Introduction to Femtocell

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rania A. Mokhtar ◽  
Rashid Saeed ◽  
Bharat S. Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Indoor Coverage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Home Node

Femtocell is a licensed indoor coverage solution served by a residential licensed access point known as FAP or Home node B. Femtocell promises to address the cost and coverage issues of mobile networks and increase cellular network capacity by rising above the impact of wall attenuation on macrocell deployment. The Femto Forum defines femtocell as a low cost access point leveraged on mature mobile technology that operates on a licensed spectrum and utilizes broadband (IP) as backhaul. This chapter gives an overview of the femtocell technology and architecture, standard and business models.

scholarly journals Modelling key market impacts and land allocation for biofuel production and forestry

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. Korobeinikov ◽  
P. Read ◽  
A. Parshotam ◽  
J. Lermit
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

It has been suggested that the large scale use of biofuel, that is, fuel derived from biological materials, especially in combination with reforestation of large areas, can lead to a low-cost reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. In this paper, a model of three markets: fuel, wood products, and land are considered with the aim of evaluating the impact of large scale biofuel production and forestry on these markets, and to estimate the cost of a policy aimed at the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is shown that the costs are lower than had been previously expected.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Digital Marketing and Digital Payment on Consumer Purchase Behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Monica Tiewul
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Payment Methods ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

The issue of whether innovation and technological advancement continually bring new phenomenon remains unpredictable, especially in the financial industry. As technology and digital services continue to ingrain themselves into more aspects of lives, the financial sector has not been immuned. New technology has given way to new services and with new services comes the gradual disruption of the old. This study researched on the influence of digital marketing and digital payment on consumer purchase behaviour in Coburg, Germany. The availability of digital marketing is enabling many companies of all sizes to embrace mobile and data while adopting a ‘cloud first’ approach to redesigning their business models. This brings about the introduction of a new ‘pay-as-you-go’ business model that enables efficiency, low-cost speed to scale and creation of new, richer customer experience. This research sort to examine the impact of digital marketing on consumer purchase behaviour, assess the factors influencing consumer to patronise digital payment and examine the future of digital payment methods. In this research, primary and secondary data are utilised. The data has been analysed using descriptive and multivariate statistical methods like factor loading analysis, correlation, cross tabulation, and chi-square. From this research, it is concluded that the availability of extensive information, variety of products, level of satisfaction and level of education are the most essential factors influencing digital marketing and digital payment and this will lead to an increase in the digital payment methods with more security in the future. Also, bitcoin will not be accepted as a future digital payment method.

Cooperative Communication System Architectures for Cellular Networks

2010 ◽  
pp. 522-547
Author(s):  
Mischa Dohler ◽  
Djamal-Eddine Meddour ◽  
Sidi-Mohammed Senouci ◽  
Hassnaa Moustafa
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Cooperative Networks ◽  
Base Station ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Coverage Problems ◽  
The Cost

An ever-growing demand for higher data-rates has facilitated the growth of wireless networks in the past decades. These networks, however, are known to exhibit capacity and coverage problems, hence jeopardizing the promised quality of service towards the end-user. To overcome these problems, prohibitive investment costs in terms of base station or access point rollouts would be required if traditional, non-scalable, cell-splitting, and micro-cell capacity dimension procedures were applied. The prime aim of current R&D initiatives is, hence, to develop innovative network solutions that decrease the cost per bit/s/Hz over the wireless link. To this end, cooperative networks have emerged as an efficient and promising solution. We discuss in this chapter some key research and deployment issues, with emphasis on cooperative architectures, networking, and security solutions. We expose some motivations to use such networks, as well as latest state-of-the-art developments, open research challenges, and business models.

scholarly journals The economics of altruistic punishment and the maintenance of cooperation

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1637) ◽  
pp. 871-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martijn Egas ◽  
Arno Riedl
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Altruistic Punishment ◽  
Cost Impact ◽  
The Social ◽  
Subject Pool ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cognitive Cost

Explaining the evolution and maintenance of cooperation among unrelated individuals is one of the fundamental problems in biology and the social sciences. Recent findings suggest that altruistic punishment is an important mechanism maintaining cooperation among humans. We experimentally explore the boundaries of altruistic punishment to maintain cooperation by varying both the cost and the impact of punishment, using an exceptionally extensive subject pool. Our results show that cooperation is only maintained if conditions for altruistic punishment are relatively favourable: low cost for the punisher and high impact on the punished. Our results indicate that punishment is strongly governed by its cost-to-impact ratio and that its effect on cooperation can be pinned down to one single variable: the threshold level of free-riding that goes unpunished. Additionally, actual pay-offs are the lowest when altruistic punishment maintains cooperation, because the pay-off destroyed through punishment exceeds the gains from increased cooperation. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that punishment decisions come from an amalgam of emotional response and cognitive cost–impact analysis and suggest that altruistic punishment alone can hardly maintain cooperation under multi-level natural selection. Uncovering the workings of altruistic punishment as has been done here is important because it helps predicting under which conditions altruistic punishment is expected to maintain cooperation.

From statistics, through new requirements to mathematical modelling of SAT aircraft safety

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-666
Author(s):  
Bartosz Dziugiel ◽  
Zdobyslaw Jan Goraj
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Safety Estimation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Small Aircraft

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the technical and operational specifications of the Small Aircraft Transport System (SAT/SATS) to the achieved safety level. Design/methodology/approach Safety estimation was made with the use of mathematical model of safety of light aircraft in commercial operations developed on the basis of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) data. The analysis was conducted for two different SATS business models based on Direct AiR Transport (DART) concept. It allowed for the investigation of the impact of technical specifications of the aircraft included into the SATS fleet as well as the selected elements of the applied business model on SATS safety level. Findings It was found that the proposed changes to DART system resulted in a significant improvement of safety. Mean Time Between Incidents and Accident (MTBIA) increased by 200 per cent. Additionally, the introduced alterations impacted the weights of particular domains and pilot’s error became less critical than the technical reliability. Practical implications It was shown that the application of new requirements influences both the safety level and the cost of operation, which was demonstrated within the ESPOSA and DART projects. Additionally, it was indicated that further effort to improve the light aircraft safety is absolutely necessary. Originality/value Originality consists in combining in one mathematical model both the aircraft configuration and the rules for business operation. Optimization of selected parameters of the system leads to a significant reduction in the accident number and to keeping the cost increment at a reasonable level. It was also found that the resulted improvement sometimes cannot be sufficient to consider a small aircraft operation fully safe, mainly owing to the numerous restrictions because of its small weight and loading capacity.

Carbon Tail Risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emirhan Ilhan ◽  
Zacharias Sautner ◽  
Grigory Vilkov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Tail Risk ◽  
Climate Regulation ◽  
Combat Climate Change ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cost Of Protection ◽  
Regulatory Actions

Abstract Strong regulatory actions are needed to combat climate change, but climate policy uncertainty makes it difficult for investors to quantify the impact of future climate regulation. We show that such uncertainty is priced in the option market. The cost of option protection against downside tail risks is larger for firms with more carbon-intense business models. For carbon-intense firms, the cost of protection against downside tail risk is magnified at times when the public’s attention to climate change spikes, and it decreased after the election of climate change skeptic President Trump.

scholarly journals Economics of an Additive Manufactured Heat Exchanger for Concentrating Solar Power

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey Ziev ◽  
Erfan Rasouli ◽  
Ines Noelly-Tano ◽  
Ziheng Wu ◽  
Srujana Yarasi Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Concentrated Solar Power ◽  
Future Technologies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Alternative Current ◽  
The Impact

Developing low cost, high efficiency heat exchangers (HX) for application in concentrated solar power (CSP) is critical to reducing CSP costs. However, the extreme operating conditions in CSP systems present a challenge for typical high efficiency HX manufacturing processes. We describe a process-based cost model (PBCM) to estimate the cost of fabricating an HX for this application using additive manufacturing (AM). The PBCM is designed to assess the effectiveness of different designs, processes choices, and manufacturing innovations to reduce HX cost. We describe HX design and AM process modifications that reduce HX cost from a baseline of$780/kW-thto$570/kW-th. We further evaluate the impact of alternative current and potential future technologies on HX cost, and identify a pathway to further reduce HX cost to$270/kW-th.

scholarly journals Enhancing Cellular Coverage Quality by Virtual Access Point and Wireless Power Transfer

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinsong Gui ◽  
Lihuan Hui ◽  
Naixue Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Wireless Power ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Energy Compensation ◽  
Coverage Quality ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Game Scheme

The ultradensification deploying for cellular networks is a direct and effective method for the improvement of network capacity. However, the benefit is achieved at the cost of network infrastructure investment and operating overheads, especially when there is big gap between peak-hour Internet traffic and average one. Therefore, we put forward the concept of virtual cellular coverage area, where wireless terminals with high-end configuration are motivated to enhance cellular coverage quality by both providing RF energy compensation and rewarding free traffic access to Internet. This problem is formulated as the Stackelberg game based on three-party circular decision, where a Macro BS (MBS) acts as the leader to offer a charging power to Energy Transferring Relays (ETRs), and the ETRs and their associating Virtual Access Points (VAPs) act as the followers to make their decisions, respectively. According to the feedback from the followers, the leader may readjust its strategy. The circular decision is repeated until the powers converge. Also, the better response algorithm for each game player is proposed to iteratively achieve the Stackelberg-Nash Equilibrium (SNE). Theoretical analysis proves the convergence of the proposed game scheme, and simulation results demonstrate its effectiveness.

DFA concepts in a concurrent engineering environment: A white goods case

2021 ◽  
pp. 1063293X2098553
Author(s):  
Paulo Henrique Palma Setti ◽  
Osiris Canciglieri Junior ◽  
Carla Cristina Amodio Estorilio
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Design Phase ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Design Phase ◽  
Engineering Environment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
White Goods

Due to the current and highly competitive industrial scenario, the technology-oriented organizations have been making routine adjustments to the conventional IPDP, in order to seek more profitable business models. Identifying the product functions, as well as its importance - perceived by the consumer - and being able to associate this information with manufacturability and assembly aspects, is fundamental to achieve more competitive, low-cost and higher quality products. This article objective is to evaluate this method concept, applying it in an industrial project. In order to assess the method within the complete integrated product development process (IPDP), the activities related to the conceptual and preliminary phases of the project delineated this article limits. This study selected a subgroup of the white goods industry, where first the traditional models of VE were applied in the conceptual design phase. Subsequently, the classic DFA models were applied in the preliminary design phase. Thus, it was possible to apply the proposed iterative method, where the alternatives generated with the DFA were cyclically re-evaluated, function by function, in the previous stage of value analysis. With this, this study came to the method assessment, its gains and limitations. Then, the original design was compared with the solution after the proposal application, without the method used. Finally, this study verified the influence of the method on the balance between the value and the cost of each function, in addition to the direct comparison of the solution final cost with the version without the method application. Among the results, this article presents a report showing the method viability, its particularities, impacts, and limitations.

scholarly journals Developing a Framework for Future Mobile Data Pricing

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Paetsch ◽  
Peter Dorčák ◽  
František Pollák ◽  
Ľubomír Štrba ◽  
Branislav Kršák
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Data Value ◽  
Voice Calls ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Framework

<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The revenues for mobile data transmission overtook the revenue of voice calls for the first time in 2014 in the USA. It can be observed that demand for mobile data – largely driven by video and cloud - is increasing exponentially, while overall data revenue is rising only moderately. This will lead to insufficient revenues stream to increase investments into mobile networks and ensure quality service. Consequently, hereof network performance will deteriorate sharply. At the heart of the problem is the current global pricing regime of fixed multiple MB/GB bundles, irrespective of time of the day, intensity of usage (e.g. video vs. email) and underlying economic value of the data. A new framework is proposed as to optimize and align network capacity and implicit data value/utility, which is crucial to ensure customer satisfaction and access justice.</p><p><strong>Methodology/Approach:</strong> The fundamental differences in pricing voice and data in voice and/or data centric networks are analysed in detail. Information has been synthesized as to develop insights into the impact of different devises and type of digital traffic for the overall performance of mobile networks. Based hereupon, a new framework for mobile data has been proposed to address the increasing misalignment between network capacity, usage and underlying data value/utility. Initial solutions have been proposed and discussed.</p><p><strong>Findings:</strong> While voice calls are easily quantifiable and are largely predictable in its occurrence and network load implications, mobile data traffic shows very large variations depending on type of traffic. While social media messaging by many customers consumes very little capacity, consumption of video streaming by relatively few customers can lead already to network saturation.</p><p><strong>Research Limitation/implication:</strong> Carriers set prices for a fixed amount of data – irrespective of intensity and time of data traffic - which leads to sharp spiky type of traffic patterns essentially signalling sharp overuse during busy hours coexist with large period of underused times.</p><strong>Originality/Value of paper:</strong> A new framework for proposition building and particularly pricing of mobile data services is provided.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document