles in facilitating or reinforcing cooperative behaviour, the neurohormones underlying competitive and cooperative behaviours are largely conserved across all mammals. This raises the question of how endocrine mechanisms have been shaped by selection to produce different levels of cooperation in different species. Multiple components of endocrine physiology—from baseline hormone concentrations, to binding proteins, to the receptor sensitivity and specificity—can evolve independently and be impacted by current socio-ecological conditions or individual status, thus potentially generating a wide range of variation within and between species. Here, we highlight several neurohormones and variation in hormone receptor genes associated with cooperation, focusing on the role of oxytocin and testosterone in contexts ranging from parenting and pair-bonding to reciprocity and territorial defence. While the studies reviewed herein describe the current state of the literature with regard to hormonal modulators of cooperation and collective action, there is still a paucity of research on hormonal mechanisms that help facilitate large-scale collective action. We end by discussing several potential areas for future research.

The Effect of a Men’s Initiation Weekend on Authenticity, Assertiveness, and Forgiveness: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 193979092110435
Author(s):  
J. Ryan Poling ◽  
Joshua N. Hook ◽  
Judson Poling
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Character Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Willingness To Forgive ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Over Time

American men experience worse outcomes on a wide range of health and well-being variables compared to women, including disease, educational problems, violence, addiction, suicide, unemployment, and life expectancy. Because of this, organizations have created programs that focus on helping men both psychologically and spiritually; however, it is important to assess the effectiveness of these programs. The Crucible Project, founded in 2002, attempts to facilitate the development of integrity, courage, and grace in men using a weekend retreat format. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the effect of the weekend retreat on participants’ authenticity, assertiveness, and willingness to forgive (i.e. empirical constructs analogous to integrity, courage, and grace, respectively). Participants ( N = 22) completed measures before the weekend retreat (Time 1), immediately after the weekend retreat (Time 2), and at a 1-month follow-up (Time 3). Results indicate that weekend retreat participants demonstrated a significant increase in scores on measures of authenticity and willingness to forgive and a trend toward increased scores on the measure of assertiveness over time. We conclude by discussing limitations of the study, areas for future research, and implications for spiritual and character development.

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