Steps Toward Real-World Ethics for Self-Driving Cars

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-107
Author(s):  
Tobias Holstein ◽  
Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic ◽  
Patrizio Pelliccione
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
General Public ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Technological System ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Car Industry ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Research on self-driving cars is transdisciplinary and its different aspects have attracted interest in general public debates as well as among specialists. To this day, ethical discourses are dominated by the Trolley Problem, a hypothetical ethical dilemma that is by construction unsolvable. It obfuscates much bigger real-world ethical challenges in the design, development, and operation of self-driving cars. The authors propose a systematic approach that connects processes, components, systems, and stakeholders to analyze the real-world ethical challenges for the ecology of socio-technological system of self-driving cars. They take a closer look at the regulative instruments, standards, design, and implementations of components, systems, and services, and they present practical social and ethical challenges that must be met and that imply novel expectations for engineering in car industry.

scholarly journals Design framework for a seamless smart glove using a digital knitting system

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yewon Song ◽  
Seulah Lee ◽  
Yuna Choi ◽  
Sora Han ◽  
Hyuna Won ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Wearable Electronic ◽  
Electronic Textile

AbstractThe wearable electronics integrated with textile-based devices is a promising strategy to meet the requirements of human comfort as well as electrical performances. This research presents a design and development framework for a seamless glove sensor system using digital knitting fabrication. Based on the performance requirements of glove sensors for controlling a prosthetic hand, desirable design components include electrical conductivity, comfort, formfit, electrical sensitivity, and customizable design. These attributes are determined and achieved by applying appropriate materials and fabrication technologies. In this study, a digital knitting CAD/CAM system is utilized to meet the desired performance criteria, and two prototypes of the seamless glove sensor systems are successfully developed for the detection of both human and robotic finger motions. This digital knitting system will provide considerable potential for customized design development as well as a sustainable production process. This structured, systematic approach could be adapted in the future development of wearable electronic textile systems.

scholarly journals Elite Decision-making and International Law: Promises and Perils of the Behavioral Revolution

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 242-247
Author(s):  
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Law ◽  
Real World ◽  
General Public ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Direct Study ◽  
The People ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Actual Decision

A growing body of research applies behavioral approaches to the study of international law, mainly by studying convenience samples of students or other segments of the general public. Alongside the promises of this agenda are concerns about applying findings from non-elite populations to the people, and groups of people, charged with most real-world decision-making in the domain of law and governance. This concern is compounded by the fact that it is extremely difficult to recruit these actual decision-makers in a way that allows for direct study.

scholarly journals Examining Disclosure Risk and Data Utility: An Administrative Data Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Michael Comerford
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
Real World ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Data Utility ◽  
Disclosure Risk ◽  
Individual Privacy

The plethora of new data sources, combined with a growing interest in increased access to previously unpublished data, poses a set of ethical challenges regarding individual privacy. This paper sets out one aspect of those challenges: the need to anonymise data in such a form that protects the privacy of individuals while providing sufficient data utility for data users. This issue is discussed using a case study of Scottish Government’s administrative data, in which disclosure risk is examined and data utility is assessed using a potential ‘real-world’ analysis.

scholarly journals Construction supervision at the facilities renovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 08044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azariy Lapidus ◽  
Dmitry Topchiy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Technological System ◽  
Deterministic System ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
State Construction ◽  
Construction Supervision

Article justify the need for a systematic approach to the formation of uniform requirements for the volume and level of construction supervision carried out in the conversion of industrial facilities. Author determines the factors that affect the safety, is the quantitative characteristics of various types of control measures carried out by specialists of state construction supervision both at the facility and in the office. As a hypothesis, author considers the possibility of forming a single deterministic system that provides objective supervision during the conversion and does not create an excessive burden for both the state and the developer. As a result, the existing legislation in the field of state construction supervision is incomplete and partly contradictory. In this article the necessity of formation of scientifically grounded hierarchical organizational and technological system of construction supervision is defined.

scholarly journals Extended Particle-Aided Unscented Kalman Filter Based on Self-Driving Car Localization

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Lin ◽  
Byeongwoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Real World ◽  
Gaussian Noise ◽  
Unscented Kalman Filter ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Localization Problem ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Non Gaussian ◽  
Self Driving Cars

The location of the vehicle is a basic parameter for self-driving cars. The key problem of localization is the noise of the sensors. In previous research, we proposed a particle-aided unscented Kalman filter (PAUKF) to handle the localization problem in non-Gaussian noise environments. However, the previous basic PAUKF only considers the infrastructures in two dimensions (2D). This previous PAUKF 2D limitation rendered it inoperable in the real world, which is full of three-dimensional (3D) features. In this paper, we have extended the previous basic PAUKF’s particle weighting process based on the multivariable normal distribution for handling 3D features. The extended PAUKF also raises the feasibility of fusing multisource perception data into the PAUKF framework. The simulation results show that the extended PAUKF has better real-world applicability than the previous basic PAUKF.

scholarly journals PMU8 A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR SYNTHETIC REPLICATION OF CLINICAL TRIAL COHORTS USING RETROSPECTIVE REAL-WORLD AND CLINICAL TRIAL DATA

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. S250
Author(s):  
A. Galaznik ◽  
M. Berger ◽  
B. Lempernesse ◽  
J. Ransom ◽  
A. Shilnikova
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Real World ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Trial Data

scholarly journals Real-world performance of catalytic converters

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (7) ◽  
pp. 881-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Samuel ◽  
D Morrey ◽  
M Fowkes ◽  
D H C Taylor ◽  
C P Garner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Real World ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Catalytic Converters ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
The Real ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Car Driving

This paper investigates experimentally the performance of a three-way catalytic (TWC) converter for real-world passenger car driving in the United Kingdom. A systematic approach is followed for the analysis using a Euro-IV vehicle coupled with a TWC converter. The analysis shows that the real-world performance of TWC converters is significantly different from the performance established on legislative test cycles. It is identified that a light-duty passenger vehicle certified for Euro-IV emissions reaches the gross polluting threshold limits during real-world driving conditions. This result is shown to have implications for overall emission levels and the use of remote emissions sensing and on-board diagnostics (OBD) systems.

scholarly journals ANNETTE Project: Contributing to The Nuclearization of Fusion

2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 10001
Author(s):  
W. Ambrosini ◽  
L. Cizelj ◽  
P. Dieguez Porras ◽  
R. Jaspers ◽  
J. Noterdaeme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Culture ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Fusion Reactors ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Current Availability ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
European Education ◽  
And Training

The ANNETTE Project (Advanced Networking for Nuclear Education and Training and Transfer of Expertise) is well underway, and one of its work packages addresses the design, development and implementation of nuclear fusion training. A systematic approach is used that leads to the development of new training courses, based on identified nuclear competences needs of the work force of (future) fusion reactors and on the current availability of suitable training courses. From interaction with stakeholders involved in the ITER design and construction or the JET D-T campaign, it became clear that the lack of nuclear safety culture awareness already has an impact on current projects. Through the collaboration between the European education networks in fission (ENEN) and fusion (FuseNet) in the ANNETTE project, this project is well positioned to support the development of nuclear competences for ongoing and future fusion projects. Thereby it will make a clear contribution to the realization of fusion energy.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF AUGMENTED REALITY MEDIA ON BEE METAMORPHOSIS (Apis Sp.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Ospa Pea Yuanita Meishanti
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
General Public ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Addie Model

Augmented Reality is actually not something foreign to the general public, it's just that they don't know what Augmented Reality itself means, Augmented Reality cards can generally be found in some snacks, which the cards can be scanned through a special application available on the Playstore. However, currently researchers are making Augmented Reality for learning, in this case researchers are using bee metamorphosis, so learning becomes more interesting. This study aims to describe the feasibility of Augmented Reality media for bee metamorphosis and to determine student responses to the attractiveness of Augmented Reality media for bee metamorphosis. The development model used is the ADDIE model which includes: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. Products are validated by one media expert and one material expert. The attractiveness test was carried out on 5 students of MTs Al-Ihsan Kalijaring Jombang. Data obtained from media experts, namely 80% with proper qualifications, criteria from material experts, namely 88% with very decent qualifications, while from the data students get a score of 88.75% with qualifications strongly attractiveness. The results of the assessment of media experts, material experts and student responses show that the bee metamorphosis Augmented Reality can be used as a learning media.

scholarly journals Volcanoes in video games: The portrayal of volcanoes in Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) video games and their learning potential

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward George McGowan ◽  
Jazmin Paris Scarlett
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Real World ◽  
General Public ◽  
Active Volcano ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Ash Fall ◽  
Severe Burns ◽  
Commercial Off The Shelf ◽  
Negative Impacts

Abstract. Volcanoes are a very common staple in mainstream video games. Particularly within the action/adventure genres, entire missions (e.g. Monster Hunter: Generation Ultimate) or even full storylines (e.g. Spyro: The Reignited Trilogy) can require players to traverse an active volcano. With modern advancements in video game capabilities and graphics, many of these volcanic regions contain a lot of detail. Most video games nowadays have gameplay times in excess of 50 hours. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild for example brags a minimum of 60 hours to complete. Therefore, players can spend a substantial amount of time immersed within the detailed graphics, and unknowingly learn about volcanic traits while playing. If these details are factually accurate to what is observed in real world volcanic systems, then video games can prove to be a powerful learning tool. However, inaccurate representations could instil a false understanding in thousands of players worldwide. Therefore, it is important to assess the accuracies of volcanology portrayed in mainstream video games and consider whether they can have an educational impact on the general public playing such games. Or, whether these volcanic details are overlooked by players as they focus solely on the entertainment factor provided. We have therefore reviewed several popular commercial video games that contain volcanic aspects and evaluated how realistic said aspects are when compared to real-world examples. It was found that all the games reviewed had a combination of accurate and inaccurate volcanic features and each would vary from game to game. The visual aesthetics of these features are usually very realistic, including lava, ash-fall and lahars. However, the inaccuracies or lack of representation of hazards that come with such features, such as ash-related breathing problems or severe burns from contact with molten lava, could have great negative impacts on a player's understanding of these deadly events. With further investigations assessing the direct impact on the general public, there is the opportunity to correctly assess how to incorporate the use of mainstream video games in educational systems and outreach.

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