Utilization of Resources

2011 ◽  
pp. 63-79
Author(s):  
José António Candeias Bonito Filipe ◽  
Manuel Alberto Martins Ferreira ◽  
Manuel Francisco Pacheco Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Ethical Problem ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Time Required

Anti-Commons Theory is an interesting theme that is being developed in the area of property rights since the 80’s. It intends to explain why an “anti-commons” emerges and why resources may be prone to under-use. In an anti-commons situation there are too many exclusion rights that lead to the under-use of resources. In Portugal, too many people (and institutions) have been involved in the approval processes of aquaculture projects. They may be involved in reaching a decision about the approval of a project which gives rise to the under-utilization of the resources that promoters aimed to exploit. Actually, it takes so long to approve a project that the time required for its implementation may be excessively delayed. This kind of problem results typically from bureaucratic environment. An ethical problem rises with this phenomenon. Projects may not go forward and all the amounts spent in the project will be lost. Besides, a viable project simply can be gone, with all the inherent losses of value.

Physicians and Patients Perception of a Problem as Ethically Relevant in Oncohematology: Only a Question of Perspective?

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 4682-4682
Author(s):  
Giulio Giordano ◽  
Dario Sacchini ◽  
Giuliana Farina ◽  
Silvia Piano ◽  
Ignacio Carrasco de Paula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Problem ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
Perinatal Medicine ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Ethical Consultation ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Clinical Counselling ◽  
Medical Specialities ◽  
Clinical Diary

Abstract Ethical issues are connatural with the medical activity. Moral questions regarding some medical specialities as obstetrics or pre or perinatal medicine are well known. Nevertheless few is known about ethical problems perceived as remarkable from physicians and patients in onco-hematology. This is a retrospective monocentric descriptive study. Its purpose is to recognize, in oncohematology, what are the problems perceived as ethically relevant both from physicians and patients. Ethical issues regarding onco-hematologic patients were recognized consulting clinical diary of 100 patients treated in our institution. Patients have casually been selected in the temporal period from January 2004 to June of 2008. Ethical questions were listed in two groups: those perceived as remarkable for the physicians and those for the patients. Median age of the patients was 54.5 years (R 33–86). M/F was 55/45. Sixty-one patients were affected by chronic or indolent hemopathies. Sixty-six patients received 1st line therapy, instead 34 2nd line or superior. Seventy-five patients had primary school instruction, 22 secondary, 3 had got a degree. Eighty patients were assisted by a relative. Twenty-nine patients perceived a problem as ethically relevant (5 compliance to treatments; 5 refusal of treatment; 7 intolerance to hospitalization; 9 scarce trust in caregivers; 3 difficulty to understand the therapeutic plan). In 38 cases physicians perceived a problem as ethically relevant (8 over treatment; 7 type of treatment to adopt; 8 correct timing of therapy; 11 correct use of resources; 4 adequacy of treatment). Physicians perceived these problems mainly about patients requiring 2nd line treatment or further (28 cases out of 38). In 12 cases only patients perceived a problem, in 21 cases only physicians perceived a problem, while in 17 cases a problem was perceived as ethically relevant by physicians and patients simultaneously. In our study, in onco-hematology the main issue perceived by patients as ethically relevant is the scarce trust in caregivers, while for physicians it is the correct use of resources. Physicians perceive an ethical problem mainly considering patient candidate to 2nd line treatment or further. In 24% of cases, a problem perceived as ethically relevant by patients is underestimated by physicians. In this contest the possibility of an ethical consultation within a clinical counselling might create a convergence between physician and patient perspective.

scholarly journals Development of a Low-Power Underwater NFC-Enabled Sensor Device for Seaweed Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4649
Author(s):  
Caroline Peres ◽  
Masoud Emam ◽  
Hamed Jafarzadeh ◽  
Marco Belcastro ◽  
Brendan O’Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Environmental Sensors ◽  
Mooring Lines ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost

Aquaculture farming faces challenges to increase production while maintaining welfare of livestock, efficiently use of resources, and being environmentally sustainable. To help overcome these challenges, remote and real-time monitoring of the environmental and biological conditions of the aquaculture site is highly important. Multiple remote monitoring solutions for investigating the growth of seaweed are available, but no integrated solution that monitors different biotic and abiotic factors exists. A new integrated multi-sensing system would reduce the cost and time required to deploy the system and provide useful information on the dynamic forces affecting the plants and the associated biomass of the harvest. In this work, we present the development of a novel miniature low-power NFC-enabled data acquisition system to monitor seaweed growth parameters in an aquaculture context. It logs temperature, light intensity, depth, and motion, and these data can be transmitted or downloaded to enable informed decision making for the seaweed farmers. The device is fully customisable and designed to be attached to seaweed or associated mooring lines. The developed system was characterised in laboratory settings to validate and calibrate the embedded sensors. It performs comparably to commercial environmental sensors, enabling the use of the device to be deployed in commercial and research settings.

scholarly journals Intellectual Property Rights: The Other Side of the Coin

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (IV) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Rao Raza Hashim ◽  
Bushra Arfeen
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global North ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest

The modern world operates on the survival of the fittest rule. Hence, there is cutthroat competition among the states, and every state is striving for greater economic development. Development is based on the minimal use of resources which in turn is dependent upon technological innovations. These innovations incur huge research and development costs and can easily be copied to serve as the basis for further developments by the rivals. Thus, the idea of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) was introduced. While there are many advantages that these rights have to offer, they also prove to be deleterious in some ways as they also play a role in restricting innovation by the global North, which further widens the gap between both worlds. This paper traces the history of the IPR and develops an argument that proposes that IPR has been a cause of inequalities and has restricted innovation.

The Critical Point Drying Method Applied to Scanning Electron Microscopy of L-929 Cells

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
Charles TurnbiLL ◽  
Delbert E. Philpott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Scanning Electron

The advent of the scanning electron microscope (SCEM) has renewed interest in preparing specimens by avoiding the forces of surface tension. The present method of freeze drying by Boyde and Barger (1969) and Small and Marszalek (1969) does prevent surface tension but ice crystal formation and time required for pumping out the specimen to dryness has discouraged us. We believe an attractive alternative to freeze drying is the critical point method originated by Anderson (1951; for electron microscopy. He avoided surface tension effects during drying by first exchanging the specimen water with alcohol, amy L acetate and then with carbon dioxide. He then selected a specific temperature (36.5°C) and pressure (72 Atm.) at which carbon dioxide would pass from the liquid to the gaseous phase without the effect of surface tension This combination of temperature and, pressure is known as the "critical point" of the Liquid.

Search mode for rapid detection of virus particles

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Search Mode ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Focus Image ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Rapid Switching

Electron microscopy is frequently used in preliminary diagnosis of plant virus diseases by surveying negatively stained preparations of crude extracts of leaf samples. A major limitation of this method is the time required to survey grids when the concentration of virus particles (VPs) is low. A rapid survey of grids for VPs is reported here; the method employs a low magnification, out-of-focus Search Mode similar to that used for low dose electron microscopy of radiation sensitive specimens. A higher magnification, in-focus Confirm Mode is used to photograph or confirm the detection of VPs. Setting up the Search Mode by obtaining an out-of-focus image of the specimen in diffraction (K. H. Downing and W. Chiu, private communications) and pre-aligning the image in Search Mode with the image in Confirm Mode facilitates rapid switching between Modes.

Microwaves: Application in Electron Microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
Anthony S-Y Leong ◽  
David W Gove
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Tissue Fixation ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Dipolar Molecules ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cryostat Sections

Microwaves (MW) are electromagnetic waves which are commonly generated at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. When dipolar molecules such as water, the polar side chains of proteins and other molecules with an uneven distribution of electrical charge are exposed to such non-ionizing radiation, they oscillate through 180° at a rate of 2,450 million cycles/s. This rapid kinetic movement results in accelerated chemical reactions and produces instantaneous heat. MWs have recently been applied to a wide range of procedures for light microscopy. MWs generated by domestic ovens have been used as a primary method of tissue fixation, it has been applied to the various stages of tissue processing as well as to a wide variety of staining procedures. This use of MWs has not only resulted in drastic reductions in the time required for tissue fixation, processing and staining, but have also produced better cytologic images in cryostat sections, and more importantly, have resulted in better preservation of cellular antigens.

Clinical Update: Functional Capacity Evaluations—An Update

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Welch
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Disability Evaluation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Submaximal Effort ◽  
Lack Of Sleep ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Specific Limitation

Abstract Functional capacity evaluations (FCEs) have become an important component of disability evaluation during the past 10 years to assess an individual's ability to perform the essential or specific functions of a job, both preplacement and during rehabilitation. Evaluating both job performance and physical ability is a complex assessment, and some practitioners are not yet certain that an FCE can achieve these goals. An FCE is useful only if it predicts job performance, and factors that should be assessed include overall performance; consistency of performance across similar areas of the FCE; consistency between observed behaviors during the FCE and limitations or abilities reported by the worker; objective changes (eg, blood pressure and pulse) that are appropriate relative to performance; external factors (illness, lack of sleep, or medication); and a coefficient of variation that can be measured and assessed. FCEs can identify specific movement patterns or weaknesses; measure improvement during rehabilitation; identify a specific limitation that is amenable to accommodation; and identify a worker who appears to be providing a submaximal effort. FCEs are less reliable at predicting injury risk; they cannot tell us much about endurance over a time period longer than the time required for the FCE; and the FCE may measure simple muscular functions when the job requires more complex ones.

The Origins and Consequences of Property Rights

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Harris ◽  
Meina Cai ◽  
Ilia Murtazashvili ◽  
Jennifer Murtazashvili
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document