Motivating Cybersecurity

2013 ◽  
pp. 168-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Discourse ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Primary Object ◽  
Key Policy

Based on an analysis of key policy documents and statements from civilian policymakers, military leaders, and cybersecurity experts, this chapter demonstrates that although there is still concern over cyber threats to critical infrastructure, other threat objects have begun to figure more prominently in public policy discourse about cybersecurity in the United States. In particular, intellectual property and government secrets are now identified most often as the primary object of cyber threats. When critical infrastructure is mentioned, it is often used as a motivational tactic, with collapse of critical infrastructure serving as a central theme of hypothetical scenarios meant to motivate a policy response. This chapter documents and critically evaluates this shift in U.S. cybersecurity discourse.

Motivating Cybersecurity

2014 ◽  
pp. 2011-2032
Author(s):  
Sean Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Discourse ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Primary Object ◽  
Key Policy

Based on an analysis of key policy documents and statements from civilian policymakers, military leaders, and cybersecurity experts, this chapter demonstrates that although there is still concern over cyber threats to critical infrastructure, other threat objects have begun to figure more prominently in public policy discourse about cybersecurity in the United States. In particular, intellectual property and government secrets are now identified most often as the primary object of cyber threats. When critical infrastructure is mentioned, it is often used as a motivational tactic, with collapse of critical infrastructure serving as a central theme of hypothetical scenarios meant to motivate a policy response. This chapter documents and critically evaluates this shift in U.S. cybersecurity discourse.

An Analysis and Illustration of U.S. Adult and Workforce Education Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-314
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Anne Roumell ◽  
Florin D. Salajan ◽  
Corina Todoran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Workforce Education ◽  
System Level ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Key Policy

Systematic policy analysis regarding the area of adult and workforce education (AWE) in the United States is limited in the literature. This article presents the results from a historical analysis of federal-level U.S. policy documents spanning the years 1914-2014. We performed a systematic content analysis utilizing a context justification approach to analyze 19 pieces of U.S. legislation to discern broad patterns and trends in the area of AWE policy development. The benefits of examining policy through a lens of governance and system-level trends include gaining a clearer understanding of the evolution of key policy dimensions and how they contribute to shaping current circumstances in the field. Our analyses suggest the importance of historical conditions in shaping policy characteristics. We conclude that it is essential to understand these policy characteristics in order to seek the necessary information to more strategically advocate for AWE in the 21st century, and highlight areas where further inquiry is needed.

scholarly journals Achieving a ‘Good AI Society’: Comparing the Aims and Progress of the EU and the US

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huw Roberts ◽  
Josh Cowls ◽  
Emmie Hine ◽  
Francesca Mazzi ◽  
Andreas Tsamados ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transatlantic Cooperation ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
The Eu

AbstractOver the past few years, there has been a proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) strategies, released by governments around the world, that seek to maximise the benefits of AI and minimise potential harms. This article provides a comparative analysis of the European Union (EU) and the United States’ (US) AI strategies and considers (i) the visions of a ‘Good AI Society’ that are forwarded in key policy documents and their opportunity costs, (ii) the extent to which the implementation of each vision is living up to stated aims and (iii) the consequences that these differing visions of a ‘Good AI Society’ have for transatlantic cooperation. The article concludes by comparing the ethical desirability of each vision and identifies areas where the EU, and especially the US, need to improve in order to achieve ethical outcomes and deepen cooperation.

scholarly journals The EU’s Education Policy Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Discourse and Content Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (Sp.Issue) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasileios Symeonidis ◽  
Denis Francesconi ◽  
Evi Agostini
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Policy Discourse ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Real Change ◽  
The Eu

Following the severe impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on education systems in Europe, the EU has been called upon to provide a concerted response to the crisis in a context where member states provided their own diverse responses. Against this background, the aim of this article is to uncover and critically examine the EU’s education policy discourse and promoted narratives since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, and by doing so evaluate the EU’s response-ability for education recovery during the crisis. A conceptual framework has been devised to analyse the responsiveness of an international entity, such as the EU, based on organisational and neo-institutionalist theories. Data were collected through a combination of discourse analysis and computer-assisted content analysis, which was applied to official EU education policy documents published in 2020. The following categories emerged from the analysis process, indicating that the EU perceives education recovery as: “upskilling and reskilling”, “digital transformation” and “sustainable development”. The findings suggest a substantial continuation between the EU’s pre- and post-Covid-19 strategy in the education sector, and even an acceleration in the same direction, revealing a lack of real change in the EU’s response, which was focused predominantly on the economic and employability approach to education.

scholarly journals Securing Remote Access to Information Systems of Critical Infrastructure Using Two-Factor Authentication

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 1819
Author(s):  
Rasa Bruzgiene ◽  
Konstantinas Jurgilas
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Identity Management ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
User Authentication ◽  
Remote Access ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Digital Space ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
The Core ◽  
Common Target

Information systems of critical infrastructure provide services on which the core functions of a state and its economy depend as well as welfare of society. Such systems are becoming an increasingly common target for crimes and attacks in cyberspace, as their vulnerabilities can be exploited for malicious activities seeking financial or political gain. One of the main reasons that threatens the security of these systems is the weak control of remote access, otherwise defined as management of a system’s user identity. Management of user identity depends on user authentication, authorization and the assignment of certain rights in the digital space. This paper provides the proposed two-factor (2FA) digital authentication method for remote access to an information system of a critical infrastructure. Results of testing the method’s usability and resilience to cyber threats have shown that the system, in which the method was implemented, is protected from dangerous HTTP requests and publicly available system’s endpoints are protected from threatening inputs that could cause malicious activities on the critical infrastructure. Additionally, the implementation of the authentication API application ensures the rapidity of the method for less than 500 ms for 100 users working in parallel with the system at the same time.

scholarly journals United States response to the COVID-19 pandemic, January–November 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mathew Alexander ◽  
Lynn Unruh ◽  
Andriy Koval ◽  
William Belanger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
United States Healthcare

Abstract As of November 2020, the United States leads the world in confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths. Over the past 10 months, the United States has experienced three peaks in new cases, with the most recent spike in November setting new records. Inaction and the lack of a scientifically informed, unified response have contributed to the sustained spread of COVID-19 in the United States. This paper describes major events and findings from the domestic response to COVID-19 from January to November 2020, including on preventing transmission, COVID-19 testing and contact tracing, ensuring sufficient physical infrastructure and healthcare workforce, paying for services, and governance. We further reflect on the public health response to-date and analyse the link between key policy decisions (e.g. closing, reopening) and COVID-19 cases in three states that are representative of the broader regions that have experienced spikes in cases. Finally, as we approach the winter months and undergo a change in national leadership, we highlight some considerations for the ongoing COVID-19 response and the broader United States healthcare system. These findings describe why the United States has failed to contain COVID-19 effectively to-date and can serve as a reference in the continued response to COVID-19 and future pandemics.

scholarly journals A Transatlantic Secular Divide? The Representation of Religion in EU and US Foreign Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Jenichen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Eu And Us ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Eu

AbstractIt is a common—often stereotypical—presumption that Europe is secular and America religious. Differences in international religious freedom and religious engagement policies on both sides of the Atlantic seem to confirm this “cliché.” This article argues that to understand why it has been easier for American supporters to institutionalize these policies than for advocates in the EU, it is important to consider the discursive structures of EU and US foreign policies, which enable and constrain political language and behavior. Based on the analysis of foreign policy documents, produced by the EU and the United States in their relationship with six religiously diverse African and Asian states, the article compares how both international actors represent religion in their foreign affairs. The analysis reveals similarities in the relatively low importance that they attribute to religion and major differences in how they represent the contribution of religion to creating and solving problems in other states. In sum, the foreign policies of both international actors are based on a secular discursive structure, but that of the United States is much more accommodative toward religion, including Islam, than that of the EU.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Soldier Height, Weight and Army Combat Fitness Scores

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Palmer ◽  
Mark DeBeliso
Keyword(s):  
United States Army ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
National Guard ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Physical Fitness Test ◽  
Fitness Test ◽  
The Relationship

The United States Army recently implemented the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) which was designed to more accurately measure functional-combat fitness constructs. The ACFT replaced the former Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT). The three advent APFT consisted of: two-minute push-ups (PU), two-minute sit-ups (SU), and a timed two-mile run (RUN). The ACFT consists of six events; 3 Rep Max Deadlift (MDL), Standing Power Throw (SPT), Hand Release Push-up (HRP), Sprint-Drag-Carry (SDC), Hanging Leg Tuck (LTK), and a timed two-mile run (2MR). This study investigated the relationship between Soldier height and body mass kg on ACFT scores of 655 male U.S. Army National Guard Soldiers in a Field Artillery Brigade. For the purpose of the investigation body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the metric representing the Soldier(s) height and weight. The mean and standard deviation (sd) were calculated for the ACFT event and total scores. Pearson correlation coefficients (PCCs or r) were calculated between BMI and ACFT event and total scores. Likewise, PCCs were calculated between the ACFT event and total scores. The ACFT mean(sd) scores were as follows: MDL=92.2(31.8) (3 maximum repetitions), SPT=9.5(2.2) (meters), HRP=24.6(13.1) (repetitions), SDC=119.8(21.7) (seconds), LTK=6.2(5.4) (repetitions), 2MR=1095.0(233.7) (seconds), ACFT total score=442.3(54.4) (points). Significant positive correlations were found between the ACFT total score: MDL (r=0.70), SPT (r=0.50), HRP (r=0.74), and LTK (r=0.76) events. Conversely, significant negative correlations were identified between ACFT total score: SDC (r=-0.68) and 2MR (r=-0.53) events. Within the parameters of this study, Soldier BMI demonstrated no to weak association with individual ACFT event or ACFT total scores. Further, the range of PCCs between the ACFT event scores were no to moderately high. Military leaders may consider the results provided as combat and fitness tests continue to evolve.

scholarly journals Central banking, protectionism and globalization

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (s1) ◽  
pp. 121-140
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Frenkel
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Macroeconomic Theory

The recent global financial crisis has resulted in a new creative set of economic policies. The justifi- cation for the unconventional policy response was based on the implicit assumption that the departure from the norms of macroeconomic policies would be temporary. This detour has lasted longer than expected. Now that the process of normalization has started in the United States and is likely to be followed (albeit in some delay) in Europe, it would be important for policy makers to emphasize that the unconventional set of economic policies were just a detour from the longstanding convention rather than representing a new paradigm. The experience of the crisis and the post-crises years should be recorded in history as refl ecting a period during which new and important policy chapters were drafted. These chapters should be added to the corpus of knowledge of macroeconomic theory and policy. The new chapters contain important lessons that should definitely not be forgotten once the crisis is over. They should be added to, but not replace, the old textbooks.

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