An Empirical Investigation of Requirements Specification Languages

2011 ◽  
pp. 125-147
Author(s):  
Erik Kamsties ◽  
Antje von Knethen ◽  
Jan Philipps
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Formal Specification ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Requirements Specification ◽  
Specification Languages ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Detection Of Defects

A well-known side-effect of applying requirements specification languages is that the formalization of informal requirements leads to the detection of defects such as omissions, conflicts, and ambiguities. However, there is little quantitative data available on this effect. This chapter presents an empirical study of requirements specification languages, in which two research questions are addressed: Which types of defects are detected by a requirements engineer during formalization? Which types of defects go undetected and what happens to those types in a formal specification? The results suggest looking explicitly for ambiguities during formalization, because they are less frequently detected than other types of defects. If they are detected, they require immediate clarification by the requirements author. The majority of ambiguities tend to become disambiguated unconsciously, that is, the correct interpretation was chosen, but without recurring to the requirements author. This is a serious problem, because implicit assumptions are known to be dangerous.

scholarly journals Exploring the Discursive Construction of Obedience: An Analysis of Application Letters for the Position of Executioner in Hitler’s Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Leisser ◽  
Katie Bray ◽  
Anaruth Hernández ◽  
Doha Nasr
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Discursive Construction ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Discursive Strategies ◽  
National Socialist State ◽  
Interdisciplinary Framework ◽  
Research Questions

AbstractThis article presents an empirical investigation into the construction of obedience in letters of applications mailed to National Socialist authorities for the position of executioner between the years 1933 and 1945. To this end, a corpus of 178 letters of application was compiled, annotated, and analyzed using the corpus analysis toolkits Antconc and Lancsbox. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the corpus was conducted. The findings were related to and interpreted from the perspectives of applied legal linguistics, stylistics, and legal history. The project aims to explore the construction of a shared discourse of obedience and how this discourse is operative in the letters of application. Drawing on an explorative interdisciplinary framework, this project seeks to answer the following research questions: Is obedience a construct in applicants’ letters of motivation? Which linguistic devices and discursive strategies are used by the executioners to express submission to officials of the National Socialist state? Are there variants of the construction of submission by applicants?

scholarly journals Lags in the release, adoption, and propagation of npm vulnerability fixes

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodin Chinthanet ◽  
Raula Gaikovina Kula ◽  
Shane McIntosh ◽  
Takashi Ishio ◽  
Akinori Ihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Software Ecosystem ◽  
Security Vulnerability ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Client Side

AbstractSecurity vulnerability in third-party dependencies is a growing concern not only for developers of the affected software, but for the risks it poses to an entire software ecosystem, e.g., Heartbleed vulnerability. Recent studies show that developers are slow to respond to the threat of vulnerability, sometimes taking four to eleven months to act. To ensure quick adoption and propagation of a release that contains the fix (fixing release), we conduct an empirical investigation to identify lags that may occur between the vulnerable release and its fixing release (package-side fixing release). Through a preliminary study of 231 package-side fixing release of npm projects on GitHub, we observe that a fixing release is rarely released on its own, with up to 85.72% of the bundled commits being unrelated to a fix. We then compare the package-side fixing release with changes on a client-side (client-side fixing release). Through an empirical study of the adoption and propagation tendencies of 1,290 package-side fixing releases that impact throughout a network of 1,553,325 releases of npm packages, we find that stale clients require additional migration effort, even if the package-side fixing release was quick (i.e., package-side fixing releasetypeSpatch). Furthermore, we show the influence of factors such as the branch that the package-side fixing release lands on and the severity of vulnerability on its propagation. In addition to these lags we identify and characterize, this paper lays the groundwork for future research on how to mitigate propagation lags in an ecosystem.

中國大陸內幕交易法介紹與刑事處罰實證研究：1997－2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 103-185
Author(s):  
林建中 林建中 ◽  
李揚 李揚
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Insider Trading ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Securities Law ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

內幕交易罪的處理，在證券法的發展歷史中，一直具有理論與實務上之重要意義。此一問題，在中國大陸相對初生但生猛且量體巨大的市場環境中如何被面對，從理論與比較法觀點，均具備特殊的研究價值。立法層面上，中國大陸法對於內幕交易的實體法構成，經二十多年的持續發展，已呈現出一定的複雜與完整面貌。然就執行層面視之，法院對於條文的理解與具體適用仍存在諸多爭議之處，同時，相關實證統計等資料的缺乏，也成為執行層面上對內幕交易罪研究的主要障礙之一。基於上述認識，本文立足於內幕交易刑事處罰執行層面的觀察，試圖呈現相關法律設計在中國大陸的司法實踐現狀。並通過1997年立法以來法院判決的實證研究，本文除一般性地檢驗內幕交易的執法情況外，同時針對法院在解釋犯罪構成上所呈現的爭議，進行進一步的評估。文中依照觀察面向的差異，特別鎖定三個重要的子議題：內幕信息的類型及其認定、被告「知悉」的司法判準、刑事處罰的比例性在內幕交易罪中的運用與體現。以上述實證研究結果為基礎，本文擬對於中國大陸內幕交易罪之司法執行效力提出評估，同時也補充性地可提供臺灣一定之參考。Insider trading has long been recognized as one of the key elements in modern securities law. As a massive but relatively young market, how China handles this issue is a topic rich in comparative value. On its face, the law and regulations prohibiting insider trading in securities transactions have already in place for more than two decades. However, their actual implementation, as well as how courts interpret the elements of insider trading offense in cases, are still obscure to outside observers. The lack of in-depth empirical investigation in its enforcement further creates an extra layer of complexity to the relevant research. Due to the problems mentioned above, this paper conducts an empirical study of the insider trading criminal cases, ranging from 1997 to 2019, to examine how insider trading cases are enforced in China. By observing the actual cases and their attributes, this paper presents a comprehensive picture of who commits insider trading law in China and how courts decide these cases. Three sub-set issues of the implementation are under special scrutiny:types of information and defendants; standard of proving defendant's scienter; and the relationship between sanction and illegal gain. Based on the results of this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of the enforcement on insider trading law in China in its first two decades of existence.

An Empirical Study on the Migration to OpenOffice.org in a Public Administration

2008 ◽  
pp. 818-832
Author(s):  
B. Rossi ◽  
M. Scotto ◽  
A. Sillitti ◽  
G. Succi
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Office Automation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
It Managers

The aim of the article is to report the results of a migration to Open Source Software (OSS) in one public administration. The migration focuses on the office automation field and, in particular, on the OpenOffice.org suite. We have analysed the transition to OSS considering qualitative and quantitative data collected with the aid of different tools. All the data have been always considered from the point of view of the different stakeholders involved, IT managers, IT technicians, and users. The results of the project have been largely satisfactory. However the results cannot be generalised due to some constraints, like the environment considered and the parallel use of the old solution. Nevertheless, we think that the data collected can be of valuable aid to managers wishing to evaluate a possible transition to OSS.

Quantitative Legal Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 383-466
Author(s):  
P. Ishwara Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Law Commission

Study of statistical data becomes inevitable because of the far-reaching socio-economic dimensions, demographic factors, and political implications of law’s operation. Quantitative legal research (QLR) insists on scientific measurement of the phenomena and appropriate generalization based on data analysis. The growing importance of QLR can be found in the policy making and implementing function of legislature, judiciary, and administration, and in the works of the Law Commission, policy researchers, and legal academicians. Designing of QLR entails framing of research questions, hypothesis formulation, and testing of the hypothesis in light of the statistical data collected. The sample size should be statistically appropriate and collection, organisation, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data in QLR needs to be systematic. Analysing quantitative data by focusing on proportion, central tendency, and deviation enables to observe trends.

From One Empirical Study to 150

2021 ◽  
pp. 90-105
Author(s):  
Henrich R. Greve
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Aspiration Level ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
Organizational Search ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Research Agendas ◽  
Research Stream ◽  
New Research

Performance feedback research examines how performance relative to the aspiration level on one or more organizational goals influences organizational search and change. It views the organization as solving problems presented by performance shortfalls, consistent with bounded rationality. This chapter examines the start of my research on performance feedback, the growth of this research stream, and how I and other participants in this research stream have sought to stimulate its growth and direct it toward interesting new research questions. In a series of notes on the steps this research stream has taken to advance our knowledge, I outline more general ideas on how research streams can become influential through recruitment of participants and setting of research agendas.

Secondary Analysis for Digitized Data

2022 ◽  
pp. 898-919
Author(s):  
Gennaro Iorio ◽  
Marco Palmieri ◽  
Geraldina Roberti
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Digital Society ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
The Web

Secondary analysis for quantitative data is a social research method traditionally employed for statistical analysis of administrative data. In the new digital society, this old research method that pre-existed the emergence of the new digital environment has been digitized to carry out its valuable activity in doing science. In this chapter, the secondary analysis for digitized data is illustrated. Thanks to the growing availability of datasets digitized on the web, the scholars of social well-being use the secondary analysis to inquiry this phenomenon through a cross-national perspective. The authors present the empirical study of World Love Index, in which the utility of the secondary analysis in finding and selecting valid indicators of social well-being is experienced.

scholarly journals The attitude of consumers towards “Made in Italy” products. An empirical analysis among Italian customers

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Cappelli ◽  
Fabrizio D’ascenzo ◽  
Roberto Ruggieri ◽  
Francesca Rossetti ◽  
Alessandra Scalingi
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Premium Price ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Standpoint ◽  
Made In

Abstract The paper is part of a broader research project studying consumer’s attitude towards “Made in Italy” products through empirical investigation. The research questions addressed are: 1) Does recognition in terms of the qualitative characterization of “Made in Italy” products exist? And if so, 2) are people willing to pay, in quantitative terms, a premium price for such products? From a theoretical standpoint, the research seeks to fill a gap in the literature, since studies combining the “made in” characteristic with measured “willingness to pay” are neither conventional nor numerous. The specific purpose of this contribution is to analyze the relationship between the purchase of “Made in Italy” products, recognition of the quality and willingness to pay a premium price on the part of Italian consumers, reporting the results of an empirical research. The survey involved a total of 315 Italian consumers while three commodity sectors were analysed: food, fashion and mechanical automation. The results confirm that there is a propensity to purchase “Made in Italy” products which does not seem to be a matter of irrational consumer behaviour. “Made in Italy” is confirmed as a conceptual category consolidated in the minds of consumers, since there is clear recognition of these products in terms of qualitative characterization. These and other results of the research (which need to be confirmed and extended with further empirical investigations) should prove relevant both to the literature and as indications for public policies and the strategies of companies operating in the sectors examined. For the literature this research can be useful because there is no complete overview of quantitative data on the premium price. It can also serve for public policies because quantification of the premium price can influence the choices and strategies of companies. This study shows a significant willingness to pay a premium price for the three sectors analyzed, although the premium price is not homogeneous: while the measures range mostly between 10 and 30%, higher values appear for products in the food sector.

Measurement of Discrimination Ability in Taste Tests: An Empirical Investigation

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Buchanan ◽  
Moshe Givon ◽  
Arieh Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Preference Ranking ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Product Testing ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Comparison Test ◽  
Discrimination Testing

For purposes of product testing, several tasks have been used to measure subjects’ discrimination ability (i.e., their ability to distinguish between two slightly different product formulations). Three of the more common tasks are repeat paired comparisons, triangle tests, and preference rankings. In this empirical study, the properties of these three tasks are compared. The repeat paired comparison test is found to be the most sensitive discrimination task, in that subjects demonstrate the greatest ability in distinguishing between formulations, and preference ranking is the least sensitive. The finding that discrimination ability measured by triangle tests is significantly correlated with that measured by paired comparisons lends support to the validity of consistent preference discrimination testing.

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