Is Turkey a Favorable Environment for FDIs?

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-170
Author(s):  
Memduh Alper Demir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Economic Freedom Index ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this chapter is to measure the impact of institutional variables such as economic freedom and democracy on foreign direct investment from the European Union to Turkey. In this framework, the author models institutional factors affecting foreign direct investments. The model includes economic freedom index, political rights, civil liberties of Turkey, and Gross Domestic Products of selected European countries. In theoretical part, the perspective of institutional economics on economic freedoms and democracy is discussed. A brief literature about the relationship between foreign direct investments and economic freedoms and democracy is revealed. Stochastic frontier analysis was used in the implementation to show the relationship between variables and efficiency of European countries' foreign direct investments to Turkey. Proposals for policy implication have been made in the conclusion part. This chapter shows civil liberties and economic freedom index have positive effect on foreign direct investments that supports institutionalists.

Money Matters: Dissecting the Relationship Between Gender Equality and Female Homicide Victimization Rates in the European Union

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet P. Stamatel
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Homicide Victimization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Victimization Rates

This study utilized a fairly new measure of gender equality from the European Union to dissect the relationship between gender-specific homicide victimization rates and different forms of gender equality across a sample of European countries. Results showed support for a curvilinear relationship between financial equality and female and male homicide victimization, providing support for amelioration and backlash theories, but no support for absolute economic marginalization. While there were some similarities between the female and male models, there were enough differences to warrant further investigations of gendered theories of violent victimization.

scholarly journals The Relationships between Economic and Political Liberalization and the Kuznets Curve

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Nişancı ◽  
Ahmet Fatih Aydemir ◽  
Bengü Tosun ◽  
Ömer Selçuk Emsen
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
National Development ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Political Liberalization ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

Per capita income and income distribution are defined as classical Kuznets curve. From this view, the relationship between per capita income and income distribution is controlled variables and studies that take environmental pollution, financial depth, or trade volume into account are widely seen in the literature according to the study objectives. Respectively, these applications can be named first as environmental Kuznets and secondly as financial Kuznets. As parallel to this view, the studies that emphasize the relationship between export and income distribution are common in the literature, representing economic liberalization. It is also worth noting that political liberalization whether political rights or civil liberties, supports the trend that emerges like the Kuznets’ curve, according to the level of development of the countries. In this study, when the level of national development is taken into consideration, the relationships between per capita income and economic and political liberalization practices have been tested with econometric tests, whether they follow a classical, environmental, commercial or financial Kuznets-like situation. In addition to the classical, environmental, commercial and financial Kuznets, the existence of the “political liberalization practices” will be discussed in the literature in order to overlap the theoretical expectations and the results of this study. In the analysis of the 2012 horizontal cross-section of the country group with the highest Gini coefficient, Kuznets' “inverse U” view is reflected in both commercial and political liberalization dimensions.

scholarly journals Economic Freedoms and Economic Growth: An Investigation on Emerging Market Economies

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bedriye Tunçsiper ◽  
Ömer Faruk Biçen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Emerging Market Economies ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
Economic Freedom Index ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Business Freedom

The common view in the economics theory relating to the fact that economic freedom will raise labor productivity and it will provide effective use of scarce resources becomes a current issue with the increase in the number of papers investigating the effect of economic freedom on economic growth. One of the main reasons of the increasing number of those papers is that economic freedom can be measured quantitatively (numerically) through the indexes calculated by various institutions. In this paper, the relationship between economic freedoms and economic growth for some emerging market economies is investigated. In estimating of the relationship between economic freedoms and economic growth, overall economic freedom index, property right index, business freedom index, trade freedom index and investment freedom index, which was created by the Heritage Foundation was used. Investment/GDP ratio and population dependency ratio are also control variables in the model. In the paper, in which panel fixed effect model was used, property right index, investment freedom index and population dependency ratio affect economic growth negatively, but business freedom index, trade freedom index and investment/GDP ratio affect economic growth positively. It isn’t found that there is a significantly relationship between overall economic freedom index and economic growth.

scholarly journals Greater or Reduced Economic Freedom? Consequences Following From Contemporary Economic Crisis

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Wojciech Jarecki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Freedom Index ◽  
Fraser Institute

The paper is aimed at stating if economic crisis observed during the period 2007-2009 will give rise to greater or reduced economic freedom. Seeking the answer to this question, Economic Freedom Index developed by Fraser Institute during the period 2007-2010 was subject to analysis. The research covered the European Union and the United States of America.

scholarly journals The Role of European Integration in Ensuring Economic Security

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
A. Stavytskyy
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Security Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Security Index ◽  
High Level

The paper considers the issue of ensuring the level of economic security in Europe. Based on the panel gravity model, a regression was estimated for 49 European countries for 1991–2017. The investigation tested six different hypothesis about the channels of dissimilation of economic security level in Europe. The results provided an opportunity to determine the factors affecting the spread of a high level of economic security to neighbouring countries. It was stated that some factors play an important role in the process of exchanging best practices, technologies, human capital, etc. In particular, such factors can be mentioned: the economic security index of the neighbouring country, the difference in the indices of economic security between countries, the distance between countries, the existence of common borders, the country’s participation in the European Union, the introduction of the euro in the country. It was shown that European countries have not yet exhausted the potential of developing their own economic security. For example, the expansion of the European Union, of course, subject to the principles of its functioning, can increase the general security level by about 1,5 %. Also, it was stated that distances cease to play a decisive role for the spreading the technologies, goods, services. This means that taking into account the development of Europe’s transport infrastructure, it is possible to quickly disseminate the latest trends in economic security among countries. Economic growth and equalization in economic conditions offset the differences between countries. The growth of the economic security index in neighbouring countries is sufficiently significant. Thus, it is beneficial for all countries to have prosperous neighbours around them. At the same time, an increase in the economic security index is possible only with a significant increase in competition.

scholarly journals The relationship between government, market and enterprises in Vietnam

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
Dao Thi Thieu Ha
Keyword(s):  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Freedom Index ◽  
Ease Of Doing Business ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

This article analyses the reality relationship among government, market and enterprises in Vietnam in the period of 1996-2012. We find out that: (i) the effectiveness of government indicators such as ease of doing business index, the economic freedom index, the government effectiveness indicators (belong to the governance indicators) improved considerably overtime but have not reached the average level of the world; (ii) the relationship between government and enterprises has not been clear-cut. As a result, though many reforms have been conducted, state owned enterprises still take up a high percentage in many industries and enjoy multiple preferential polices while operate inefficiently. This articles also points out the reasons of the situation and gives some recommendations for solving those problems.

scholarly journals Economics Of Freedom: An Empirical Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza G. Hamzaee ◽  
G. Rod Erfani
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

Human freedom, and therefore, quality of life in many countries of the world have been restricted and diminished. Economic freedom and a controversial issue of interrelationship between economic and political freedom are empirically examined here. In several empirical estimations, embodying 155 countries of the world, some tight as well as statistically significant relationships are detected between economic freedom, on the one hand, and civil liberties, political rights, and political freedom, on the other.

Crisis and Inequality in the European Union

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-452
Author(s):  
Ignacio Amate-Fortes ◽  
Almudena Guarnido-Rueda ◽  
Agustín Molina-Morales
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Economic Freedom Index

The objective of this work is to analyse the factors that influence a greater or lesser inequality in income distribution in the 27 EU countries, paying particular attention to the effect that the economic crisis has had. For this purpose we have used panel data covering a period of 16 years (from 1996 to 2011, inclusive), and we have introduced additional variables over and above those normally used, such as the ideology of the governing party, the economic freedom index, as well as the ‘crisis’ variable. The results obtained enable us to conclude that while the economic crisis has not necessarily caused a worsening in inequality, the response of European governments by means of social policy has not so far proved effective in the fight against the lack of equality in income distribution.

scholarly journals Central and Eastern European Countries Toward the Belt and Road Initiative: The Role of 16+1 Initiative

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-36
Author(s):  
Monika Bąk
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Belt And Road

The 16+1 concept (including 16 Central and Eastern European countries and China) is complementary to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This article explores different aspects of cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), focusing on the perception of cooperation through the prism of foreign direct investments (FDI) and individual Central and Eastern Europe-16 (CEE-16) countries (bilateral links between China and a given country against the background of CEE-16). This article is an attempt to present and interpret facts and issues related to cooperation as well as to explore rational applications in terms of future forms of cooperation. It is clear that there is a need to develop more effective mechanisms of cooperation, using the established secretariats and other institutions beyond them. The article also makes recommendations for bilateral cooperation between China and individual countries, including actions at the regional level. Moreover, the postulates resulting from this analysis indicate the need to harmonize and improve the availability of economic data relating to economic cooperation within the framework of the 16+1 initiative, especially in the context of the group of European countries outside the European Union (EU).

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