Traditional vs. Cognitive Learning

2006 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Lorna Uden ◽  
Chris Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Constructivist Learning ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Methods Of Learning ◽  
Traditional Approaches

In order to help our readers to have a better understanding of the PBL process, we feel that it is important first to understand something about traditional methods of learning and cognitive learning. Since the focus of PBL is to help students to learn better, an understanding of learning itself would give a better perspective of the process in PBL. This chapter will look at traditional approaches in learning and compare them with cognitive learning. This is followed by constructivist learning, a type of cognitive learning. Several models of constructivist learning are briefly reviewed.

scholarly journals Does Spelling Still Matter—and If So, How Should It Be Taught? Perspectives from Contemporary and Historical Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Pan ◽  
Timothy C. Rickard ◽  
Robert A. Bjork
Keyword(s):  
Approaches To Teaching ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Spelling Instruction ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Traditional Approaches

AbstractA century ago, spelling skills were highly valued and widely taught in schools using traditional methods, such as weekly lists, drill exercises, and low- and high-stakes spelling tests. That approach was featured in best-selling textbooks such as the Horn-Ashbaugh Speller of 1920. In the early 21st century, however, skepticism as to the importance of spelling has grown, some schools have deemphasized or abandoned spelling instruction altogether, and there has been a proliferation of non-traditional approaches to teaching spelling. These trends invite a reevaluation of the role of spelling in modern English-speaking societies and whether the subject should be explicitly taught (and if so, what are research-supported methods for doing so). In this article, we examine the literature to address whether spelling skills are still important enough to be taught, summarize relevant evidence, and argue that a comparison of common approaches to spelling instruction in the early 20th century versus more recent approaches provides some valuable insights. We also discuss the value of explicit spelling instruction and highlight potentially effective ways to implement such instruction, including the use of spelling tests. Overall, our goals are to better characterize the role of spelling skills in today’s society and to identify several pedagogical approaches—some derived from traditional methods and others that are more recent—that hold promise for developing such skills in efficient and effective ways.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES – THE FUTURE OF YOUTHS

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-20
Author(s):  
N. Lazaryan
Keyword(s):  
Educational Technology ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Interactive Technology ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Technology Learning ◽  
Design Learning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Methods Of Learning

The article discusses innovations in educational technology that have replaced traditional Methods of learning. Innovation involves all facets of the didactic process. Types Organization, content and learning technologies, teaching and learning. BasicInteractive learning technologies, design learning technologies, computer technologies Forms and methods of interactive technology learning are identified and described. In particular: the problem of lecture activities, seminar - discussions, educational discussions, "brainstorming "assault, didactic games, etc.

A Gene Expression Signature that Predicts the Future Onset of Drug-Induced Renal Tubular Toxicity

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Fielden ◽  
Barrett P. Eynon ◽  
Georges Natsoulis ◽  
Kurt Jarnagin ◽  
Deborah Banas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Signature ◽  
Small Data ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
The Future ◽  
Renal Tubular ◽  
Traditional Approaches

One application of genomics in drug safety assessment is the identification of biomarkers to predict compound toxicity before it is detected using traditional approaches, such as histopathology. However, many genomic approaches have failed to demonstrate superiority to traditional methods, have not been appropriately validated on external samples, or have been derived using small data sets, thus raising concerns of their general applicability. Using kidney gene expression profiles from male SD rats treated with 64 nephrotoxic or non-nephrotoxic compound treatments, a gene signature consisting of only 35 genes was derived to predict the future development of renal tubular degeneration weeks before it appears histologically following short-term test compound administration. By comparison, histopathology or clinical chemistry fails to predict the future development of tubular degeneration, thus demonstrating the enhanced sensitivity of gene expression relative to traditional approaches. In addition, the performance of the signature was validated on 21 independent compound treatments structurally distinct from the training set. The signature correctly predicted the ability of test compounds to induce tubular degeneration 76% of the time, far better than traditional approaches. This study demonstrates that genomic data can be more sensitive than traditional methods for the early prediction of compound-induced pathology in the kidney.

scholarly journals INNOVATIVE METHODS OF LEARNING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES. MULTIMEDIA AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES

2016 ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
I. I. Filipovich
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Foreign Language Learning ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Computer Technologies ◽  
Methods Of Learning ◽  
Traditional Approaches

The article reviews innovative approaches to a foreign language learning which employs multimedia and computer technologies. It proves the necessity of the new methods introduction and their difference from traditional approaches. The article shows some advantages of innovative methods and some difficulties of its integration into the learning process. It also defines the role of the Language teacher in the renewed learning process.

scholarly journals Shifting towards online training-Possible challenges from Educators/Trainers perspective in Indian setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-623
Author(s):  
Snehil Singh ◽  
Sanjay Gupta ◽  
Lokesh Sharma ◽  
Mainak Chatterjee ◽  
Sumeet Juneja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Teaching ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Indian Setting ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Methods Of Learning ◽  
Teaching Learning

Worldwide metastasis of novel coronavirus COVID-19 has caused immense alterations among every walk of human existence and social interaction(1). Education and training sector being as vulnerable to these adjustments as any other domain(2). Owing to its extremely infectious nature, the COVID-19 pandemic enforced the closure of training institutes globally. All the traditional classroom training were restricted as an instant consequence, to achieve the norms of social distancing which can perhaps aid in obliterating the infection curve and lessen the resultant fatalities(3). Educational institutions in India predominantly bank on traditional methods of training, utilizing conventional setup of in-person training and lectures in a teaching space. While over the years, there is a marked shift towards blended learning, still most of the academic institutes are guided by the existing orthodox learning methodologies. An unexpected outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic caused by Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2) shuddered the entire world (4). This complete shutdown kind of circumstances has tested the education system globally and coerced the educators to shift to digital platforms and online modules almost instantaneously. Academic institutions were required to shift from their traditional pedagogical approach to online teaching-learning. The article recognises the possible barriers to swiftly shift from traditional methods of learning towards e-learning among adult professionals through analysing the limitations faced by the authors while converting and conducting traditional trainings into e-trainings at The National Cold Chain and Vaccine Management Resource Centre (NCCVMRC-NIHFW), New Delhi. This article also put some light on methodologies that could assist academic institutions in dealing with challenges associated with shifting towards e-learning.

scholarly journals Chinese Traditional Handicraft Education Using AR Content

Leonardo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Ji ◽  
Peng Tan ◽  
Damian Hills
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Interactive Simulation ◽  
Embodied Interaction ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Emergent Technologies ◽  
Virtual Devices ◽  
Simulation Results

This paper proposes a new Chinese traditional handicraft learning mode through embodied interaction using WebAR technology. It details how emergent technologies for cognitive learning can enhance learning in the teaching of a traditional handicraft. A study is presented where students learn about traditional handicrafts with a whole-body interactive simulation utilizing WebAR devices, and this is compared to traditional methods using a desktop version for the simulation. Results show that the Chinese traditional handicraft learning mode based on WebAR affords embodied interaction and improves learning between real context and virtual devices; thus WebAR devices enhance embodied interaction of traditional handicraft simulations. This contribution is highly relevant for users who aim to learn and be creative in different contexts that deliver new forms of Chinese traditional handicraft learning.

scholarly journals Learning the Koto

2013 ◽  
pp. 18-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Halliwell
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Traditional Teaching ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Traditional Teaching Methods ◽  
Methods Of Learning

This paper examines traditionally-oriented teaching and learning processes in Japanese koto music. Earlier evaluations (negative and positive) by Western scholars are introduced, together with a brief comparison to Western practices. A distinction is made between "inside" and "outside" students; the former have greater exposure to music and speech about music, and teaching methods also may differ. Traditional methods of learning through imitation are shown to have other musical goals besides the transmission of musical "text." Playing together is fundamental; teachers may use speech, shôga (oral representation of instrumental sound), or purely musical means to convey information to the student. Notation, often used nowadays, is nevertheless of relatively minor importance. The dominant values underlying traditional teaching methods are expressed through the phrase "if you can steal it, that's OK." Finally, concepts of "text" and "interpretation" are considered in relation to values concerning change in traditional koto music.

Statistical Analysis of Screening Studies in Toxicology with Special Emphasis on Neurotoxicology

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shayne C. Gad
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Control Charts ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Principles Of Design ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Screens have a common set of operating characteristics that are not widely appreciated and that make traditional approaches to statistical analysis both insensitive and inefficient in comparison to other available methods. Traditional methods also do not incorporate additional data as it is generated. Such incorporation would serve to strengthen both the design and analysis processes and is essential in the case of screens. Traditional methods of analysis (contingency tables, rank sum, and ANOVA methods) are overviewed briefly, and their weaknesses are discussed. The concept of power and the factors influencing it are discussed. Alternative approaches to analysis of univariate (control charts and central tendency plots) and multivariate (analog contrast plots and multidimensional cluster plots) data from screens are presented, and their performance is evaluated. The resulting general principles of design and analysis of screens for neurotoxicology are presented. The alternative approaches are shown to be superior to traditional approaches in performance toward meeting the objectives of screens.

scholarly journals Environmental DNA provides higher resolution assessment of riverine biodiversity and ecosystem function via spatio-temporal nestedness and turnover partitioning

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew Seymour ◽  
François K. Edwards ◽  
Bernard J. Cosby ◽  
Iliana Bista ◽  
Peter M. Scarlett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Function ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Biodiversity And Ecosystem Function ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Effective Assessment ◽  
Traditional Approaches

AbstractRapidly assessing biodiversity is essential for environmental monitoring; however, traditional approaches are limited in the scope needed for most ecological systems. Environmental DNA (eDNA) based assessment offers enhanced scope for assessing biodiversity, while also increasing sampling efficiency and reducing processing time, compared to traditional methods. Here we investigated the effects of landuse and seasonality on headwater community richness and functional diversity, via spatio-temporal dynamics, using both eDNA and traditional sampling. We found that eDNA provided greater resolution in assessing biodiversity dynamics in time and space, compared to traditional sampling. Community richness was seasonally linked, peaking in spring and summer, with temporal turnover having a greater effect on community composition compared to localized nestedness. Overall, our assessment of ecosystem function shows that community formation is driven by regional resource availability, implying regional management requirements should be considered. Our findings show that eDNA based ecological assessment is a powerful, rapid and effective assessment strategy that enables complex spatio-temporal studies of community diversity and ecosystem function, previously infeasible using traditional methods.

scholarly journals A stochastic approach for measuring the uncertainty of claims reserves

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (81) ◽  
pp. 409-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Domingues Ramos de Carvalho ◽  
João Vinícius de França Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Stochastic Methods ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Capital Shortage ◽  
Traditional Approaches

ABSTRACT This paper aims to obtain metrics for quantifying the variability of technical provisions for claims by making use of deterministic and stochastic models. In short, everything that the traditional methods do not provide (measures of variability and capital insufficiency) are of fundamental importance for efficient actuarial management. The proposed methodology reveals the probability of insufficiency of the allocated capital to cover the commitments assumed by the insurer. In order to maintain resources to cover the indemnities payable to the insured, insurance companies include technical provisions in their balance sheets. Technical provisions are estimates and are therefore a source of fluctuations in the profit and loss statement of insurers, so understanding and protecting against these adverse variations is fundamental for efficient actuarial management. The stochastic approach enables internal models to be studied for solvency capital, which is a subject that lacks studies in the Brazilian market, and which is determined by a standard model pre-defined by the regulatory body. Stochastic modeling was proposed for Incurred But Not Reported Reserve using bootstrapping and, to validate this approach, the results were compared with the traditional approaches using real Motor Hull and Motor Third Part Liability data from a Brazilian insurance company. There are advantages of adopting stochastic methods instead of deterministic ones to determine technical provisions for claims, since it is possible to empirically estimate the probability distributions. The quantiles of these curves reveal the estimated probability of the real value exceeding a particular level of provisioning in order to extract the probability of capital shortage that the traditional methods do not provide. In addition, the results show that the traditional methods are too conservative, allocating more capital than necessary.

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