On the Botanical Origin of Crude Drugs, with Special Reference to Plant Parts for Medicinal Use and Scientific Names for Original Crude Drug Plants

The root of Rotula aquatica is also called as pashanbed, belonging to the family Borogenaceae. It is widely distributed in India from kumaun to Assam and western to southern India.The medicinal values of plant lie in their component phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and other nutrients like as amino acid, proteins, which produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The proximate values such as moisture content, ash value, extractive value, were carried out. The dried roots powder was subjected to successive extraction with different solvents like petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and water. Macroscopic as well as microscopic studies of any crude drug are the primary steps to establish its botanical quality control before going to other studies. Hence Standardization of crude drug plays a very important role in identifying the purity and quality of crude drugs. The present investigation reveals Standardization which include Moisture Content, Total ash, Acid insoluble ash, Water soluble ash, Water soluble Extractive value, Alcohol soluble Extractive value, Phytochemical screening, and further isolation and identification of Phytoconstituents.

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Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts from the Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Tulbaghia violacea

International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research ◽

10.25258/phyto.v9i10.10453 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lerato Nellvecia Madike ◽

Samkeliso Takaidza ◽

Michael Pillay

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Cardiac Glycosides ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Medicinal Use ◽

African Traditional Medicine ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Pharmacologically Active Compounds ◽

Different Parts

Tulbaghia violacea has been used extensively in South African traditional medicine for treatment of a number of ailments. Few studies have examined the bioactive compounds present in the plant. This study assessed the phytochemicals present in the leaves, stems and roots of T. violacea. The phytochemicals were extracted separately with distilled water and 70% ethanol by maceration. A wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, phenols and coumarins were present in some of the T. violacea plant parts. However, phlobatannins, leucoanthocyanins, alkaloids, carbohydrates and anthocyanins were absent in the plant. This study showed that most of the phytocompounds were present in the leaves of T. violacea compared to the stem and roots. This is significant for conserving the species since the leaves of the plant can be harvested for medicinal use while the rest of the plant is left intact for regeneration of the plant. This study also showed that the two solvents extracted different amounts and types of phytochemicals from the different parts of the plant suggesting that a single solvent may not be able to extract all the known bioactive compounds from a plant.

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Histological Study on Crude, Drugs Pai-wei, Pai-chein and Indigenous Species of Cynanchum in Taiwan

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x95000365 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 23 (03n04) ◽

pp. 305-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chun-Ching Lin ◽

Ming-Hong Yen ◽

Yueh-Wern Wu ◽

Guo-Jun Xu

Keyword(s):

Histological Study ◽

Indigenous Species ◽

Histological Studies ◽

Crude Drug ◽

Crude Drugs

The botanical origins of Cynanchum species (Cynanchum spp.) on the Taiwan market have been established by histological studies in the present paper. The results showed that the Chinese crude drug Pai-wei on the Taiwan market was derived from the dried roots of Cynanchum atratum Bunge; that of Pai-chein was derived from the dried roots of C. stauntonii (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz.; and the Wan-ling-shu used locally in Taiwan was derived from the dried roots of C. taiwanianum Yamazaki.

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Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/s0100-29452014000500038 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 36 (spe1) ◽

pp. 315-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Gina Frausin ◽

Renata Braga Souza Lima ◽

Ari de Freitas Hidalgo ◽

Paul Maas ◽

Adrian Martin Pohlit

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Yoelii ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Inhibition Concentration ◽

Medicinal Use ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

The Tropics ◽

And Control

Species of the Annonaceae family are used all over the tropics in traditional medicine in tropical regions for the treatment of malaria and other illnesses. Phytochemical studies of this family have revealed chemical components which could offer new alternatives for the treatment and control of malaria. Searches in scientific reference sites (SciFinder Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, ScienceDirect and ISI Web of Science) and a bibliographic literature search for species of Annonaceae used traditionally to treat malaria and fever were carried out. This family contains 2,100 species in 123 genera. We encountered 113 articles reporting medicinal use of one or more species of this family including 63 species in 27 genera with uses as antimalarials and febrifuges. Even though the same species of Annonaceae are used by diverse ethnic groups, different plant parts are often chosen for applications, and diverse methods of preparation and treatment are used. The ethanol extracts of Polyalthia debilis and Xylopia aromatica proved to be quite active against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro (median inhibition concentration, IC50 < 1.5 µg/mL). Intraperitoneal injection of Annickia chlorantha aqueous extracts (cited as Enantia chlorantha) cleared chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis from the blood of mice in a dose-dependant manner. More phytochemical profiles of Annonaceous species are required; especially information on the more commonly distributed antimalarial compounds in this family.

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Authentication of Shan-Dou-Gen Based on DNA Analysis

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x19858540 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1985854

Author(s):

Masashi Kitamura ◽

Naoki Muramatsu ◽

Ryuichiro Suzuki ◽

Yoshiaki Shirataki

Keyword(s):

Dna Analysis ◽

Genetic Approach ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Crude Drug ◽

Crude Drugs ◽

Sophora Tonkinensis ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Species Specific

Shan-Dou-Gen (山豆根) is a crude drug mainly derived from the roots of Leguminosae plants, and it has antipyretic, antidotal, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. In Japan, the root of Euchresta japonica has been used as a material of Shan-Dou-Gen. However, E. japonica is not used for medicinal purposes today, and commercial Shan-Dou-Gen products are imported from China. In China, several plant species have been used as Shan-Dou-Gen materials, but a crude drug derived from the root of Sophora tonkinensis is now officially used as Shan-Dou-Gen. However, it is difficult to morphologically identify the species used in Shan-Dou-Gen. In the present study, we showed that the Shan-Dou-Gen products commercially available in Japan are derived from S. tonkinensis using phylogenetic and sequencing analyses of the chloroplast trnH–psbA region. Furthermore, we performed species-specific polymerase chain reaction using conserved sequences of S. tonkinensis. Amplification was observed with Shan-Dou-Gen, whereas no amplification occurred with other crude drugs derived from the roots of S. flavescens and S. japonica. These results indicated that the genetic approach can be useful to authenticate Shan-Dou-Gen.

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