Carbon Nanomaterials

Development of materials always plays a key role in the civilization of the societies. After the industrial revolution, material-based technologies received attention. Nanotechnology has a revolutionary part in the development of industries. Developing technologies cannot be considered without the usage of nanomaterials. Nano-sized materials have different properties than their bulk forms basically because of the increased surface area, surface reactivity, and energy according to decreased size. Carbon-based nanomaterials have a variety of possible application areas from biosensors to aviation. This compact review put a great deal of emphasis on the position of carbon nanomaterials: CNTs, graphene, and carbon nanofibers together with their main synthesis methods and their application areas. The reader can get a quick idea about the basics of CNTs, graphene, and carbon nanofibers and their fabrication techniques.

Nanotechnology in Aerospace and Structural Mechanics - Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials

10.4018/978-1-5225-7921-2.ch001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ezgi Ismar ◽

A.Sezai Sarac

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Carbon Nanofibers ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Surface Reactivity ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Phototherapy Combined with Carbon Nanomaterials (1D and 2D) and Their Applications in Cancer Therapy

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13214830 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 4830 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Prabhavathi Sundaram ◽

Heidi Abrahamse

Keyword(s):

Cancer Therapy ◽

Surface Area ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Therapeutic Modality ◽

Light Sources ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Carbon-based materials have attracted research interest worldwide due to their physical and chemical properties and wide surface area, rendering them excellent carrier molecules. They are widely used in biological applications like antimicrobial activity, cancer diagnosis, bio-imaging, targeting, drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering, dental care, and skin care. Carbon-based nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and graphene have drawn more attention in the field of phototherapy due to their unique properties such as thermal conductivity, large surface area, and electrical properties. Phototherapy is a promising next-generation therapeutic modality for many modern medical conditions that include cancer diagnosis, targeting, and treatment. Phototherapy involves the major administration of photosensitizers (PSs), which absorb light sources and emit reactive oxygen species under cellular environments. Several types of nontoxic PSs are functionalized on carbon-based nanomaterials and have numerous advantages in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the potential role and combined effect of phototherapy and carbon nanomaterials, the mechanism and functionalization of PSs on nanomaterials, and their promising advantages in cancer therapy.

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Drugs Sensing: A Review

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.807.13 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 807 ◽

pp. 13-39

Author(s):

Bavani Kasinathan ◽

Ruzniza Mohd Zawawi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Graphene Oxide ◽

Carbon Nanofibers ◽

Chemical Vapour Deposition ◽

Vapour Deposition ◽

Chemical Vapour ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers and nanodiamonds have been fascinated considerable attention as promising materials for drug sensing. These materials have tremendous amount of attraction due to some extraordinary features such as excellent electrical and thermal conductivities as well as high mechanical strength. Hence, these nanomaterials have been used extensively in sensor technology in order to achieved desired sensitivities. To date, carbon based nanomaterials have been exploit in the development of various drug sensing due to their simple preparation methods, and cost effectiveness. The aim of this review is to focus upon carbon based nanomaterials predominantly on drugs sensing applications. This review has been written in summary form including properties, fabrication method, and analytical performances.Abbreviation:Au, Gold; CNFs, Carbon Nanofibers; CNTs, Carbon Nanotubes; CVD, Chemical Vapour Deposition; D-, Dextrorotatory enantiomer; D, Dimensional; DNase, deoxyribonuclease; ESD, Electrospinning deposition; GCE, Glassy Carbon Electrode; Gr, Graphene; GrO, Graphene Oxide; ILs, ionic liquids; L-, Levorotatory enantiomer; LOD, Limit of Detection; MTase, Methyltransferases; MW, Microwave; MWCNTs, Multi-walled Carbon nanotubes; NDs, Nanodiamonds; NPs, Nanoparticles; PECVD, Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition; RGO, Reduced Graphene Oxide; SPE, Screen-Printed Electrode; SPR, Surface Plasmon resonance; ssDNA, single-stranded DNA; SWCNTs, Single-walled Carbon nanotubes.

Application of Nanostructured Carbon-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Screening of Emerging Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Waters and Aquatic Species: A Review

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10071268 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1268 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Álvaro Torrinha ◽

Thiago M. B. F. Oliveira ◽

Francisco W.P. Ribeiro ◽

Adriana N. Correia ◽

Pedro Lima-Neto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Low Cost ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Aquatic Species ◽

Transfer Rates ◽

Production Methods ◽

Pharmaceutical Pollutants ◽

Pharmaceuticals, as a contaminant of emergent concern, are being released uncontrollably into the environment potentially causing hazardous effects to aquatic ecosystems and consequently to human health. In the absence of well-established monitoring programs, one can only imagine the full extent of this problem and so there is an urgent need for the development of extremely sensitive, portable, and low-cost devices to perform analysis. Carbon-based nanomaterials are the most used nanostructures in (bio)sensors construction attributed to their facile and well-characterized production methods, commercial availability, reduced cost, high chemical stability, and low toxicity. However, most importantly, their relatively good conductivity enabling appropriate electron transfer rates—as well as their high surface area yielding attachment and extraordinary loading capacity for biomolecules—have been relevant and desirable features, justifying the key role that they have been playing, and will continue to play, in electrochemical (bio)sensor development. The present review outlines the contribution of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, carbon nanofibers, carbon black, carbon nanopowder, biochar nanoparticles, and graphite oxide), used alone or combined with other (nano)materials, to the field of environmental (bio)sensing, and more specifically, to pharmaceutical pollutants analysis in waters and aquatic species. The main trends of this field of research are also addressed.

Carbon Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Water and Environmental Remediation

Nanoscale Research Letters ◽

10.1186/s11671-019-3167-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Rabia Baby ◽

Bullo Saifullah ◽

Mohd Zobir Hussein

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Surface Area ◽

Environmental Remediation ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Heavy Metal Contamination ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Contaminated Water ◽

Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽

Carbon Based Nanomaterials

Abstract Nanotechnology is an advanced field of science having the ability to solve the variety of environmental challenges by controlling the size and shape of the materials at a nanoscale. Carbon nanomaterials are unique because of their nontoxic nature, high surface area, easier biodegradation, and particularly useful environmental remediation. Heavy metal contamination in water is a major problem and poses a great risk to human health. Carbon nanomaterials are getting more and more attention due to their superior physicochemical properties that can be exploited for advanced treatment of heavy metal-contaminated water. Carbon nanomaterials namely carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphene, graphene oxide, and activated carbon have great potential for removal of heavy metals from water because of their large surface area, nanoscale size, and availability of different functionalities and they are easier to be chemically modified and recycled. In this article, we have reviewed the recent advancements in the applications of these carbon nanomaterials in the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated water and have also highlighted their application in environmental remediation. Toxicological aspects of carbon-based nanomaterials have also been discussed.

Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Drug Sensing Platforms Using State-of-the-Art Electroanalytical Techniques

Current Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573411016999200802024629 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

S. Irem Kaya ◽

Ahmet Cetinkaya ◽

Sibel A. Ozkan

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

High Surface ◽

Electrochemical Techniques ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Drug Analysis ◽

Electrochemical Analysis ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Background: Currently, nanotechnology and nanomaterials are considered as the most popular and outstanding research subjects in scientific fields ranging from environmental studies to drug analysis. Carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers etc. and non-carbon nanomaterials such as quantum dots, metal nanoparticles, nanorods etc. are widely used in electrochemical drug analysis for sensor development. Main aim of drug analysis with sensors is developing fast, easy to use and sensitive methods. Electroanalytical techniques such as voltammetry, potentiometry, amperometry etc. which measure electrical parameters such as current or potential in an electrochemical cell are considered economical, highly sensitive and versatile techniques. Methods: Most recent researches and studies about electrochemical analysis of drugs with carbon-based nanomaterials were analyzed. Books and review articles about this topic were reviewed. Results: The most significant carbon-based nanomaterials and electroanalytical techniques were explained in detail. In addition to this; recent applications of electrochemical techniques with carbon nanomaterials in drug analysis was expressed comprehensively. Recent researches about electrochemical applications of carbon-based nanomaterials in drug sensing were given in a table. Conclusion: Nanotechnology provides opportunities to create functional materials, devices and systems using nanomaterials with advantageous features such as high surface area, improved electrode kinetics and higher catalytic activity. Electrochemistry is widely used in drug analysis for pharmaceutical and medical purposes. Carbon nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors are one of the most preferred methods for drug analysis with high sensitivity, low cost and rapid detection.

Active Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Food Packaging

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11020161 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 161

Author(s):

Katarzyna Mitura ◽

Joanna Kornacka ◽

Elżbieta Kopczyńska ◽

Jacek Kalisz ◽

Ewa Czerwińska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Surface Modification ◽

Carbon Nanostructures ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Crystallographic Structure ◽

Bactericidal Properties ◽

Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBN) are currently used in many biomedical applications. The research includes optimization of single grain size and conglomerates of pure detonated nanodiamond (DND), modified nanodiamond particles and graphene oxide (GO) in order to compare their bactericidal activity against food pathogens. Measurement of grain size and zeta potential was performed using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. Surface morphology was evaluated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and confocal microscope. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed in order to confirm the crystallographic structure of detonation nanodiamond particles. Bacteriostatic tests were performed by evaluating the inhibition zone of pathogens in the presence of carbon based nanomaterials. Raman spectroscopy showed differences between the content of the diamond and graphite phases in diamond nanoparticles. Fluorescence microscopy and adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) determination methods were used to assess the bactericidal of bioactive polymers obtained by modification of food wrapping film using various carbon-based nanomaterials. The results indicate differences in the sizes of individual grains and conglomerates of carbon nanomaterials within the same carbon allotropes depending on surface modification. The bactericidal properties depend on the allotropic form of carbon and the type of surface modification. Depending on the grain size of carbon-based materials, surface modification, the content of the diamond and graphite phases, surface of carbon-based nanomaterials film formation shows more or less intense bactericidal properties and differentiated adhesion of bacterial biofilms to food films modified with carbon nanostructures.

Synthetic Approach to Rice Waste-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications

Nanomanufacturing ◽

10.3390/nanomanufacturing1030010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 109-159

Author(s):

Shamroza Mubarik ◽

Nawal Qureshi ◽

Zainab Sattar ◽

Aqeela Shaheen ◽

Ambreen Kalsoom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Carbon Dots ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Green Technology ◽

Water Remediation ◽

Synthetic Approach ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

The utilization of biomass waste to produce valuable products has extraordinary advantages as far as both the economy and climate are concerned, which have become particularly significant lately. The large-scale manufacturing of agricultural waste, mainly rice by-products (rice husk, rice straw, and rice bran), empowers them to be the most broadly examined biomasses as they contain lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Rice waste was first used to incorporate bulk materials, while the manufacturing of versatile nanostructures from rice waste at low cost has been developed in recent years and attracts much consideration nowadays. Carbon-based nanomaterials including graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, fullerenes, and carbon nanofibers have tremendous potential in climate and energy-related applications. Various methods have been reported to synthesize high-value carbon nanomaterials, but the use of green technology for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials is most common nowadays because of the abundant availability of the starting precursor, non-toxicity, low fabrication cost, ease of modification, and eco-friendly nature; therefore, reusing low-value biomass waste for the processing of renewable materials to fabricate high-value products is remarkable. Carbon nanomaterials derived from rice waste have broad applications in various disciplines owing to their distinctive physicochemical, electrical, optical, mechanical, thermal, and enhanced biocompatibility properties. The main objective of this review and basic criteria of selecting examples and explanations is to highlight the green routes for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials—i.e., graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots—from rice biomass waste, and their extensive applications in biomedical research (bio-imaging), environmental (water remediation), and energy-related (electrodes for supercapacitors, Li-ion battery, fuel cells, and solar cells) applications. This review summarizes recent advancements, challenges, and trends for rice waste obtained from renewable resources for utilization in the fabrication of versatile carbon-based nanomaterials.

Decontamination of Surfaces Exposed to Carbon-Based Nanotubes and Nanomaterials

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2014/249603 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paul Su ◽

Babak Haghpanah ◽

William W. Doerr ◽

Zahra Karimi ◽

Syed Hassan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Potential Method ◽

Surface Reactivity ◽

Multiwalled Carbon ◽

Gradual Accumulation ◽

Surface Decontamination ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Standard Techniques ◽

Contamination of surfaces by nanomaterials can happen due to accidental spillage and release or gradual accumulation during processing or handling. Considering the increasingly wide use of nanomaterials in industry and research labs and also taking into account the diversity of physical and chemical properties of different nanomaterials (such as solubility, aggregation/agglomeration, and surface reactivity), there is a pressing need to define reliable nanomaterial-specific decontamination guidelines. In this paper, we propose and investigate a potential method for surface decontamination of carbon-based nanomaterials using solvent cleaning and wipes. The results show that the removal efficiency for single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes from silicon wafers sprayed with water-surfactant solutions prior to mechanical wiping is greater than 90% and 95%, respectively. The need for further studies to understand the mechanisms of nanomaterial removal from surfaces and development of standard techniques for surface decontamination of nanomaterials is highlighted.

Carbon Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Functionalization and Sensing Applications

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11040967 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 967

Author(s):

Giorgio Speranza

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Carbon Quantum Dots ◽

High Specific Surface Area ◽

Design And Synthesis ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Wide Range ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Inorganic Molecules ◽

Recent advances in nanomaterial design and synthesis has resulted in robust sensing systems that display superior analytical performance. The use of nanomaterials within sensors has accelerated new routes and opportunities for the detection of analytes or target molecules. Among others, carbon-based sensors have reported biocompatibility, better sensitivity, better selectivity and lower limits of detection to reveal a wide range of organic and inorganic molecules. Carbon nanomaterials are among the most extensively studied materials because of their unique properties spanning from the high specific surface area, high carrier mobility, high electrical conductivity, flexibility, and optical transparency fostering their use in sensing applications. In this paper, a comprehensive review has been made to cover recent developments in the field of carbon-based nanomaterials for sensing applications. The review describes nanomaterials like fullerenes, carbon onions, carbon quantum dots, nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Synthesis of these nanostructures has been discussed along with their functionalization methods. The recent application of all these nanomaterials in sensing applications has been highlighted for the principal applicative field and the future prospects and possibilities have been outlined.