Analysis of Human Gait for Designing a Recognition and Classification System

2019 ◽  
pp. 186-200
Author(s):  
Jayati Ghosh Dastidar ◽  
Debangshu Chakraborty ◽  
Soumen Mukherjee ◽  
Arup Kumar Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Human Form ◽  
End Points ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cosine Distance ◽  
Set Of Points ◽  
Pattern Vector ◽  
Biometric Features

Identification and recognition of a human subject by monitoring a video/image by using various biometric features such as fingerprints, retina/iris scans, palm prints have been of interest to researches. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to recognize a human subject uniquely by monitoring his/her gait. This has been done by analyzing sampled frames of a video sequence to first detect the presence of a human form and then extract the silhouette of the subject in question. The extracted silhouette is then used to find the skeleton from it. The skeleton contains a set of points that retains the connectivity of the form and maintains the geometric properties of the silhouette. From the skeleton, a novel method has been proposed involving the neighborhood of interest pixels to identify the end points representing the heel, toe, etc. These points finally lead to the calculation of gait attributes. The extracted attributes represented in the form of a pattern vector are matched using cosine distance with features stored in the database resulting in identification/rejection.

The removal and morphology of intact biofilms from implanted venous access devices

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 1020-1021
Author(s):  
M.A. Gregory ◽  
G.P. Hadley
Keyword(s):  
Patient Selection ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Venous Access ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Indwelling Catheters ◽  
Careful Patient ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Vascular Catheters ◽  
Venous Access Devices

The insertion of implanted venous access systems for children undergoing prolonged courses of chemotherapy has become a common procedure in pediatric surgical oncology. While not permanently implanted, the devices are expected to remain functional until cure of the primary disease is assured. Despite careful patient selection and standardised insertion and access techniques, some devices fail. The most commonly encountered problems are colonisation of the device with bacteria and catheter occlusion. Both of these difficulties relate to the development of a biofilm within the port and catheter. The morphology and evolution of biofilms in indwelling vascular catheters is the subject of ongoing investigation. To date, however, such investigations have been confined to the examination of fragments of biofilm scraped or sonicated from sections of catheter. This report describes a novel method for the extraction of intact biofilms from indwelling catheters.15 children with Wilm’s tumour and who had received venous implants were studied. Catheters were removed because of infection (n=6) or electively at the end of chemotherapy.

Madness, virtue, and ecology: A classical Indian approach to psychiatric disturbance

2021 ◽  
pp. 095269512098224
Author(s):  
Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbance ◽  
Indian Medical ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moral Relationship

The Caraka Saṃhitā (ca. first century BCE–third century CE), the first classical Indian medical compendium, covers a wide variety of pharmacological and therapeutic treatment, while also sketching out a philosophical anthropology of the human subject who is the patient of the physicians for whom this text was composed. In this article, I outline some of the relevant aspects of this anthropology – in particular, its understanding of ‘mind’ and other elements that constitute the subject – before exploring two ways in which it approaches ‘psychiatric’ disorder: one as ‘mental illness’ ( mānasa-roga), the other as ‘madness’ ( unmāda). I focus on two aspects of this approach. One concerns the moral relationship between the virtuous and the well life, or the moral and the medical dimensions of a patient’s subjectivity. The other is about the phenomenological relationship between the patient and the ecology within which the patient’s disturbance occurs. The aetiology of and responses to such disturbances helps us think more carefully about the very contours of subjectivity, about who we are and how we should understand ourselves. I locate this interpretation within a larger programme on the interpretation of the whole human being, which I have elsewhere called ‘ecological phenomenology’.

The Imaginary Questionnaire

1950 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Statistical Concept ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Alternative Meaning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Statistical Problems

The experiment was designed to throw some light on the statistical problems in the analysis of questionnaire data. Previous work (unpublished) suggested that a simple choice response was partially determined by previous responses; and also that the nature of the determination was changed with changing length of series. A “null” experiment was devised in the form of a questionnaire without any questions, and the distribution of responses was studied with respect to the problems formulated. The observations are discussed in three sections. In the statistical discussion an alternative meaning to overall association or dissociation is advanced. This: relates association or dissociation to human behaviour in the serial response situation, rather than to qualities of the questionnaire. It is further suggested that association between specific, questions should be tested against the association in the whole questionnaire, and an appropriate treatment is indicated. The observations depart from statistical randomness in certain ways. Answers made up almost entirely of one form of response are given less often than would be expected. Long sequences of the same type of response are relatively infrequent, and sequences of alternation of response are also rare. As the material is “null” it implies that the human concept of randomness differs from the statistical concept. An attempt is made to define the human concept of randomness. It appears that a series of responses which has a pattern, or for which the subject can postulate a simple “cause” will not be accepted as random by the human subject. This raises problems of a perceptual and cognitive nature. It also has a bearing on the design of questionnaires. or experiments involving serial responses.

Responsibility before the World: Cinema, Perspectivism and a Nonhuman Ethics of Individuation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-410
Author(s):  
Andrew Lapworth
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Ethical Responsibility ◽  
Experimental Film ◽  
World Cinema ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Humanities And Social Sciences

The recent ‘nonhuman turn’ in the theoretical humanities and social sciences has highlighted the need to develop more ontological modes of theorising the ethical ‘responsibility’ of the human in its relational encounters with nonhuman bodies and materialities. However, there is a lingering sense in this literature that such an ethics remains centred on a transcendent subject that would pre-exist the encounters on which it is called to respond. In this essay, I explore how Gilles Deleuze's philosophy offers potential opening for a more ontogenetic thinking of a ‘nonhuman ethics’. Specifically, I focus on how his theory of ‘individuation’ – conceived as a creative event of emergence in response to immanent ontological problems – informs his rethinking of ethics beyond the subject, opening thought to nonhuman forces and relations. I argue that if cinema becomes a focus of Deleuze's ethical discussions in his later work it is because the images and signs it produces are expressive of these nonhuman forces and processes of individuation, generating modes of perception and duration without ontological mooring in the human subject. Through a discussion of Verena Paravel and Lucien Castaing-Taylor's experimental film –  Leviathan (2012)  – I explore how the cinematic encounter dramatises different ethical worlds in which a multiplicity of nonhuman ‘points of view’ coexist without being reduced to a hierarchical or orienting centre that would unify and identify them. To conclude, I suggest that it is through the lens of an ethics of individuation that we can grasp the different sense of ‘responsibility’ alive in Deleuze's philosophy, one oriented not to the terms of the already-existing but rather to the nonhuman potential of what might yet come into being.

scholarly journals Critical agency in education: a Foucauldian perspective

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Postma
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
The Self ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Educational Implications ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mode Of Being

While the neoliberal order is associated with the economy, government and globalisation, as a form of governmentality it effects a particular subjectivity. The subject is the terrain where the contest of control plays out. The subject is drawn into the seductive power of performativity which dictates its agency, desires and satisfactions and from which escape is difficult to imagine. Neoliberalism is particularly interested in an education which provides it with the much needed powers of production and consumption. This dependency of the neoliberal order on a particular kind of agential subjectivity is also its weakness because of the indeterminacy of the self. Within this openness of the human subject lies the possibility to be different and to escape any form of subjectification. Foucault’s account of the critical agent portrays a form of difference that opposes and transcends neoliberal ordering. Foucault finds the principle of practices of freedom in the Greco-Roman ethics of the care for the self. It is an ethics where the subject gains control of itself through the ascetic and reflective attention in relation to available ethical codes and with the guidance of a ‘master’. Such as strong sense of the self is the basis for personal and social transformation against neoliberal colonisation. The development of critical agency in education is subsequently investigated in the light of Foucault’s notions of agency and freedom. The contest of the subject is of particular importance to education interested in the development of critical agency. The critical agent is not only one who could identify and analyse regimes of power, but also one who could imagine different modes of being, and who could practice freedom in the enactment of an alternative mode of being. The educational implications are explored in relation to the role of the teacher and pedagogical processes.

scholarly journals V. On the chemical analysis of the contents of the thoracic duct the human sub­ject

1842 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
The Body ◽  
Old Bailey ◽  
The Subject

The contents of the thoracic duct in the human subject having never been obtained in sufficient quantity for the purposes of chemical analysis, I resolved to avail myself of an opportunity which lately presented itself in the execution of a criminal at the Old Bailey. Through the kindness of Messrs. Macmurdo and Holding, the medical officers of Newgate, and with the assistance of my friends Mr. Hilton and Mr. Samuel Lane, I was enabled to commence operating upon the body one hour and a quarter after death, and before it had become cold, although the thermometer stood considerably below 32° Fahr., and the body had been exposed on the scaffold during one hour. The subject was muscular and of the middle height, and the prisoner had not become emaciated during his confinement in jail. On the evening preceding his execution, he had partaken of some supper, consisting of about 2 oz. of bread and 4 oz. of meat; and the next morning, he drank two cups of tea, and ate a piece of toast made from the quarter of a round of a quartern loaf, and about a quarter of an inch in thick­ness. This breakfast was taken at seven o’clock A. M., one hour before death. He swallowed a glass of wine just before mounting the scaffold.

scholarly journals Human Gait Recognition Based on Frame-by-Frame Gait Energy Images and Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 1950027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuhui Wang ◽  
Wei Qi Yan
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Gait Recognition ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Recognition Rate ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Cross Covariance ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

Human gait recognition is one of the most promising biometric technologies, especially for unobtrusive video surveillance and human identification from a distance. Aiming at improving recognition rate, in this paper we study gait recognition using deep learning and propose a novel method based on convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (Conv-LSTM). First, we present a variation of Gait Energy Images, i.e. frame-by-frame GEI (ff-GEI), to expand the volume of available Gait Energy Images (GEI) data and relax the constraints of gait cycle segmentation required by existing gait recognition methods. Second, we demonstrate the effectiveness of ff-GEI by analyzing the cross-covariance of one person’s gait data. Then, making use of the temporality of our human gait, we design a novel gait recognition model using Conv-LSTM. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated extensively based on the CASIA Dataset B for cross-view gait recognition, furthermore the OU-ISIR Large Population Dataset is employed to verify its generalization ability. Our experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other algorithms based on these two datasets. The results indicate that the proposed ff-GEI model using Conv-LSTM, coupled with the new gait representation, can effectively solve the problems related to cross-view gait recognition.

scholarly journals Optimisation of the prescription for trans-tibial (TT) amputees

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cortés ◽  
E. Viosca ◽  
J. V. Hoyos ◽  
J. Prat ◽  
J. Sánchez-Lacuesta
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Classification Criteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Subject

The great diversity of prosthetic mechanisms available nowadays leads to the question of which type of artificial foot would be the most advisable for a particular person. To answer correctly, it is necessary to establish, in an objective way, the performance of each type of prosthetic mechanism. This knowledge is obtained by means of the study of the subject-prosthesis interaction, both in static and dynamic conditions. This paper, based on the analysis of 8 transtibial (TT) amputees, presents a quantitative method for the study of human gait which allows the determination of the influence of four different prosthetic ankle-foot mechanisms (SACH, Single-axis, Greissinger and Dynamic) on gait. To do this, 1341 gait trials at different cadences were analysed (383 with normal subjects and 958 with amputees, using the four prosthetic feet under study). From all the variables available for study only those which offered interpretable clinical information were chosen for analysis. A total of 18 variables (kinetic, kinematic and time-related) were selected. A covariance analysis (ANOVA) of these variables was made, which showed that the factors influencing TT amputee gait were, in order of importance, cadence and leg studied (sound or prosthetic), inter-individual variability and, finally, the prosthetic mechanism used. When looking at the performance during gait of the 4 prosthetic mechanisms studied it can be observed that there are similarities in the kinetic study between SACH and Dynamic feet on one hand and Single-axis and Greissinger feet on the other. These results seem to support the classification criteria of articulated and non-articulated prosthetic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Measuring Differential Volume Using the Subtraction Tool for Three-Dimensional Breast Volumetry: A Proof of Concept Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 155335062094556
Author(s):  
Faith Hyun Kyung Jeon ◽  
Michelle Griffin ◽  
Aurora Almadori ◽  
Jajini Varghese ◽  
Stephanie Bogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Patient Positioning ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Volumetric Assessment ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Actual Volume ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Subject

Background. Three-dimensional (3D) photography provides a promising means of breast volumetry. Sources of error using a single-captured surface to calculate breast volume include inaccurate designation of breast boundaries and prediction of the invisible chest wall generated by computer software. An alternative approach is to measure differential volume using subtraction of 2 captured surfaces. Objectives. To explore 3D breast volumetry using the subtraction of superimposed images to calculate differential volume. To assess optimal patient positioning for accurate volumetric assessment. Methods. Known volumes of breast enhancers simulated volumetric changes to the breast (n = 12). 3D photographs were taken (3dMDtorso) with the subject positioned upright at 90° and posteriorly inclined at 30°. Patient position, breathing, distance and camera calibration were standardised. Volumetric analysis was performed using 3dMDvultus software. Results. A statistically significant difference was found between actual volume and measured volumes with subjects positioned at 90° ( P < .05). No statistical difference was found at 30° ( P = .078), but subsequent Bland–Altman analysis showed evidence of proportional bias ( P < .05). There was good correlation between measured and actual volumes in both positions (r = .77 and r = .85, respectively). Univariate analyses showed breast enhancer volumes of 195 mL and 295 mL to incur bias. The coefficient of variation was 5.76% for single observer analysis. Conclusion. Positioning the subject at a 30° posterior incline provides more accurate results from better exposure of the inferior breast. The subtraction tool is a novel method of measuring differential volume. Future studies should explore methodology for application into the clinical setting.

Political ecology III: Who are ‘the people’?

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 981-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Loftus
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Authoritarian Populism ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject

Since its inception, political ecology has marshalled a variety of different understandings of the human subject. Confronted with the challenges of authoritarian populism, as well as the provocations of the Anthropocene, being explicit about such conceptualisations is increasingly necessary. In this third report, I review recent conceptualisations of the subject, beginning with how ‘the people’ have been invoked in authoritarian populist discourses. I then contrast such a perspective with the situated social subjects of everyday political ecology before considering the challenges posed to notions of a sovereign human subject. I conclude with a discussion of political ecological persons in praxis.

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