scholarly journals Special issue: Logistics systems design in Latin America

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Miguel Gaston Cedillo Campos ◽  
Juan Carlos Villa
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Logistics Systems ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Geographical Dispersion

Logistics systems have a strategic importance for Latin American competitiveness. During the last decades, geographical dispersion of industrial and service processes supported by logistics progresses allowed Latin American companies to be part of the global value chains.Economic difficulties in the Latin American region and the increasing protectionism and nationalism in some developed countries have led to uncertainty and greater interest to develop regional markets and to strengthen a more diverse market base.Under this context, this Special Issue of the Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management (JIEM) gathers nine significant contributions, which from a Latin American approach, enhance the logistics systems body of knowledge focused on emerging markets.

scholarly journals Higher education reforms: Latin America in comparative perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Bernasconi ◽  
Sergio Celis
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Higher Education Reform ◽  
Education Reforms ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Higher Education Reforms ◽  
Latin American Region

This article introduces a special issue of EPAA/AAPE devoted to recent higher education reforms in Latin America. The last two decades have seen much policy development in higher education in the region, examined and discussed by scholars in each country, but dialog with the international literature on higher education reform, or an explicit comparative focus, have been mostly absent from these works. By way of presentation of the papers included in this issue, we first provide an overview of major policy changes in higher education in the Latin American region since the 1990s. We then turn to the six works in this special issue to describe the theories and methods supporting them. Next, we illustrate how general analytic categories can be derived from single or multi country case studies to illuminate themes capable of cutting across the particulars of national contexts, with their unique traditions, policy paths, and politics. Our three common threads are, first, the types of drivers for reform, that is, how policy change originates, either bottom-up from the institutions, or top-down from the government, and various possibilities in between. Second, understanding challenges to institutional autonomy in a continuum of intensity of state intended intervention in higher education. Third, explaining different levels of strain between public and private sectors in higher education based on conditions of competition for economic resources. While the papers in this special issue do not cover all countries, nor all issues on which policy has been crafted in the last two decades across the region, the collection of articles herein account for topics of enduring importance: faculty work in Ecuador, financial aid in Colombia, public policy decentralization in Argentina, quality assurance models in Colombia and Uruguay, the emerge of new institutions and universities in Argentina and Uruguay, and social justice, access, and inclusion in higher education, in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. The articles presented in this special issue provide much insight onto higher education policy in Latin America and, additionally, offer ample opportunity to develop social science knowledge on the basis of strong comparative work.

scholarly journals The Influence of Government Effectiveness and Corruption on the High Levels of Homicide in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey ◽  
Gonzalo Croci ◽  
Laura Juliana Rodriguez Forero
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
International Variation ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin America Region

Most research that has examined the international variation in homicide levels has focused on structural variables, with the suggestion that socio-economic development operates as a cure for violence. In Latin America, development has occurred, but high homicide levels remain, suggesting the involvement of other influencing factors. We posit that government effectiveness and corruption control may contribute to explaining the variation in homicide levels, and in particular in the Latin America region. Our results show that social and economic structural variables are useful but are not conclusive in explaining the variation in homicide levels and that the relationship between homicide, government effectiveness, and corruption control was significant and highly pronounced for countries in the Latin American region. The findings highlight the importance of supporting institutions in improving their effectiveness in Latin America so that reductions in homicide (and improvements in citizen security in general) can be achieved.

scholarly journals Autoimmune Encephalitis in Latin America: A Critical Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel de Albuquerque Vasconcelos ◽  
Rodrigo Montenegro Barreira ◽  
Karmelita Emanuelle Nogueira Torres Antoniollo ◽  
Alina Maria Nuñez Pinheiro ◽  
Cíntia Fernandes Rodrigues Maia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Epidemiologic Factors ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis

Autoimmune encephalitis is an increasingly recognized cause of encephalitis. The majority of case series report patients residing in developed countries in the northern hemisphere. The epidemiologic features of autoimmune encephalitis in Latin America are still unclear. The aim of the study was to perform a review of the clinical presentation of autoimmune encephalitis in Latin America and compare to world literature. References were identified by an in-depth literature search and selected on the basis of relevance to the topic and authors' judgment. We selected clinical studies and case reports published from 2007 to July, 2020 including patients from Latin American countries. Of the 379 patients included, the majority were cases of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (93.14%), followed by anti-VGKC-complex encephalitis (N = 17; 4.48%), anti-GAD encephalitis (N = 9; 2.37%), anti-AMPA receptor encephalitis (N = 1; 0.26%), anti-GABA receptor encephalitis (N = 1; 0. 26%), anti-mGluR5 encephalitis (N = 1; 0. 26%), and anti-mGluR1 encephalitis (N = 1; 0. 26%). Reported cases of Anti-NMDA encephalitis in Latin-America had a very slight female predominance, lower prevalence of associated tumors and a lower incidence of extreme delta brush on electroencephalogram. Autoimmune encephalitis is possibly underdiagnosed in underdeveloped countries. Its outcome after treatment, however, appears to be similarly favorable in Latin American patients as has been reported in developed countries based on available case reports and case series. Regional specificities in the manifestation of autoimmune encephalitis could be related to epidemiologic factors, such as the presence of different triggers and different genetic and immunologic background, that need to be studied by future research.

scholarly journals Latin America: Reduced S&T Investment Puts Sustainable Development at Risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The Face ◽  
Social Turmoil

Latin America is home to more than 600 million people and has considerable natural and human resources. However, investment in science and technology (S&T) lags far behind that in developed countries. This gap represents a barrier to the development of economies based on knowledge and hampers the region's ability to tackle environmental and social problems. This lack of investment is evident in the extreme case of Venezuela, where much of the science workforce has fled economic chaos, but also in every Latin American country, including science powers such as Brazil and Argentina, where federal budgets in science, technology and education have been drastically reduced in recent years. Investments in S&T foster cooperation, commerce and good will and enhance resilience in the face of environmental and social turmoil. Therefore, scientists must start to actively engage governments and encourage long-term spending in S&T to support the development of Latin American societies.

scholarly journals Smoking in Latin America: a major public health problem

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. S109-S115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Luiza da Costa e Silva ◽  
Sergio Koifman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Latin American Countries

Smoking has become a major public health problem in Latin America, and its scope varies from country to country. Despite difficulties in obtaining methodologically consistent data for the region, we analyzed the results from prevalence surveys in 14 Latin American countries. Smoking prevalence among men varied from 24.1% (Paraguay) to 66.3% (Dominican Republic) and among women from 5.5% (Paraguay) to 26,6% (Uruguay). By applying point prevalence data to the stage model of the tobacco epidemic in developed countries, we concluded that the Latin American countries are in stage 2, i.e., with a clearly rising prevalence among men, a prevalence for women that is beginning to increase, and mortality attributable to smoking among men still not reflecting peak prevalence. None of the countries analyzed appeared to have reached stage 3, in which one observes a downward trend in prevalence of smoking among men and peak prevalence among women, with broad impact on tobacco-related mortality. The only exception appears to be Paraguay, which is still emerging from stage 1, i.e., with low prevalence rates among men, too. Nevertheless, high lung cancer mortality rates in Uruguay and Argentina are comparable to those of the developed countries.

scholarly journals 1498. Assess Risk Factors, Mortality, and Healthcare Utilization Associated with Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI) in 4 Latin American Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S545-S545
Author(s):  
Holly Yu ◽  
Nestor Flaster ◽  
Adrian Casanello ◽  
Daniel Curcio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Healthcare Utilization ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection

Abstract Background In contrast to Europe and North America, little is known about Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in Latin America, especially about risk factors, mortality, and healthcare utilization. Methods We conducted a retrospective, case–control study at eight hospital centers in Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile. Hospital databases and medical records were used to identify nosocomial CDI cases from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. CDI cases were patients with diarrhea and a positive CDI testing ≥72 hours after hospital admission. Two controls with no CDI diagnosis and diarrhea were matched to each CDI case and were required to (1) have a length of hospital stay (LOS) ≥ 3 days, (2) be admitted ±14 days from the case, and (3) share the same ward. Risk factors associated with CDI were assessed by conditional logistic regression. Mortality and healthcare utilization were compared between cases and controls. Results A total of 1,443 patients (≥18 years old) who met eligibility criteria were selected (481 cases and 962 controls). Comparing cases to controls, the mean age and gender representation were similar (age: 58.7 vs. 56.7 years, P = 0.269; male: 56.3% vs. 53.4%, P = 0.293), but comorbidity was higher (mean Charlson Comorbidity index: 4.3 vs. 3.6, p Conclusion Antibiotic exposure, existing medical conditions, and recent hospital admission are CDI major risk factors in Latin America. CDI also increased in-hospital death risk and LOS. These findings are consistent with published literature in developed countries. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 13 Energy Investor-State Disputes in Latin America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romero Eduardo Silva
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Political ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
American States ◽  
Resource Nationalism ◽  
Latin American Region

This chapter discusses the recent resurgence of ‘resource nationalism’ in the Latin American region. These include the shift in the political and economic control of the energy sector from foreign, private interests to domestic, state-controlled companies and the disputes this has triggered. After looking at the historical background of investor-state arbitration in Latin America, the chapter analyzes relevant strategies used by investors and states to defend their standpoint on resource nationalism. It also identifies which ones have proved most successful in relation to fiscal measures and nationalizations by certain Latin American states. The chapter also provides an assessment of corporate restructuring strategies used by foreign companies to challenge these types of resource nationalism measures.

scholarly journals Building a Network of Health Professionals for Breast and Cervical Cancer Control in the Andean Region

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Diana Mendoza-Cervantes ◽  
Isabel Otero ◽  
Jo Anne Zujewski ◽  
Jorge Ferrandiz Salazar ◽  
Gabriela López Córdova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Andean Region ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Breast And Cervical Cancer

Purpose Cancer mortality is approximately twice as high in Latin American countries than in more developed countries. In particular, the countries of the high Andean region of Latin America carry a double burden of breast and cervical cancers. In these countries, there are disproportionately higher mortality to incidence ratios compared with other regions in Latin America. The US National Cancer Institute’s Center for Global Health, the Pan American Health Organization, and the Ministry of Health in Peru collaborated to design and execute an education and advocacy workshop in Lima, Peru. The workshop was convened to discuss regional challenges and practices, as well as to support the implementation of Plan Esperanza, Peru’s national cancer control plan. Methods Workshop participants included local and international experts to present the state of the science, health practitioners, and advocacy groups to discuss unique barriers that women in the region experience. Results Inequalities in access to and distribution of medical expertise, lack of continuity of cancer control plans, and the need for sustained public buy-in emerged as obstacles. Conclusion The workshop provided a forum to discuss key issues regarding breast and cervical cancer control among health professionals and advocates in Peru and the region. This article outlines the resulting recommendations.

scholarly journals Barriers to innovation in service SMEs: evidence from Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (8) ◽  
pp. 1669-1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Maldonado-Guzmán ◽  
Jose Arturo Garza-Reyes ◽  
Sandra Yesenia Pinzón-Castro ◽  
Vikas Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Specific Research ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Innovation Barriers ◽  
American Region

Purpose Specific research related to the study of innovation barriers in service SMEs in the Latin American region is limited. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects that external environmental, financial and human barriers have on innovation activities, particularly, within the context of Mexican service SMEs. Design/methodology/approach Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using structural equation modelling. Data were collected through an instrument that was developed based on relevant constructs adapted from the literature. The instrument was validated using confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach’s α test and the composite reliability index to ensure reliability of the theoretical model. The instrument was distributed among service SMEs in the Aguascalientes state of Mexico, from were 308 valid responses were obtained. Findings In general, the results indicate that all the three barriers investigated (i.e. external environmental, financial and human) hinder innovation in service SMEs, with the external environmental barrier being the most significant of the three. Practical implications The findings of this research can inform managers of service SMEs and policy makers when formulating and implementing strategies to reduce innovation barriers. Originality/value Evidence suggests that specific research related to the study of innovation barriers in service SMEs in the Latin American region is limited. This paper fills this research gap by expanding the limited body of knowledge in this field and providing further evidence on this phenomenon. The study also enables the distinctive characteristics of innovation barriers to be understood within a particular context, expanding in this way the body of knowledge on this field.

Political Development and Socioeconomic Development: The Case of Latin America

1968 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 889-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin C. Needler
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Past History ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Latin American Countries

One way of acquiring insight into the processes of political development in Latin America is to compare the countries of the area systematically in terms of the “degree of development” which each can be said to have attained. Ideally, such an enterprise can lead to the understanding of the past history of the “more developed” countries by reference to the present problems of the “less developed” while an understanding of the problems confronting the more developed countries can make possible a glimpse into the future of those now less developed. Isolation of the factors responsible for a state's being more or less developed can moreover prove instructive for the understanding of the relations between political and socioeconomic phenomena.Perhaps most important, such comparisons provide the means for holding constant effects attributable to characteristics shared by all, or nearly all, of the Latin American countries. Thus it can be argued with much plausibility that military intervention in politics, say, derives from elements in the Hispanic tradition. Yet it is clear that the frequency of military intervention varies from country to country, even where they share equally in that tradidition. Thus one is forced to go beyond the “Hispanic tradition” thesis with which the investigation might otherwise have come to rest.In the present article I will be concerned with the problem of the relation of political development to socioeconomic development in the Latin American context. For reasons that will become apparent below, I will not at this point attempt a rigorous analysis of the concept of political development, which has already been the subject of a large and rapidly growing literature.

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