Psychological Constructs and Dysfunctional Eating in Pakistani University Students

Almost All ◽

The present study aims to test a model that seeks to explainhow Parental Bonding and Loneliness may be responsible in the developmentof Dysfunctional Eating Patterns such as Cognitive Restraint,Emotional Eating, Uncontrolled Eating, Drive toward Thinness, Bulimiaand Dissatisfaction with Body Image. It was further hypothesizedthat Metacognitions, Core beliefs andMeta-Emotions would mediate between Loneliness, ParentalBonding, and the aforementioned Dysfunctional Eating Patterns. Correlationalresearch design has been used. A sample of 210 university studentswas selected from government and private universities. Urdu translated versionsof UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R-18,Eating Disorders Inventory-3, Parental Bonding Inventory, Beliefsabout Emotions Scale, Eating Disorders Belief Questionnaire andMetacognitions Questionnaire were used for assessment purposes.Correlational Analysis, and Multiple Hierarchical Regressionwere used to analyze the data. Almost all dimensions of ParentalBonding showed significant relationship with some patterns of DysfunctionalEating. Loneliness did not show any significant correlation withDysfunctional Eating. None of the hypothesized mediators(Metacognitions, Meta-Emotions and Core Beliefs) mediated therelationship between Parental Bonding dimensions and patterns ofDysfunctional Eating, yet some interesting relationships emerged. The findings of this research can help in understanding the culturaldifferences between East and West. Possible reasons why results could notsupport the previous literature are discussed.  

Sensory perception and psychological aspects of eating behavior: factors influencing fat hedonics in Malaysia

International Journal of Food Studies ◽

10.7455/ijfs/9.2.2020.a4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 307-318

Author(s):

Yun Fei Tan ◽

See Kwong Goh ◽

See Wan Yan

Keyword(s):

Emotional Eating ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Psychological Aspects ◽

High Fat ◽

Obesity Epidemic ◽

Food Items ◽

Cognitive Restraint ◽

Uncontrolled Eating ◽

The Relationship

Understanding the causes of obesity epidemic requires examination of what contributes to preference of palatable foods. Using a sensorial-consumer approach, this research examined the relationship between the sensation of the hedonic liking of fat with psychological and weight profiles. The study began with preliminary testing of the hedonic ratings of 24 food items (12 low fat (LF), 12 high fat(HF)) and completion of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) investigating cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating aspects. Eight (8) out of the twelve (12) food pairs that had discriminating characteristics were selected, for inclusion in the study, by 347 panellists. Results showed that overweight individuals had significantly lower liking towards LF sensation (4.27±2.13, p= 0.001) but significantly higher liking towards HF sensation (5.26±2.33, p= 0.001), compared to normal BMI individuals who had a significantly higher liking towards LF sensation (5.69±2.35, p= 0.001) but significantly lower liking towards HF sensation (4.17±2.40, p= 0.001). The Pearson product-moment correlation revealed similar trends on the association between liking of fat sensation and eating behaviour regardless of weight statuses. Specifically, cognitive restrainers were found to prefer the LF sensation while HF sensation were more favoured among uncontrolled and emotional eaters. This highlights the importance of investigating the combined effect of psychological aspects of eating behaviour and weight profiles towards liking of fat sensation.

Three factor eating questionnaire-R18 as a measure of cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating in a sample of young Finnish females

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity ◽

10.1186/1479-5868-6-41 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

Susanna Anglé ◽

Janne Engblom ◽

Tiina Eriksson ◽

Susanna Kautiainen ◽

Marja-Terttu Saha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emotional Eating ◽

Cognitive Restraint ◽

Uncontrolled Eating ◽

Three Factor

Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18) Spanish Version: Factor Structure Analysis among Normal Weight and Overweight Adults

Acta de Investigación Psicológica ◽

10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2021.1.376 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 84-94

Author(s):

Dagmara Wrzecionkowska ◽

Sofía Rivera Aragón

Keyword(s):

Factor Structure ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Cognitive Restraint ◽

Body Weights ◽

Mexican Adults ◽

Age Range ◽

Uncontrolled Eating ◽

Three Factor

The objective of this study was to examine the construct validity of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) Revised-18, an instrument designed to measure: Uncontrolled Eating, Emotional Eating and Cognitive Restraint, in a sample of Mexican adults of different weights. 342 man and women, with age range 19-79 years old (M=40), were recruited. TFEQ was emailed to the participants who earlier had their weight and height measured. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was applied to examine TFEQ structure. The original three factor structure was corroborated, with nine items loading high on Uncontrolled Eating factor, three on Emotional Eating and four out of the original six on Cognitive Restraint. Two items were excluded due to low item-total correlations. Higher levels of Cognitive Restraint were associated with higher BMI (r=.13, p < .05), we found no connection between Uncontrolled Eating or Emotional Eating and body weight. Our findings suggest that the abbreviated TFEQ (16 items), is a psychometrically valid measure, and can be used to evaluate the tendencies of Cognitive Restraint, Uncontrolled Eating and Emotional Eating in the population of Mexican adults with different body weights.

ADIPOQ gene is linked to emotional eating behaviour in young Nigerian adults independent of psychological traits

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-020-00450-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Awoyemi Abayomi Awofala ◽

Olusegun Emmanuel Ogundele ◽

Khalid Olajide Adekoya

Keyword(s):

Emotional Eating ◽

Genetic Variant ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Biological Factors ◽

Psychological Traits ◽

Adipoq Gene ◽

Cognitive Restraint ◽

Beta Coefficient ◽

And Gender ◽

Abstract Background A disturbance in eating behaviour (EB) is the hallmark of patients with eating disorders, and depicts a complex interaction of environmental, psychological and biological factors. In the present study, we propose a model of association of genetic susceptibility—represented by adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene—with eating behavioural and psychological traits. Results Evaluation of the distribution of a polymorphism of the ADIPOQ (rs1501299 G > T) with respect to three EB factors involving cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating revealed that T-allele in rs1501299 was associated with a decreased susceptibility to emotional EB in codominant (e.g., GG vs. TT) (beta-coefficient [β] = 2.39, 95% Confidence interval [CI] = − 4.02, − 0.76; p value [p] = 0.02), recessive (GG + GT vs. TT) (β = − 2.77, 95% CI = − 3.65, − 0.69; p = 0.005) and additive (GG = 0, GT = 1, TT = 2) (β = − 1.02, 95% CI = − 1.80, − 0.24; p = 0.01) models of inheritance. The presence of the T-allele was not significantly associated with psychological factors involving depression, anxiety and stress. Finally, none of the psychological traits significantly predicted any of the EB factors after controlling for age, body weight and gender. Conclusions Our data suggest that genetic variant in ADIPOQ locus may influence human emotional eating behaviour.

Eating Behaviours and Food Cravings; Influence of Age, Sex, BMI and FTO Genotype

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11020377 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 377 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Hanan Abdella ◽

Hameida El Farssi ◽

David Broom ◽

Dawn Hadden ◽

Caroline Dalton

Keyword(s):

Mediation Analysis ◽

Fast Food ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Food Craving ◽

Eating Behaviours ◽

Food Cravings ◽

Linked Gene ◽

Cognitive Restraint ◽

Fatty Food ◽

Previous studies indicate that eating behaviours and food cravings are associated with increased BMI and obesity. However, the interaction between these behaviours and other variables such as age, sex, BMI and genetics is complex. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between eating behaviours and food cravings, and to examine the influence of age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genotype on these relationships. A total of 475 participants (252 female, 223 male, BMI: 25.82 ± 6.14 kg/m2, age: 30.65 ± 14.20 years) completed the revised 18-question version of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) to assess cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating, and the Food Cravings Inventory (FCI) to assess cravings for fatty food, sweet food, carbohydrates and fast food. DNA samples were genotyped for the rs9939609 polymorphism in the obesity-linked gene FTO. Questionnaire data was analysed for associations between the TFEQ-R18 and FCI subscales for the whole study group, and the group divided by sex, genotype and age (≤25 years versus >25 years). Finally, mediation analysis was used to explore the relationships between BMI, cognitive restraint and food cravings. FTO AA + AT genotype was associated with increased BMI, but not with differences in eating behavior scores or food craving scores; age was associated with increased BMI and decreases in food craving scores in which this effect was stronger in women compared to men. Increased cognitive restraint was associated with decreased food craving scores in the ≤25 years group. Mediation analysis demonstrated that in this group the association between BMI and reduced food cravings was mediated by cognitive restraint indicating that in this age group individuals use cognitive restraint to control their food cravings. The positive correlation between age and BMI confirms previous results but the findings of this study show that age, sex, FTO genotype and BMI have an influence on the relationships between eating behaviours and food cravings and that these variables interact.

Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognitive restraint behaviors in men and women

Obesity ◽

10.1002/oby.20592 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. E135-E141 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Marilyn C. Cornelis ◽

Eric B. Rimm ◽

Gary C. Curhan ◽

Peter Kraft ◽

David J. Hunter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emotional Eating ◽

Susceptibility Loci ◽

Men And Women ◽

Cognitive Restraint ◽

Obesity Susceptibility ◽

Anxiety, stress, and binge eating tendencies in adolescence: a prospective approach

Journal of Eating Disorders ◽

10.1186/s40337-021-00444-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michele C. Lim ◽

Sam Parsons ◽

Alessia Goglio ◽

Elaine Fox

Keyword(s):

Binge Eating ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Interaction Model ◽

Model Fit ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cognitive Restraint ◽

Random Intercept ◽

Interaction Term ◽

Uncontrolled Eating ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background Recent years have witnessed an increasing prevalence of binge eating tendencies in adolescence—warranting a clearer understanding of their underlying predisposing and precipitating factors. The current study investigated whether the interaction between high levels of anxiety and stress predicted increased levels of binge eating tendencies in a prospective cohort of adolescents (N = 324). Methods Measurements were taken over three waves (M ages: 13.33, 14.48, 15.65) as part of the CogBIAS Longitudinal Study. Longitudinal associations between levels of anxiety and stress with binge eating tendencies were estimated using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), which calculates within-person fluctuations over time while accounting for individual trait-like stability and between-person variations. Binge eating tendencies were measured by the Cognitive Restraint, Uncontrolled Eating, and Emotional Eating styles from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18. Two models were created for each binge eating tendencies variable: (1) a basic model with anxiety and stress as independent variables; (2) an interaction model with an additional anxiety*stress interaction term. Model fit was assessed by SEM fit indices: X2, CFI, NFI, TLI, RMSEA, SRMR. Superior model fit was ascertained by a chi-square difference test (p < .05). Results For Cognitive Restraint, the interaction model demonstrated superior fit to the data (p < .05). The anxiety*stress interaction at Waves 1 and 2 was significantly negatively associated with Cognitive Restraint at Waves 2 (β = −0.18, p = .002) and 3 (β = −0.14, p = .002)—suggesting that anxiety and stress interacted to predict increased binge eating tendencies linked with cognitive restraint over and above their independent effects. In contrast, the interaction term between anxiety*stress did not predict levels of Uncontrolled Eating or Emotional Eating over time. Conclusions The results highlight the importance of increasing awareness of the interaction between concurrently high anxiety and stress as a potential risk factor for binge eating tendencies in young people. Trial registration Not applicable.

Association between Cognitive Restraint, Uncontrolled Eating, Emotional Eating and BMI and the Amount of Food Wasted in Early Adolescent Girls

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10091279 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1279 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jinan Banna ◽

Chloe Panizza ◽

Carol Boushey ◽

Edward Delp ◽

Eunjung Lim

Keyword(s):

Total Energy ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Linear Models ◽

Early Adolescent ◽

Food Record ◽

Cognitive Restraint ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Uncontrolled Eating ◽

Three Factor

Understanding of behavioral factors associated with obesity is of importance in addressing this issue. This study examined the association between cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and body mass index (BMI) and amount of food plated, consumed, leftovers, and leftover food thrown into the trash (food wasted) in early adolescent girls nine to 13 years in O’ahu, Hawai’i (n = 93). Food plated, consumed, leftovers, and food wasted were estimated using a three-day mobile food record™ (mFR). Weight and height were measured to compute BMI (kg/m2). The three-factor eating questionnaire provided a score from 0 to 100 for cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. Higher scores are indicative of greater cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. Pearson’s correlations were computed to examine the relationship between three factor eating scores and BMI. General linear models were conducted to examine the effect of each of three-factor eating scores on food plated, consumed, leftovers, and food wasted. Cognitive restraint was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.36, p < 0.001) and with BMI z-score (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). There were no associations between three-factor eating scores and food plated, consumed, leftovers, and food wasted at lunch. However, at dinner, total energy plated, left over, and food wasted increased by 4.24 kcal/day (p = 0.030), 1.67 kcal/day (p = 0.002), and 0.93 kcal/day (p = 0.031), respectively, with a unit increase in uncontrolled eating score. Similarly, total energy plated and energy left over at dinner increased by 3.40 kcal/day (p = 0.045) and 1.51 kcal/day (p = 0.001), respectively, with a unit increase in emotional eating score. Additional research should examine the specific roles of cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and food waste in the development of obesity in adolescents.

Do sociodemographic factors and anthropometric measurements affect eating behavior patterns?

Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.1108/nfs-12-2020-0453 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Eda Koksal ◽

Melahat Sedanur Macit ◽

Saniye Bilici ◽

Efsun Karabudak

Keyword(s):

Eating Behavior ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Early Stage ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Anthropometric Measurements ◽

Content Type ◽

Cognitive Restraint ◽

Socio Demographic Factors ◽

Purpose Obesity is a chronic disease and it is very important to determine the underlying factors at the early stage. Disturbance in eating behaviors may predict the obesity risk. Design/methodology/approach In the present study, it was aimed to investigate eating behavior of Turkish adults by using The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18) and to analyze the association between anthropometric measurements and socio-demographic factors. Findings Individuals composed of 698 males, aged 28.6 ± 10.3 years and 1,736 females, aged 25.1 ± 7.8 years. Demographic characteristics participants were obtained via a questionnaire. TFEQ-R18for assessing eating behavior was used. Results claim that the usage of TFEQ-R18 was appropriate for non-obese individuals (Cronbach’s α value 0.83 for underweight group (n = 180, 7.4%), 0.76 for normal group (n = 1604, 65.9%), 0.69 for overweight group (n = 492, 20.2%), 0.69 obese group (n = 158, 6.5%). Gender seems to effect emotional eating scores (p = 0.026) and employment status seem to affect all TFEQ-R18 sub-group dimensions (cognitive eating scores, p = 0.022, uncontrolled eating scores, p < 0.001, emotional eating scores, p < 0.001). Divorced individuals tend to have higher cognitive restraint scores (16.2 ± 3.7). Although, single people have higher emotional eating scores (7.5 ± 2.6) (p = 0.006). There is a positive correlation among waist–height ratio, waist and neck circumference and cognitive restraint and uncontrolled eating scores (p < 0.001). However, body weight and height correlate negatively with cognitive restraint scores (p < 0.001). Originality/value According to the authors’ knowledge, this study gives brief results for the usage of TFEQ-R18 and the ability to predict eating behaviors in the general population.