scholarly journals Determination of TLC fingerprint biomarker of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam leaves extracted with ethanol and its potential as antihyperglycemic agent

Pharmacia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-917
Author(s):  
Putu Sanna Yustiantara ◽  
Ni Kadek Warditiani ◽  
Pande Made Nova Armita Sari ◽  
Ni Luh Kade Arman Anita Dewi ◽  
Yan Ramona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Standardization Method ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Dose Responses

Antihyperglycemic activity of Ipomoea batatas (L.) leaves has been studied for years. As many naturally found varieties of such plant species have been used as herbal medicines, there is a need to establish a fingerprint biomarker standardization method. Our research combined TLC fingerprints and chemometric analysis to determine biomarkers in leaf ethanol extract of Ipomoea batatas (L.) (EIBL). We predicted the main constituents of anthocyanin glycosides and their acylated derivates in the leaf ethanol extract of such plants using ESI-MS. The EIBL that contained identified biomarkers has succeeded in providing an antihyperglycemic effect in experimental using STZ-induced rats. This study also found a linear correlation between doses of flavonoid derivates as antioxidant agents with their antihyperglycemic activities. Therefore, this biomarker information can be used as a model to predict the dose-responses of the antihyperglycemic activities produced by other leaf ethanol extracts of I. batatas.

Comparative study of the ethanol extracts of six Acinos Miller species: chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidative activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
Tatjana D. GOLUBOVIĆ ◽  
Gordana S. STOJANOVIĆ ◽  
Dušanka V. KITIĆ ◽  
Bojan K. ZLATKOVIĆ ◽  
Dragana R. PAVLOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

The ethanol extracts of selected Acinos Miller species were investigated in terms of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidative activities. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extracts were performed using GC and GC-MS. Eighty-six constituents, accounting for 93.70-99.99% of the total composition of the extracts, were identified. The ethanol extracts of A. majoranifolius, A. suaveolens and A. alpinus were characterized by domination of monoterpenes, representing 85.03%, 57.39% and 28.02% of the total extracts, respectively. Fatty acids and their esters in the A. arvensis and A. graveolens extracts reached 28.97% and 30.75%. Also, n-alkanes were the major compounds found in A. hungaricus ethanol extract (30.98%). The extracts were characterized by determination of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. Besides, the antioxidant activity of the investigated extracts was estimated by two assays: DPPH and FRAP test. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the extract of A. alpinus which had high levels of all examined polyphenol classes. A disk diffusion method was employed for the determination of the antimicrobial activities of the ethanol extracts. Gram-positive: Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium pyogenes, Enterococcus sp., Micrococcus flavus; Gram-negative: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aerugionsa, Salmonella enteritidis, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and fungal organisms: Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as test microorganisms. The results of preliminary bioassay demonstrated that the A. alpinus ethanol extract could be a possible source of compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

scholarly journals Chromatographic Analysis (LC-MS and GC-MS), Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenol and Total Flavonoid Determination of Ononis natrix L. Grown in Jordan

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Aroma Profile ◽  
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Terpenoid Aldehydes ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

The purpose of the present study was to identify, by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the components of the spontaneously emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs), obtained by Solid-Phase-Micro-Extraction (SPME) and that of the hydrodistilled oil of the fresh flowers and leaves of Ononis natrix, as well as to compare them. The hydrodistilled leaf oil was rich in non-terpenoid aldehydes, whereas its aroma profile contained mainly sesquiterpene hydrocarbons with α-copaene and germacrene D as their major components. The hydrodistilled oil of the fresh flowers, however, revealed nearly equal amounts of terpenoid and non-terpenoid compounds; 51.00% and 46.54%, respectively. The aroma profile of the fresh flowers was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons with α-pinene (42.96%) and α-thujene (20.17%) as the predomi¬nant two monoterpenes. Based on the high total phenol and flavonoid contents of the water and ethanol extracts, LC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the major compounds from each sample. From the water extract, eleven compounds were identified, whereas the ethanol extract contained eight, whereby luteolin (from the water extract) and apigenin (from the ethanol one) were named as the major flavonoids, respectively.

scholarly journals PENETAPAN RENDEMEN EKSTRAK DAUN JAMBU MAWAR (Syzygium jambos L. Alston) BERDASARKAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI ETANOL DENGAN METODE MASERASI

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-157
Author(s):  
Eka Siswanto Syamsul ◽  
Olanda Anugerah ◽  
Risa Supriningrum
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Syzygium Jambos ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Guava Leaf

Syzygium jambos is a medicinal plant. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in ethanol concentration on yield of guava leaf extract by maceration method. The research conducted was experimental research. The research phase includes sample collection, determination, manufacture of simplicia, extraction by maceration with variations in ethanol concentration, determination of yield, phytochemical screening and determination of drying losses. Phytochemical screening results showed that 50% of ethanol extracts of positive rose guava contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids / terpenoids, 70% ethanol and 90% positives contained flavonoids, tannins and steroids / terpenoids. The yield of rose guava ethanol extract was 50% (23.01% ± 0.372), 70% ethanol (21.96% ± 1.181) and 90% ethanol (16.57% ± 0.384). LSD test results showed a significant difference (p <0.05) between the 90% to 50% and 70% groups.

scholarly journals STANDARDISASI EKSTRAK PEGAGAN, CENTELLA ASIATICA SEBAGAI OBAT HERBAL TERSTANDAR HEPATOPROTEKTOR

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
Puspa Dewi N Lotulung ◽  
Sri Handayani ◽  
Teni Ernawati ◽  
Tri Yuliani ◽  
Nina Artanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ash Content

Herbal medicinal products would be affected by the quality of raw materials. In turn, the quality of raw material will also be influenced by various factors such as soil conditions, cultivation, post-harvest processing, and the processing of raw materials into crude drug or extract. Therefore, in order to make good herbal medicines, it is necessary to make standardization of herbal extracts that produced herbal medicines that have the same quality and functions of effectiveness in each process. From preliminary studies that have been done, Centella asiatica is one of the potential plants as a source of hepatoprotective compounds. Test in vivo and in vitro against Centella asiatica extracts have shown very good results. Ethyl acetate extract with 17.5 mg/kg of doses body weight and butanol 228.8 mg/kgof doses body weight has been applied for in vivo test using mice induced by CCl4; theydemonstrated hepatoprotective effects. Ethyl acetate extracts were able to reduce levels of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 56 % and 44 % respectively while butanol extract can reduce the enzymes AST levels by 3%. Standardizationof Centella asiatica extract performed in this study was the characterization of the extract in the form of non-specific and specific parameters corresponding to the reference of PPOMN (Ministry of health Republic of Indonesia, 2000) such as levels of drying shrinkage, ash content, total plate count microbial contamination, levels of water-soluble compounds, levels of compounds that are soluble in ethanol, phytochemical test, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the determination of Pb and Cd weight.The results showed that non-specific parameters for the ethanol extract of Centella asiatica were requirements based on Herbal Pharmacopoeia in 2008 which includes parameters such as determination of shrinkage on drying ≤ 10%, ash content ≤ 16.6% and negative microbial contamination. Specific parameters for the ethanol extract of Centella asiatica have met the requirements of Herbal pharmacopeia in 2008.Keywords: Centellaasiatica, hepatoprotective, standardized herbal medicine, specificparameters, and non-specific parameters

scholarly journals Pengaruh kombinasi ekstrak etanol herba cecendet (Physalis angulata l.) dengan beberapa antibiotik terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Klebsiella pneumonie

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Anna Choirunnisa ◽  
Afifah Bambang Sutjiatmo
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Physalis Angulata

<p align="center"><strong><em>The effect of a combination of ethanol extract of Physalis angulata L. with antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonie</em></strong></p><p><strong><em>                                                                                           </em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em>Infectious disease is one of the biggest health problems not only in Indonesia, but worldwide. Bacteria are important agents in causing infectious diseases. Indonesian people often use antibiotics along with herbal medicines. Cecendet (Physalis angulata L.) is one of the traditional plants that have antibacterial activity and widely used by the Indonesian community. This study aims to test the antibacterial activity of cecendet herbs and their effects when used in combination with various antibiotics. The preparation of P.angulata extract was carried out using reflux method with ethanol 50%. The characteristic examination and phytochemical screening are examined on simplicia and the extract. Determination of antibacterial activity from P.angulata extract was done by microdilution test method by assessing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Determination of the effectiveness of combination of antibiotics with herbal cecendet against test microbes Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae was done by using checkerboard method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that simplicia and P.angulata extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, steroids and triterpenoids. The result of antibacterial activity test showed that P.angulata extract had antibacterial activity against S.aureus and K.pneumoniae with the MIC was 128 μg/mL, 256 μg/mL. The synergistic interaction of S.aureus is demonstrated by the combination of P.angulata herb extract with tetracycline. The additive/indifferent interaction of S.aureus is demonstrated by the combination of P.angulata extracts with ampicillin, and against K.pneumoniae shown by the combination of P.angulata extract of cecendet with ampicillin or tetracycline. Ethanol extract of P.angulata has antibacterial activity and and combination with antibiotics (ampicillin/tetracyclin) can give synergistic effect or additive of S.aureus and K.pneumoniae bacteria.</em></p><p align="center"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>:  Cecendet, Physalis angulata L., MIC, antibiotic combination</em></p>

scholarly journals The characteristics of fermented purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and black rice (Oryza sativa) using UV-irradiated Monascus purpureus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
ISWIYANTI NOVITA ◽  
OEDJIJONO OEDJIJONO ◽  
ARI ASNANI
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Monascus Purpureus ◽  
Black Rice ◽  
Purple Sweet Potato ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Abstract. Novita I, Oedjijono, Asnani A. 2021. The characteristics of fermented purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and black rice (Oryza sativa) using UV-irradiated Monascus purpureus. Biodiversitas 22: 684-690. This research aimed to produce Monascus fermented product (MFP) with purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and black rice (Oryza sativa L.) using UV-irradiated Monascus purpureus Went and evaluated the characteristic of its antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi. M. purpureus was irradiated with UV at l254 nm for 0, 2, 3, and 4 min. The solid-state fermentation process was carried out for 7, 14, and 21 days. The pigments were measured at l390 nm for yellow and l500 nm for red. The ethanol extracts of MFP were analyzed for their antibacterial activity against S. typhi using the Kirby–Bauer method. The results showed that the highest yield of MFP was obtained from MFP–black rice (51.88%) that used UV-irradiated M. purpureus for 2 min and fermentation for 21 days. The highest absorbance value of MFP–purple sweet potato was obtained from UV-irradiated M. purpureus for 3 min, whereas the highest absorbance value of MFP–black rice was obtained with UV-irradiated M. purpureus for 2 min. Ethanol extracts of both MFP3–purple sweet potato and MFP2–black rice showed antibacterial activities against S. typhi with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.2 and 0.15 g/mL, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of the ethanol extract from MFP2–black rice revealed the presence of bioactive saponin and flavonoid. These findings suggest that UV-irradiated M. purpureus was able to use both purple sweet potato and black rice substrates to produce MFP with antibacterial activity against S. typhi.

scholarly journals Pengaruh kombinasi ekstrak etanol herba cecendet (Physalis angulata l.) dengan beberapa antibiotik terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Klebsiella pneumonie

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Anna Choirunnisa ◽  
Afifah Bambang Sutjiatmo
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Physalis Angulata

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p> </p><p>Penyakit infeksi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan terbesar tidak saja di Indonesia, namun di seluruh dunia. Bakteri merupakan agen penting dalam menyebabkan penyakit infeksi. Seringkali masyarakat Indonesia menggunakan antibiotik bersamaan dengan penggunaan obat herbal. Cecendet (<em>Physalis angulata</em> L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman tradisional yang memiliki aktivitas  antibakteri dan banyak digunakan oleh masyakat Indonesia secara turun menurun. Penelitian ini  bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri herba cecendet dan pengaruhnya jika digunakan kombinasi dengan antibiotik. Pembuatan ekstrak herba cecendet dilakukan menggunakan metode refluks dengan pelarut etanol 50%. Terhadap simplisia dan ekstrak yang diperoleh, dilakukan pemeriksaan karakteristik dan penapisan fitokimia. Penentuan aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak herba cecendet dilakukan dengan metode uji mikrodilusi dengan menilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM). Penentuan efektivitas kombinasi  ekstrak herba cecendet dengan antibiotik (ampisilin/tetrasiklin) terhadap <em>Staphylococcus aureus dan Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode papan catur (<em>Checkerboard</em>).  Hasil penapisan fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa simplisia dan ekstrak etanol herba cecendet mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, polifenol, monoterpenoid, seskuiterpen, steroid dan triterpenoid. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol herba cecendet mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap <em>S.aureus dan K.pneumoniae</em> dengan konsentrasi hambat minimum berturut-turut adalah 128 µg/mL, 256 µg/mL. Interaksi yang sinergis terhadap <em>S.aureus</em> ditunjukkan oleh kombinasi ekstrak herba cecendet dengan tetrasiklin. Interaksi yang aditif/indifferent terhadap <em>S.aureus</em> ditunjukkan oleh kombinasi ekstrak herba cecendet dengan ampisilin, dan terhadap <em>K.pneumoniae</em> ditunjukkan oleh kombinasi ekstrak herba cecendet dengan ampisilin atau tetrasiklin. Ekstrak etanol herba cecendet memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dan dan kombinasi dengan antibiotik (ampisilin/tetrasiklin) dapat memberikan efek sinergis atau aditif bakteri <em>S.aureus</em> dan <em>K.pneumoniae.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Kata kunci:  </strong>Cecendet, <em>Physalis angulata</em> L., konsentasi hambat minimum, antibakteri, kombinasi antibiotik</p><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>The effect of a combination of ethanol extract of Physalis angulata L. with antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonie</em></strong></p><p><strong><em>                                                                                           </em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p>Infectious disease is one of the biggest health problems not only in Indonesia, but worldwide. Bacteria are important agents in causing infectious diseases. Indonesian people often use antibiotics along with herbal medicines. Cecendet (<em>Physalis angulata</em> L.) is one of the traditional plants that have antibacterial activity and widely used by the Indonesian community. This study aims to test the antibacterial activity of cecendet herbs and their effects when used in combination with various antibiotics. The preparation of <em>P.angulata</em> extract was carried out using reflux method with ethanol 50%. The characteristic examination and phytochemical screening are examined on simplicia and the extract. Determination of antibacterial activity from <em>P.angulata</em> extract was done by microdilution test method by assessing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Determination of the effectiveness of combination of antibiotics with herbal cecendet against test microbes <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> was done by using checkerboard method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that simplicia and <em>P.angulata</em> extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, steroids and triterpenoids. The result of antibacterial activity test showed that <em>P.angulata</em> extract had antibacterial activity against <em>S.aureus</em> and <em>K.pneumoniae</em> with the MIC was 128 μg/mL, 256 μg/mL. The synergistic interaction of <em>S.aureus</em> is demonstrated by the combination of <em>P.angulata</em> herb extract with tetracycline. The additive/indifferent interaction of <em>S.aureus</em> is demonstrated by the combination of <em>P.angulata</em> extracts with ampicillin, and against <em>K.pneumoniae</em> shown by the combination of <em>P.angulata</em> extract of cecendet with ampicillin or tetracycline. Ethanol extract of <em>P.angulata</em> has antibacterial activity and and combination with antibiotics (ampicillin/tetracyclin) can give synergistic effect or additive of<em> S.aureus</em> and <em>K.pneumoniae</em> bacteria.</p><p align="center"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Cecendet, <em>Physalis angulata</em> L., MIC, antibiotic combination</p>

scholarly journals In vitro haemostatic efficacy of aqueous, methanol and ethanol plant extracts of three medicinal plant species in Palestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-768
Author(s):  
G. Omar ◽  
L. Abdallah ◽  
A. Barakat ◽  
R. Othman ◽  
H. Bourinee
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Aqueous Methanol ◽  
Normal Platelet ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Coagulation Analyzer ◽  
Thymbra Spicata ◽  
Satureja Thymbra

Abstract The haemostatic efficacy of different extract types of Satureja thymbra L., Thymbra spicata L. (Lamiaceae) and Verbascum fruticulosum Post. (Scrophulariaceae) was evaluated in this study via the Prothrombin time (PT) and Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) analysis. Aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts of the examined plant species leaves were prepared to a final concentration 50 mg/mL. In vitro PT and aPTT assays were conducted on normal platelet poor plasma blood samples by a digital coagulation analyzer. The obtained results revealed anticoagulation activity of all investigated plant species with observed variations among them. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of T. spicata as well as the aqueous extract of S. thymbra prolonged PT values significantly (p < 0.05). While, all V. fruticulosum extract types have had no significant effect on the PT values. The recorded aPTT data showed that all aqueous extracts have had a significant effect on the blood haemostasis as they increased aPTT values in all plant species under study. Out of which, both the ethanol and methanol extracts of T. spicata and methanol extract of S. thymbra showed similar effect. Of great concern, it was clearly noticed that the aqueous and ethanol extract of T. spicata and the aqueous extract of S. thymbra possess the strongest anticoagulation effect as they increased both PT and aPTT values significantly relative to the control (p < 0.05). The variable anticoagulation bioactivity among the studied plant species could be referred to the various solvents degrees of solubility of different phyto-constituents. Thus, the efficacy of the plant species extracts evaluation as anticoagulants or coagulants were related to the plant species and to the solvent of extraction.

Extraction and Assay Methods for Sugars in Apples and Carrots

1965 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-646
Author(s):  
James F Eheart ◽  
Blanche S Mason
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Assay Methods ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Fe Reduction ◽  
Colorimetric Methods

Abstract Results of a statistically planned study are presented which show the extraction effectiveness of four different ethanol concentrations, and also whether it is necessary to reflux, add CaCO3, and use sample replicates, duplicate ethanol extract aliquots, and duplicate colorimeter tubes for the determination of total and reducing sugars, sucrose, glucose, and fructose in fresh apples and carrots. The copper sulfate-arsenomolybdate and the ferric ferricyanide-arsenomolybdate colorimetric methods for the determination of total and redvicing sugars and sucrose were also compared. Based on result obtained from this study, the addition of CaCO3, and refluxing the ethanol extracts, and the use of duplicate aliquots of ethanol extract and duplicate colorimeter tubes were unnecessary; at least two replicate samples should be vised. Differences in the results by assay method (Cu and Fe reduction) were not consistent enough to justify recommending one method over the other for the determination of total and reducing sugars and sucrose. The most effective ethanol concentration for extracting sugars from apples was 85% (v/v); for extraction from carrots, 75% was best.

scholarly journals Curing of mice skin infections using ethanol flower extract of chamomile

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 500-508
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Skin Infection ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Flower Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Chamomile Flowers

This experiment was conducted in order to estimate azulene and apigenin in chamomile flowers. Ethanol extracts were examined singly or in combination with some drugs in their biological activity against some pathogens causing skin infection. Ethanol extract was applied at a concentration of 40 mg/ml for the treatment of induced skin infection of mice. Among the topicals used, Claforan was found the most effective on microorganisms causing skin diseases; ethanol extract was more effective than the drug Candimazole solution 1%. HPLC was used for the determination of azulene and apigenin active compounds of chamomile plant.

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