Snorkelers' In-Water Observations Can Alter Salmonid Behavior

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Brignon ◽  
M. Brian Davis ◽  
Douglas E. Olson ◽  
Howard A. Schaller ◽  
Carl B. Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
Fish Behavior ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Fisheries Science ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Total Movement ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
Model Fish ◽  
Downstream Movement

Abstract Direct underwater observation techniques (e.g., snorkel surveys) are widely used in fisheries science. Data collected from these surveys are used to estimate species abundance, detect presence and absence, and construct statistical models that predict microhabitat use and nonuse. To produce an unbiased estimate or model, fish should ideally behave as if there were no observer present. We conducted a study using underwater video to test whether snorkeling can elicit a change in fish behavior. Four behavioral metrics were measured: upstream movement, downstream movement, total movement, and number of fish in the field-of-view. Significant differences were detected in upstream, downstream, and total movements as a function of the in-water observer. These results suggest that an in-water observer can disturb fish, resulting in altered behavior, which in turn may bias study results. We suggest researchers use caution in making inferences to an entire population when data-collection methods have potential to bias fish behavior.

scholarly journals Estimating disease vector population size from citizen science data

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (184) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam Tran ◽  
W. Tanner Porter ◽  
Daniel J. Salkeld ◽  
Melissa A. Prusinski ◽  
Shane T. Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Tick Abundance ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Public Datasets

Citizen science projects have the potential to address hypotheses requiring extremely large datasets that cannot be collected with the financial and labour constraints of most scientific projects. Data collection by the general public could expand the scope of scientific enquiry if these data accurately capture the system under study. However, data collection inconsistencies by the untrained public may result in biased datasets that do not accurately represent the natural world. In this paper, we harness the availability of scientific and public datasets of the Lyme disease tick vector to identify and account for biases in citizen science tick collections. Estimates of tick abundance from the citizen science dataset correspond moderately with estimates from direct surveillance but exhibit consistent biases. These biases can be mitigated by including factors that may impact collector participation or effort in statistical models, which, in turn, result in more accurate estimates of tick population sizes. Accounting for collection biases within large-scale, public participation datasets could update species abundance maps and facilitate using the wealth of citizen science data to answer scientific questions at scales that are not feasible with traditional datasets.

scholarly journals Training strategies for the improvement of NATO Level 2 results for English Functional Level exams in the armed forces

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1304
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Núñez Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Mixed Data ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Training Strategies ◽  
One Year ◽  
Language Profiles ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Gathering Data ◽  
Collection Methods

Background: As NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) countries participate in many international missions and joint operations around the world, NATO considered it a necessity for personnel to be able to communicate in a common language. Therefore, one of the main tasks of the NATO multinational setting is the teaching and the assessment of languages. Consequently, there is a need for personnel to achieve the Standard Language Profiles (SLP). Each NATO country must develop SLP exams to achieve the required levels based on NATO STANAG (Standard agreement) 6001. If the examinees do not achieve those levels and the global results are unsatisfactory, NATO members can be affected by a reduction of financial support or the assignment to NATO postings. This study aimed to create a training strategies proposal (TSP) for personnel to achieve NATO L2. Methods: The study consisted of four separate studies: 1) Preliminary survey/interview of military personnel about NATO L2 training; 2) gathering data from NATO L2 exams after normal training; 3) gathering of data from NATO L2 exams after the TSP had been implemented; 4) Post-training survey. Data was collected from examinees over a period of six months or one year, using mixed data collection methods: surveys, interviews, and exam results. Results: A total of 50 examinees took part in the study. Results showed that the number of examinees who passed the NATO L2 increased after going through the TSP. Conclusions: The results show that the TSP, using newer methodologies and different techniques, improved NATO L2 results. The outcomes of this study will help to inform future training and education programs.

scholarly journals Hubungan Lingkungan Belajar dan Disiplin Belajar Dengan Hasil Belajar Siswa Mata Pelajaran Instalasi Penerangan Listrik Program Keahlian Teknik Instalasi Tenaga Listrik Kelas XII SMK Karya Guna Jakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Sarah Maulidya Cahyani ◽  
Soeprijanto ◽  
Faried Wadjdi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Environment Variables ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Electricity Power ◽  
Collection Methods

ABSTRACT This research was to aimed at finding out the relationships between environment of study and discipline of study towards student study results of electricity lighting installation subject an expertise program of electricity power installation technique class XII at SMK Karya Guna Jakarta. The population in this study were students of class XII TITL at SMK Karya Guna Jakarta as many as 31 people. Data collection methods for family environment variables and learning independence using questionnaire models with Likert Scale, while for the variable learning achievement of productive subjects using the method of documentation in the form of pure value Mid-Term Exams. The results showed that the hypothesis test with a significance level of 5% obtained rcount = 0,780 and value of rtable = 0,355 where rcount > rtable shows that there is a relationship between variables, then the value of Fcount = 21,75 and Ftable = 3.33 where Fcount > Ftable shows that there is a significance between variables and a determination value of 0,505 which shows the environment of study and discipline of study that have the same relationship to student study results.   ABSTRACT Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan lingkungan belajar dan disiplin belajar dengan hasil belajar siswa mata pelajaran instalasi penerangan listrik. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode ex post facto yang bersifat deskriptif korelatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa/i kelas XII TITL di SMK Karya Guna Jakarta sebanyak 31 orang. Metode pengambilan data untuk variabel lingkungan belajar dan disiplin belajar menggunakan kuesioner model  angket dengan Skala Likert, sedangkan untuk variabel hasil belajar mata pelajaran instalasi penerangan listrik menggunakan metode dokumentasi berupa nilai Ujian Tengah Semester. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa uji hipotesis dengan taraf signifikan 5% di peroleh nilai rhitung = 0,780 dan nilai rtabel = 0,355 dimana rhitung > rtabel menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antar variabel, kemudian nilai Fhitung = 21,75 dan Ftabel = 3,33 dimana Fhitung > Ftabel menunjukkan bahwa terdapat signifikansi antar variabel dan nilai determinasi sebesar 0,505 yang menunjukkan bahwa lingkungan belajar dan disiplin belajar secara bersama-sama memiliki pengaruh sebesar 61% terhadap hasil belajar.

scholarly journals Thematic Teaching Materials based on Riau Local Wisdom

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
Miftahul Jannah ◽  
Zaka Hadikusuma Ramadan
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Learning Resources ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Data Collection Methods ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Collection Methods

Learning was the process of interaction between students and learning resources. Learning resources should support good interaction. One of the learning resources was teaching materials. Teaching materials will make students learn more structured and can motivate. But today, there were still few who make thematic teaching materials. The aims of this research is to create thematic teaching materials based on Riau local wisdom. The type of research conducted was R&D with 4D  models. The subjects of this study were 6 experts, consisting of 2 material experts, 2 linguists and 2 design experts. The data collection methods were interviews and validation sheets. The analysis was qualitative and quantitative analysis of interview data and validation sheets. The study results stated that the thematic teaching materials based on Riau local wisdom are worth seeing from the material, language, and design aspects with an average score of 93% with very valid category. So, thematic teaching materials based on local wisdom of Riau are worth using.

Advances in Fish Tagging and Marking Technology

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Radio Telemetry ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Freshwater Systems ◽  
Fisheries Science ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Standard Tool ◽  
Fundamental Biology

<i>Abstract</i>.—Radio telemetry is now considered a standard tool for fisheries professionals studying fish in freshwater systems. However, interest in radio telemetry technology may be waning in popularity relative to other technologies such as acoustic telemetry and passive integrated transponders, which have recently become popular for tracking studies in freshwater. The purpose of this paper is to identify the unique characteristics of radio telemetry that continue to make it an extremely powerful tool for elucidating the fundamental biology of aquatic organisms, particularly those living in shallow, fluvial habitats, and in providing information to enable effective management and conservation of aquatic resources. By evaluating the peer-reviewed literature on radio telemetry in aquatic systems over a ten year period, we summarized the advances in fisheries science owing to radio telemetry and identified trends related to study design, tagging techniques, and tracking strategies. We also identified research questions and management needs that cannot be effectively addressed using technologies other than radio telemetry, with main emphasis on hydropower development, microhabitat use and movements, mortality, predation, winter biology, natural history studies of imperiled fish in developing countries, and studies in habitats where physical characteristics restrict the usefulness of other techniques. We emphasize that it is important for radio telemetry practitioners to not dismiss simple manual tracking studies where individual tagged fish are discriminated by using discrete frequencies. Indeed, such an approach can yield insight that is not possible with fixed stations alone, and is particularly useful for developing countries where capacity and finances may not exist for deployment of fixed stations. By characterizing and clarifying the actual and potential role for radio telemetry within the broader landscape of tagging and telemetry technologies, we hope to enable telemetry practitioners to make informed decisions regarding the optimal choice of tagging technology when designing and executing telemetry studies in freshwater systems. We submit that radio telemetry is not getting washed downstream, but there are now simply more technological options for researchers interested in the study of freshwater fish.

scholarly journals Evading the host response: Staphylococcus “hiding” in cortical bone canalicular system causes increased bacterial burden

Bone Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Zoller ◽  
Vishal Hegde ◽  
Zachary D. C. Burke ◽  
Howard Y. Park ◽  
Chad R. Ishmael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Haversian Canal ◽  
Limb Salvage Surgery ◽  
Allograft Bone ◽  
Bacterial Burden ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Translational Study ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Cortical Allograft ◽  
Extremity Reconstruction

AbstractExtremity reconstruction surgery is increasingly performed rather than amputation for patients with large-segment pathologic bone loss. Debate persists as to the optimal void filler for this “limb salvage” surgery, whether metal or allograft bone. Clinicians focus on optimizing important functional gains for patients, and the risk of devastating implant infection has been thought to be similar regardless of implant material. Recent insights into infection pathophysiology are challenging this equipoise, however, with both basic science data suggesting a novel mechanism of infection of Staphylococcus aureus (the most common infecting agent) into the host lacunar–canaliculi network, and also clinical data revealing a higher rate of infection of allograft over metal. The current translational study was therefore developed to bridge the gap between these insights in a longitudinal murine model of infection of allograft bone and metal. Real-time Staphylococci infection characteristics were quantified in cortical bone vs metal, and both microarchitecture of host implant and presence of host immune response were assessed. An orders-of-magnitude higher bacterial burden was established in cortical allograft bone over both metal and cancellous bone. The establishment of immune-evading microabscesses was confirmed in both cortical allograft haversian canal and the submicron canaliculi network in an additional model of mouse femur bone infection. These study results reveal a mechanism by which Staphylococci evasion of host immunity is possible, contributing to elevated risks of infection in cortical bone. The presence of this local infection reservoir imparts massive clinical implications that may alter the current paradigm of osteomyelitis and bulk allograft infection treatment.

scholarly journals Système Scolaire et Économie Solidaire Chez les Nasa de Colombie

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Calero ◽  
Denyse Côté ◽  
Jacques L. Boucher
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Educational Model ◽  
School Students ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Travail Social ◽  
Community Solidarity ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
Développement Économique ◽  
Collection Methods

Le modèle scolaire développé par les Nasa de Colombie a été construit en synergie avec son mode de développement économique communautaire ancestral et sert d’assise à sa quête d’autonomie comme peuple. Cette expérience scolaire permet aux élèves de participer, dès le secondaire, à des activités économiques solidaires qui sont environnementalement responsables. Le Projet éducatif communautaire nasa (PÉC) est en effet central au modèle économique et permet la transmission concrète et quotidienne de la philosophie nasa ainsi que des pratiques ancestrales nasa. Cet article fait état d’une étude de cas menée dans le cadre d’un mémoire de maîtrise en travail social sur le site d’une école secondaire du système scolaire nasa. Elle a été menée par le biais d’observations directes et d’entretiens auprès de ses acteurs, c’est-à-dire les leaders communautaires, les éducateurs, les parents et les élèves.In Colombia, the school system of the Nasa people integrates directly into their curriculum practical and theoretical aspects of their indigenous communitarian economy so as to contribute to their survival. This educational model calls on high school students to take charge of economic projects involving environmental and community solidarity. The Community Educational Project (PEC) is central to the Nasa educational experience that also integrates Nasa philosophy and directly supports their economic model. This case study results from fieldwork for a master’s thesis in social work in one of the Nasa high schools. Data collection methods comprised direct observation and interviews with stakeholders, including community leaders, educators, parents and students.

Variations in Data Collection Methods Between National Databases Affect Study Results

2014 ◽  
Vol 96 (23) ◽  
pp. e193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Bohl ◽  
Glenn S. Russo ◽  
Bryce A. Basques ◽  
Nicholas S. Golinvaux ◽  
Michael C. Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Data Collection Methods ◽  
Study Results ◽  
National Databases ◽  
Collection Methods

scholarly journals Correctional Institution’s Construction In The Death-Convicted Supervision

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-14
Author(s):  
Azzahra Rizki Ananda
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Correctional Institution ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Death Row ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Death Row Inmates ◽  
The Law ◽  
Collection Methods

The death row inmate becomes one of the members of the Correctional Institution or Lembaga Pemasyarakatan (Lapas) when the convict is waiting for the execution time or if the convict is still making a legal effort. This raises problems from the aspect of the rules, which form the basis of prisons' authority in the guidance of death row inmates because the provisions on the development of capital punishment do not have specific regulations. The problem in this research is the urgency of guiding death convicts in prison; how it is implemented, and is there any difference in the guidance for death row inmates in prison; construction or ideal model of guidance for death row inmates in prison; as a result of the law, guidance on death row inmates is carried out in Lapas. This study uses a normative and empirical juridical approach with data collection methods using literature and field studies. The study results show that the prison's guidance is essential considering that the person concerned will be executed, so assistance and supervision are needed to prevent unwanted things, for example, committing a crime, suicide, or experiencing depression. Death row convicts follow other prisoners' proper guidance, provide useful activities to death convicts, and provide the death convicts with the rights. The superior construction for the development of capital punishment is contained in the Criminal Code Draft or Rancangan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (RKUHP), which makes capital punishment an alternative punishment, provides a probation period of 10 years for the death row inmates, the superior construction of both the place and the material for its guidance must be distinguished from those sentenced to other types of crimes. As a result of the law, there is no certainty of guidance for death row inmates in prison because there are no specific regulations regarding death penalty services.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Religiusitas, Persepsi Dan Motivasi Nasabah Terhadap Keputusan Memilih Perbankan Syariah

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-130
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zuhirsyan ◽  
Nurlinda Nurlinda
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Regression Test ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Collection Methods

This research aims to see how much influence religiosity, perception, and motivation have on choosing Islamic banking. This research is quantitative research with data collection methods using survey methods and questionnaires. Samples were selected by non-probability sampling and convenience sampling. Questionnaires were distributed to 96 CIMB Niaga Syariah Medan customers, and 61 questionnaires were returned. Data analysis using multiple regression test using SPSS tool. The study results found simultaneously that religiosity, perception, and motivation influenced the decision to choose Islamic banking. Partially, motivation has a positive effect on the decision to choose Islamic banking. In contrast, religiosity has a negative value and does not affect the decision to choose Islamic banking and perception, does not affect the decision to choose Islamic banking.

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