The Effect of Celebrity Endorsements on Consumers' Buying Behavior in South West Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 176-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Amara Aririguzoh ◽  
Emmanuel Mogaji ◽  
Odion Oscar Odiboh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Celebrity Endorsements ◽  
Transfer Theory ◽  
South West ◽  
Meaning Transfer

Advertisers engage celebrities to endorse their products. This chapter hinges on the meaning transfer theory of McCracken that says that celebrity image can be transferred to items that users buy. Using the survey method, this work examined if celebrity endorsements affect buying. Copies of the questionnaire were administered on 1,516 residents drawn from urban, suburban, and rural areas of Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria. The Pearson correlation found positive relationships between celebrity endorsements and buyers' decisions. The tests show that celebrity endorsements influence the purchase decisions of the residents, and these buyers' avoidance of a product is more clearly influenced by celebrity endorsements. People buy products because of the celebrities that endorsed them. However, some respondents, especially those in the rural areas, were not as influenced into buying these products as are those from the urban and sub-urban areas. It is advised that advertisers pursue other avenues to draw patronage from this area.

Young People and Employment in the South West

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Dunkerley ◽  
Claire Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
South West ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Family

From a comprehensive survey of over 1200 17 and 18 year olds in Devon and Cornwall, the paper concentrates on the economic position of young people. Important differences were found between the young people in urban and rural areas. Of interest here is the role played by them in the local economy. The rural South West is shown to be characterized by a prevalence of self-employment and small businesses. Furthermore, factors such as a shortage of housing and travelling difficulties leads to different kinds of interdependence between parents and children in rural areas from those found in urban areas. Although in rural areas a dependence of young people upon the family was found, this was balanced by the dependence of the family on them in the sense of a young person’s labour often being a crucial part of the family business. This interdependence is intensified in many rural businesses where there is often no geographical separation of home and workplace. The far South West experiences some of the highest unemployment and the lowest wages in the UK and yet young people in rural areas were found to have developed coping strategies manifested in both formal and informal work practices, casualization and self-employment. The ‘pluriactivity’ found shows young people socialized into long hours, hard work and poor rewards. It is clear from the results that young people are not simply passively dependent upon the household nor that the flow of resources goes simply from parents to children. Small scale rural enterprises in which young people are employed or seek to be employed still show a marked gender division of tasks. Further, it was difficult in many instances to make a clear distinction between work and non-work although again distinct gender differences are visible.

scholarly journals Thematic Maps of the Impact of Urbanization and Socioeconomic Factors on the Distribution of the Incidence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases in Sefrou Province, Central North of Morocco (2007–2011)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Fatima Zahra Talbi ◽  
Nordine Nouayti ◽  
Hajar El Omari ◽  
Mohamed Najy ◽  
Khadija Lahouiti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

Background. Leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases with health risks. They cause a big health problem. These parasitic diseases are transmitted by the parasite of the genus Leishmania through sandflies. Objective. The aim of this work is to study the distribution of the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases and the impact of urbanization and socioeconomic factors and their effects as leishmaniasis risk factors. Methods. We conducted a retrospective study of CL cases collected at the level of Sefrou Province during the period from 2007 to 2011. The data was collected from registers of the Medical Delegation of Sefrou Province. The socioeconomic data, namely, the poverty rate, the popular density, and the type of environment (urban/rural) of Sefrou Province, were obtained from the High Commission for Planning. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software (version 20). The data were registered in a Microsoft Excel 2010 file. Statistical analysis was based on one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and then a correlation study was carried out (Pearson correlation). The results were considered significant when p was less than 0.05. The database was analyzed by QGIS 2.18, which is open source software. Results. A total of 349 cases of CL were collected at Sefrou Province from 2007 to 2011. A percentage of 49% of the cases come from urban areas, while 51% of the cases come from rural areas. In the statistical analysis, the division of the incidence of CL cases was found to be significantly associated only with urbanization. For the other factors, the number of people or the poverty rate is not taken into account in the incidence dynamics. Conclusion. This study may be useful for the implementation of future adequate measures and controls. Getting rid of leishmaniasis requires a comprehensive approach by acting on the sources of contamination through good continuous surveillance, appropriate management, effective vector control, and awareness-raising strategies.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY FUNCTION AND ADOLESCENT AUTONOMY IN THE RURAL AND URBAN AREA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Mulyati Mulyati ◽  
Kenty Martiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Family Function ◽  
Adolescent Autonomy

<p>This study aims to analyze the function of families in urban and rural areas as well as its relationship with adolescent autonomy by using cross sectional study method. The data collection time was conducted in September 2016. By proportional random sampling method, there were 72<br />samples at SMPN 2 Bogor (representing urban area) and 72 people at SMPN 2 Parung (representing rural area). Research data includes family characteristics, family functions divided into 3 dimensions (10 sub-scales) and adolescent autonomy consisting of 3 dimensions (value, emotional and behavioral). To see the correlation, the Pearson Correlation test was used and to see<br />differences in family function characteristics and gender-based autonomy was seen by the Independent T-test differential test. The results showed that the average score of family function in urban areas was 118.44, while in rural areas 121.12. This shows the function of families in rural<br />areas better than in urban areas. The average score of urban adolescent autonomy is 81.21, while in rural areas it is 77.29. This difference is significant at 99% confidence level. Adolescent autonomy is positively correlated with family function of personal growth dimension with correlation coefficient of 0.207 (at 95% confidence level). This shows that the better family<br />function then the better the adolescent autonomy.</p>

scholarly journals Comparison of the incidence of schizophrenia in rural Dumfries and Galloway and urban Camberwell

2001 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Allardyce ◽  
J. Boydell ◽  
J. Van Os ◽  
G. Morrison ◽  
D. Castle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
White Population ◽  
Regression Modelling ◽  
South West ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Urban Rural

BackgroundBeing born or living in urban areas is associated with high rates of schizophrenia. However, few studies have compared the incidence in urban/rural areas using the same methodology.AimsTo compare service-based incidence rates for schizophrenia in rural Dumfries and Galloway in south-west Scotland with urban Camberwell in south-east London.MethodUsing Research Diagnostic Criteria diagnoses from the OPCRIT computer algorithm, we compared the incidence of schizophrenia over 12 years (1979–1984 and 1992–1997) using indirect standardisation techniques and Poisson regression modelling.ResultsThe incidence was 61% higher in urban Camberwell than in rural Dumfries and Galloway (standardised incidence ratio (SIR)= 1.61; 95% Cl=1.42–1.81). There was no difference in incidence when we compared the White population in Camberwell with Dumfries and Galloway (SIR=1.12; 95% CI=0.86–1.43).ConclusionsThe incidence of schizophrenia in urban Camberwell was higher than that in rural Dumfries and Galloway; the high incidence of non-Whites in Camberwell largely explains the urban/rural difference.

scholarly journals Identification of motives and barriers to physical activity of Polish young mothers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Soroka ◽  
Agnieszka Godlewska ◽  
Elżbieta Krzęcio-Nieczyporuk ◽  
Paulina Kozioł
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Young Mothers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to determine the level of physical activity of young mothers living in rural and urban areas and their free time budget, as well as to indicate motivating factors and barriers encountered during physical activity. Methods In the study a diagnostic survey method was applied, including two survey IPAQ questionnaires – the long version and author’s questionnaire. A representative sample consisted of 1 064 young mothers giving birth in 2017. Student T test and discriminate function analysis were used in statistical analysis. Results The level of physical activity of young mothers from rural areas did not differ from that of young mothers from urban areas. However, certain differences appeared while taking into account different aspects of physical activity. The main motives for participation in physical activity of young mothers from rural areas were to improve their physical condition and reduce pain complaints. Young mothers from towns emphasized such motives as strengthening self-confidence and improving their position in the family. While the main barriers for both group of respondents in physical activity were the lack of money and interest in occasional events. Conclusions The main conclusion that arise from the study is to need to make efforts which aim to reduce the burden of daily duties of young mothers, strengthen family support, strengthen material status of young families, eliminate barriers related to infrastructure especially of villages in order to facilitate the access to physical activity, raise awareness among population on the importance of health education, create specialized educational programs to promote healthy lifestyle, and finally, to introduce systematic monitoring in order to understand determinants of physical activity of young mothers.

Digital Divide among Undergraduate Students: A Survey of District Srinagar and Kupwara in J&K State

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Mohammed Basharat ◽  
Shabir Ahmad ◽  
Sameer Ahmad Sultanpuri
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Wireless Internet ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

The Digital Divide, also called the Digital Split, is a socio-economic issue referring to the differing amount of information between those who have access to the Information through various means and those who do not have access. The term became popular among various stake holders from various disciplines such as scholars, policy makers, and social activists across the globe in the late 1990s. The present study tries to understand the digital divide among the undergraduate students of Kashmir division of J&K state of India. The scope of study is limited to two Districts viz. District Kupwara and Srinagar. The study tries to find out various factors beyond the digital divide among the students studying in rural and urban areas, and provide ample solution to minimize the same. The research was conducted using survey method, for data collection, questionnaire method of data was applied. The research revealed that male students are way ahead in making use of digital media as compared to female and the students from urban background make more use of digital content as compared to rural students. The major reasons for disparity in the use of digital media (internet) is lack of infrastructure viz. broadband, wireless internet, awareness and lack of training institutions for rendering training in rural areas s compared to urban areas.

scholarly journals Identification of motives and barriers to physical activity of polish young mothers

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Soroka ◽  
Agnieszka Godlewska ◽  
Elżbieta Krzęcio-Nieczyporuk ◽  
Paulina Kozioł
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Young Mothers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Barriers To Physical Activity

Abstract Background The purpose of the study was to determine the level of physical activity of young mothers living in rural and urban areas and their free time budget. The article also aims to indicate motivating factors and barriers encountered during physical activity. Methods A diagnostic survey method, including two survey IPAQ questionnaires – the long version and author’s questionnaire, has been applied in the study. A representative sample consisted of 1064 young mothers who gave birth in 2017. Student T test and discriminate function analysis have been used in statistical analysis. Results No significant difference appeared between young mothers from rural areas and urban areas in the level of physical activity. At the same time, the authors of the study identified several smaller differences when analyzing particular aspects of physical activity. Young mothers from rural areas more often declared their participation in physical activity to improve their physical condition and reduce pain complaints. On the other hand, young mothers from urban areas emphasized that physical activity helps them to strengthen self-confidence and improve their position in the family. In case of the main barriers to physical activity, both group of respondents pointed to the lack of money and interest in occasional events. Conclusions The main conclusion is that more efforts are needed is to strengthen family support and material status of young families. It is also important to eliminate infrastructure barriers, mostly in rural areas and raise awareness on the importance of health education.

scholarly journals Impact of Urbanization and Socioeconomic Factors on the Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Center of Morocco

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. El Omari ◽  
A. Chahlaoui ◽  
F. Talbi ◽  
K. Ouarrak ◽  
A. El Ouali Lalami
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
Pearson Correlation Test ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization

Background. Parasitic diseases, in particular leishmaniasis, are still a public health problem in several countries and in Morocco. Methods. The data used are those of epidemiological surveillance collected in the registers of the prefectural epidemiology cell (PEC); however, the socioeconomic data were obtained from the High Commissioner for Planning. The Pearson correlation test was used to determine the correlation between the different variables. Results. In total, 70 cases were recorded by the prefectural epidemiology cell (PEC) during the period from 2009 to 2015. 46% of the cases come from rural areas while 54% of the cases come from urban areas. The Pearson test shows the existence of a significant relationship between the number of cases recorded and the type of environment (r = 0.49, p value = 0.02), and population rate (R = 0.849 and p≤0.001). However, in our case, the poverty rate does not influence CL’s distribution. Conclusion. Our results show that the CL affects the majority of the municipalities with predominance of the urban environment, so the distribution of cases of this pathology is not influenced by the poverty; however, the urbanization and the number of inhabitants have a positive impact on the distribution of this scourge.

scholarly journals CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES AMONG IRANIAN MANDAEANS LIVING IN SOUTH-WEST IRAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Saadat ◽  
Mahdis Zarghami
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Consanguineous Marriages ◽  
South West ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coefficient Of Inbreeding

SummarySeveral studies have indicated that consanguineous marriages (unions between biologically related persons) are associated with increased risk of autosomal recessive diseases and several multifactorial traits. Mandaeans are a closed ethno-religious community living in areas of southern Iraq and Iran (Khuzestan Province). There are currently no data on the prevalence of consanguineous marriages among Mandaeans. The present study was carried out in 2016 to determine the prevalence of consanguinity among Iranian Mandaeans living in Khuzestan Province, south-west Iran. A total of 137 couples (urban areas: 79 couples; rural areas: 58 couples) were included in the study. Information on the consanguineous marriages of the subjects was collected through direct interviews. Marriages were classified by the degree of relationship between couples as double first cousins, first cousins, first cousin once removed, second cousins and unrelated marriages. The coefficient of inbreeding (F) was calculated for each couple and the mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) estimated for the population, stratified by rural and urban areas. The overall frequency of consanguinity was found to be 50.7% in urban and 86.2% in rural areas. There was a significant difference between rural and urban areas in types of marriages (χ2=24.8, df=4, p<0.001) and first cousin marriages (51.8%) were the most common type. The overall α-value was estimated to be 0.0363 for the Iranian Mandaean population.

scholarly journals Elders Being Happy and the Influencing Factors in Shivamogga, Karnataka, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gungurumale Laxminarasimhacharya Janardhana ◽  
Nanda Appaji
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Government Data ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Elders

Introduction: India ranks 4th in the elderly population. Ageing play an important role in the well being and associated factors. The present study was conducted to understand the feeling of the elderly residing in urban and rural areas of Shivamogga, Karnataka southern India. Methods: The study was conducted on 200 elderly by a questionnaire on their socio- demographic profile, health, residing place, lifestyle, life satisfaction, dissatisfaction, culture, tradition, the role of technology and government. Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: For most of the analysed factors rural elders had shown strong positive correlation compared to urban elders. Health condition is positively significant in rural elders (rs = 0.76, p > 0.05), when compared to urban elders (rs = 0.67, p > 0.05), the place of residing is having strong correlation with rural (rs = 0.97, p > 0.05), because they reside in their own home then urban (rs = 0.56, p > 0.05), as they reside in rented house hence their attachment to rented house is less than own home. Conclusion: The elders of rural-urban areas of shivamogga had shown positive significance with the selected factors, but the strong inclination is towards rural elders. The rural-urban divide and emotional psychological behaviours need further investigation

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