Characteristics Acquired by European and Non-European Immigrants

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Rocio Aliaga Isla
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
The Creation

Studies on immigrant entrepreneurship have focused on some groups of immigrants according their ethnicity and citizenship. Nonetheless, there is a configuration of immigrants inside Spain that has been neglected in research arenas. This study analyzes which factors at individual level influence the creation of businesses by EU and non-EU immigrants. Factors acquired in home and host country are considered. Hypotheses are tested using multivariate analysis. Employing data from the National Immigrant Survey of Spain – ENI-2007, the findings showed immigrants who owned or managed a business in their home country have higher probability to create a business. Among factors acquired in Spain, the experience in occupation was the more relevant for EU immigrants. However, the experience in construction sector was significant for non-EU immigrants. Furthermore, the exposure to Spanish context and social contacts were significant, increasing the probability of creating a business by non-EU immigrants in Spain.

Rethinking the literature on “multiple embeddedness” and subsidiary-specific advantages

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Ferraris
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Entire Network ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Country Specific

Purpose – This paper aims to synthesize the literature on embeddedness of MNE subsidiaries, rethinking the concept of “multiple embeddedness” in order to clarify the importance of the subsidiary-specific advantages. Design/methodology/approach – A new and innovative framework based on four key relationships: home country-specific advantages (CSAs)-Headquarters (HQ); HQ-subsidiary; subsidiary-host CSAs; and subsidiary-HQ. This framework is used to discuss the complex phenomenon of “multiple embeddedness”. Findings – The framework proposed sheds light on the subsidiary's need to develop and sustain over time its subsidiary-specific advantages (SSAs) and, where possible, to “upgrade” these SSAs and to integrate them across the entire network of the MNE. The framework is based on two pillars. The first one is the “creation and development” of firm-specific advantages (FSAs) (in the home country) and SSAs (in the host country); the second one is the “transfer” of these advantages from the parent to the subsidiary and vice versa. In addition, several interesting interrelations are found between the four main relationships, and the central role of the recombination capabilities and the importance of distance are highlighted. Originality/value – This paper is one of the first to develop a framework incorporating all the relevant relationships in multiple embeddedness. The framework is innovative and “embeddedness” is analyzed in a novel way, as many studies only partially analyze this complex phenomenon and neglect one or more of these relationships.

Transnational Entrepreneurship: Determinants of Firm Type and Owner Attributions of Success

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1023-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Sequeira ◽  
Jon C. Carr ◽  
Abdul A. Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
Primary Success ◽  
Firm Type ◽  
Transnational Entrepreneurship

Building on a typology of transnational firm types, developed by Landolt, Autler, and Baires in 1999, we examine whether immigrant attitudes toward the host country and their degree of embeddedness in the home country can predict the specific type of transnational enterprise that an immigrant is likely to begin. We also investigate whether the determinants of success of transnational enterprises vary by firm type. Based on a sample of 1,202 transnational business owners drawn from the Comparative Immigrant Entrepreneurship Project database, our analyses indicate general support for our hypotheses. More specifically, we found that transnational entrepreneurs‘ positive perceptions of host country opportunities and greater embeddedness in home country activities helped predict the specific type of ventures they would undertake. Further, the degree of embeddedness in the home country may influence the determinants of success for these types of firms. Depending on firm type, owners attributed their primary success to either personal characteristics, social support, or to the quality of their products and services.

scholarly journals Understanding immigrant entrepreneurship: a home-country entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carson Duan ◽  
Kamaljeet Sandhu ◽  
Bernice Kotey
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Home Country ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurs ◽  
Country Effects ◽  
Entrepreneurial Capital

PurposeGiven the importance of immigration and immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies, the authors take an entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective to study the home-country benefits possessed by immigrant entrepreneurs and how home-country entrepreneurial ecosystem factors affect immigrant entrepreneurial motivations, activities and outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual research paper follows McGaghie, Bordage and Shea's (2001) four-step new theory creation process, which suggests that new theories can be created through facts extraction from the extant literature.FindingsThe authors propose that although immigrant entrepreneurs are unable to take full benefit of the host-country entrepreneurial ecosystem due to blocked mobility, they do have capabilities to access and use their home-country entrepreneurial resources and opportunities. The authors further propose that home-country entrepreneurial capital can be systemically analyzed through the framework of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The results imply that immigrant entrepreneurship as a social and economic phenomenon can be studied more holistically from both host- and home-country perspectives compared to the traditional research boundary of the host-country only.Research limitations/implicationsThe research focuses on the identification of home-country effects on immigrant entrepreneurship through the lens of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Testable propositions provide directions for future empirical research on the field of immigrant entrepreneurship from a home-country perspective. The research concludes that a holistic immigrant entrepreneurship study should consider dual (host- and home-country) entrepreneurial ecosystems.Practical implicationsImmigrant entrepreneurs benefit from both host- and home-country entrepreneurial ecosystems. This paper suggests co-effects of dual entrepreneurial ecosystems lead to a high rate of entrepreneurship and business success within some immigrant groups. Policymakers can increase economic activities by developing and deploying programs to encourage immigrants to embed in host- and home-country entrepreneurial ecosystems.Originality/valueBased on the framework of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, this paper brings a novel perspective to examining home-country effects on immigrant entrepreneurship. It theoretically conceptualizes that immigrants have higher entrepreneurship rates than native-born populations because they have access to extra home-country entrepreneurial capital.

American Management Consulting Companies in Western Europe, 1920 to 1990: Products, Reputation, and Relationships

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Kipping
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Management Consulting ◽  
Local Elite ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Consulting Companies

This article surveys the expansion of American management consulting companies to Western Europe in the twentieth century. It focuses on the way these consultancies built and sustained activities outside their home country. A number of elements facilitated expansion abroad, including the creation of new and distinctive “products,” or approaches to management, and the use of domestic multinational clients as “bridges” to foreign countries. But to be successful in the long run, American consulting companies needed to create relationships with clients in the host country. In this respect, social and, sometimes, political contacts with the local elite, usually established through a few well-connected individuals, proved a crucial advantage.

Too Old to Forget: The Dynamics of Political Trust among Immigrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 003232172098089
Author(s):  
Chiara Superti ◽  
Noam Gidron
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Institutional Interaction ◽  
Trust In Institutions ◽  
Age At Migration ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Point Of Reference

Scholars have argued that immigrants’ trust in institutions is the result of the exposure to host-country institutions but also shaped by past experiences in the country of origin. These experiences create a “home-country point of reference,” a political/institutional memory that becomes the relevant comparison for any political/institutional interaction in the host country. We develop further this concept and unpack its key determinants—the age at migration and the historical conditions of the home country at the specific time of migration. Only those immigrants who were too old to forget the historical and contextual features of the country-of-origin institutions at the time of migration will rely on this comparison when interacting with institutions in the host country. Across time, there is both a continuous positive/negative accumulation of trust for the host-country institutions among those with less/more democratic points of reference. We examine immigrants’ political trust using survey evidence from Israel.

scholarly journals DIASPORA NETWORKS, NON-ECONOMIC REMITTANCES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM SOME ECONOMIES IN LATIN AMERICA

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550005 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIR KSHETRI ◽  
DIANA ROJAS-TORRES ◽  
MARLENY CARDONA ACEVEDO
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Diaspora Networks

Diaspora networks' non-economic remittances in the forms of social, political, cultural and technical contributions to their homeland play important roles in entrepreneurship and economic development. In this paper, we examine the effects of such remittances on entrepreneurship development in economies in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). We analyze how factors such as migrants' skills and education and characteristics of the host country are likely to affect non-economic remittances and their contribution to entrepreneurship and economic development. We offer some examples of initiatives taken in the home country and the host country to maximize the potential non-economic remittances and their impacts on entrepreneurship development in the home country. A key lesson and take-away that we can gain from entrepreneurially successful efforts of some economies is that the primary focus of diaspora policies need to be centered on utilizing various forms of non-economic remittances in stimulating the quantity and quality of entrepreneurial activity.

scholarly journals Economic Contributions and Challenges of Immigrant Entrepreneurs to Their Host Country – Case of African Immigrants in Auckland, New Zealand

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Olufemi Muibi Omisakin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurs ◽  
Definition Of

Entrepreneurship is an important concept in both developing and developed societies today. Although there is no consensus on the definition of entrepreneurship, it is believed to be a process of creating value by bringing together a unique package of resources to exploit entrepreneurship opportunities (Morris, 2002). This study aims to discover the economic contributions and challenges of immigrant entrepreneurs to their host country, and focuses on African small business owners in Auckland, New Zealand. Literature on immigrant entrepreneurship was reviewed, resulting in a discussion of the economic contributions of immigrant entrepreneurship as well as its challenges. Data was collected using face-to-face, semi-structured interviews, observation and field notes as the sources of inquiry. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 17 participants. All participants were African immigrant small business owners running businesses in Auckland. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data collected (Braun & Clarke, 2006). 

scholarly journals “Boundary-Maintenance” or “Boundary-Crossing”? Name-Giving Practices among Immigrants in Germany

Names ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
Jurgen Gerhards ◽  
Julia Tuppat
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Boundary Crossing ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Cultural Proximity ◽  
Boundary Maintenance ◽  
Origin Group ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Symbolic Boundary

This study investigates why some immigrants choose names for their children that are common in their home country whereas others opt for names used by natives in the host country. Drawing on the sociological literature on symbolic boundaries, the first strategy can be described as boundary-maintenance whereas the second can be classified as boundary-crossing. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study and applying bivariate and multivariate methods, two broader explanations for name-giving practices are tested: (1) cultural proximity and the permeability of the symbolic boundary between home and host country; and (2) immigrants’ levels of linguistic, structural, social, and emotional integration in the host country. Overall, the theoretical model explains the differences very satisfactorily. Whilst both sets of factors proved relevant to immigrants’ name-giving practices, the immigrants’ level of integration in the host country was less important than the cultural proximity between the origin group and host country.

scholarly journals CAREER GUIDANCE FOR REMIGRANTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Oksana Gruznova ◽  
Gunārs Strods
Keyword(s):  
Career Guidance ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Successful Career ◽  
The Creation

People have always looked for the best opportunities for life and for a variety of reasons there has been migration from country to country. The aim of the study is to find out, through questionnaires and interviews, the reasons for people leaving and the creation of support that would encourage returns. 23 respondents were surveyed, who answered 87 questions. Emigrants were interviewed using email lists to find out what people expected from their country, what differences they see in their home country and in their country of origin. The reasons for leaving are mentioned is credit, debt, marriage with foreigner and many other reasons. Career guidance for remigrants have the task to help them to find a job that is consistent with their abilities and interests and helping to build a successful career.

scholarly journals Digital Platform for Creating Personalized Adaptive Online Courses

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
N. V. Komleva ◽  
D. A. Vilyavin
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Educational Material ◽  
Professional Standards ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Educational Content ◽  
Digital Platform ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Creation

The purpose of the research is to develop a digital platform for creating personalized adaptive online courses that can integrate into the university’s e-learning environment. The Digital Tutor platform is designed to provide the online learning process with tools that allow for the adaptation of the content of the electronic course in accordance with the individual level of student competency through adaptive testing tools in order to achieve the level of student competency established by educational and professional standards.Materials and research methods. The research methodological base consists of methods and technologies of system analysis and knowledge management. Conclusions and provisions of the work are based on the analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the use of digital technologies in education. In preparing the article, materials obtained by the authors during the scientific and practical development of the prototype of the Digital Tutor platform were used to create personalized adaptive online courses at Plekhanov Russian University of Economics.Results. The digital platform for hosting the repository of educational objects and the online courses themselves is available on the University’s information resources with the possibility of integration into the University’s electronic educational environment. The implementation of this project will allow: students and the audience to use educational content prepared on the basis of relevant educational material, as well as to participate in its creation and discussion; to develop more dynamic and high-quality training courses that contribute to the formation of the required competencies among students and the audience; significantly reduce the burden on lecturers when working with remote students, free up more time for updating the training material, the formation of practical and design tasks; implement the concept of personalization of training - the creation of educational material aimed at a particular student; provide support for the creation and updating of their own MOOC; transform the system of continuing education to the requirements and needs of the business; respond ahead of time to the needs of society for qualified personnel for the digital economy.Conclusion. A new model for the implementation of online education has been proposed and tested, which consists in the automatic construction of online courses from the educational objects of the repository in accordance with the monitoring of its activities and a personal trajectory to achieve the required learning outcomes. The concept of transformation of the model of online education is based on the creation of a modern educational based on advanced digital, intelligent technologies. Compared with existing analogues, the project has competitive advantages in the implementation of a new business model of education, based on the availability of a mechanism for automatic updating of educational content and preparing courses on the basis of a repository of educational objects that form the necessary competencies in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard and approved professional standards.

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