Amateur Versus Professionals Politics, Citizenship and Science

Scientific and technological expertise is currently experiencing a crisis. The public shows a growing distrust in many aspects related to the techno-scientific development. The birth of that suspicion begins after World War II but has transformed in the past few decades. In this paper, the authors examine how that doubt has specific features in the present moment. Also, there is a reaction to propose another way to make scientific and technological research where there is a more participative spirit. These changes reshape traditional ideas on science, technology and progress. Amateur efforts in science and technology maybe are opening the possibility of a change for these activities and information technology seems to support these efforts. If these can be considered, a consistent trend is difficult to predict.

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The Suffering of the Perpetrators: The Ethics of Traumatic German Historicity in Karen Bass's Young Adult World War II Novels

International Research in Children s Literature ◽

10.3366/ircl.2014.0114 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 64-77

Author(s):

Doris Wolf

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Young Adult ◽

Public Sphere ◽

Childhood Studies ◽

Historical Narratives ◽

World War ◽

The Public ◽

The Past ◽

Adult World ◽

The Public Sphere

This paper examines two young adult novels, Run Like Jäger (2008) and Summer of Fire (2009), by Canadian writer Karen Bass, which centre on the experiences of so-called ordinary German teenagers in World War II. Although guilt and perpetration are themes addressed in these books, their focus is primarily on the ways in which Germans suffered at the hands of the Allied forces. These books thus participate in the increasingly widespread but still controversial subject of the suffering of the perpetrators. Bringing work in childhood studies to bear on contemporary representations of German wartime suffering in the public sphere, I explore how Bass's novels, through the liminal figure of the adolescent, participate in a culture of self-victimisation that downplays guilt rather than more ethically contextualises suffering within guilt. These historical narratives are framed by contemporary narratives which centre on troubled teen protagonists who need the stories of the past for their own individualisation in the present. In their evacuation of crucial historical contexts, both Run Like Jäger and Summer of Fire support optimistic and gendered narratives of individualism that ultimately refuse complicated understandings of adolescent agency in the past or present.

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Soviet Selves

Buddhists, Shamans, and Soviets ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190916794.003.0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 60-81

Author(s):

Justine Buck Quijada

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Soviet Union ◽

World War ◽

Symbolic Form ◽

Soviet History ◽

The Public ◽

The Past ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Local Residents ◽

Religious Actors

Chapter 2 presents the Soviet chronotope embodied in Victory Day celebrations. Victory Day, which is the celebration of the Soviet victory over Germany in World War II, presumes the familiar Soviet genre of history, in which the Soviet Union brought civilization to Buryatia, and Buryats achieved full citizenship in the Soviet utopian dream through their collective sacrifice during the war. The ritual does not narrate Soviet history. Instead, through Soviet and wartime imagery, and the parade form, the public holiday evokes this genre in symbolic form, enabling local residents to read their own narratives of the past into the imagery. This space for interpretation enables both validation as well as critique of the Soviet experience in Buryatia. Although not everyone in Buryatia agrees on how to evaluate this history, this genre is the taken-for-granted backdrop against which other religious actors define their narratives.

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Practical Approaches to Home Food Dehydration

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-45.5.492 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 492-494 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

PEGGY DUGGAN MAGGARD

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Science And Technology ◽

Food Preservation ◽

World War ◽

The Past ◽

Conflicting Information ◽

Home Food ◽

The Individual ◽

At Home

Preserving foods by drying is one of the oldest known methods of food preservation. Until recently, freezing and canning have been the methods most people used to preserve foods at home. During the past 50 years, science and technology developed during World War II led to increased commercial drying of a wide. variety of foods. Most of this information has not been readily available to the individual who wants to dry foods at home. Individuals wanting to do home drying, until approximately the last 10 years, could only find bits and pieces of information on how to do it. Hopefully, this article will help eliminate some of the confusion that occurs because of conflicting information found in the scarce literature that is available on drying foods at home.

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Cosmetic Allergen in the Past and Present

Medical & Clinical Research ◽

10.33140/mcr.02.03.03 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

20Th Century ◽

Normal Skin ◽

World War ◽

Patch Tests ◽

The Past ◽

Skin Conditions ◽

Cosmetic Dermatitis ◽

Facial Dermatitis ◽

International Research Project

For almost 20 years after the end of World War II, many Japanese women were challenged by a dark secondary hyper pigmentation on their faces. The causation of this condition was unknown and incurable at the time. However this symptom became curable after a number of new cosmetic allergens were discovered through patch tests and as an aftermath, various cosmetics and soaps that eliminated all these allergens were put into production to be used exclusively for these patients. An international research project conducted by seven countries was set out to find out the new allergens and discover non-allergic cosmetic materials. Due to these efforts, two disastrous cosmetic primary sensitizers were banned and this helped to decrease allergic cosmetic dermatitis. Towards the end of the 20th century, the rate of positives among cosmetic sensitizers decreased to levels of 5% - 8% and have since maintained its rates into the 21th century. Currently, metal ions such as the likes of nickel have been identified as being the most common allergens found in cosmetics and cosmetic instruments. They often produce rosacea-like facial dermatitis and therefore allergen controlled soaps and cosmetics have been proved to be useful in recovering normal skin conditions.

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The Roots of Global Health Inequity

10.1093/oso/9780190662455.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Joia S. Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

World War Ii ◽

Primary Health Care ◽

Economic Policies ◽

World War ◽

The Public ◽

The World Bank ◽

Primary Health ◽

The Cold War ◽

The Impact

This chapter outlines the historical roots of health inequities. It focuses on the African continent, where life expectancy is the shortest and health systems are weakest. The chapter describes the impoverishment of countries by colonial powers, the development of the global human rights framework in the post-World War II era, the impact of the Cold War on African liberation struggles, and the challenges faced by newly liberated African governments to deliver health care through the public sector. The influence of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund’s neoliberal economic policies is also discussed. The chapter highlights the shift from the aspiration of “health for all” voiced at the Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, to the more narrowly defined “selective primary health care.” Finally, the chapter explains the challenges inherent in financing health in impoverished countries and how user fees became standard practice.

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An ‘Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asian History

Modern Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0026749x00001153 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 1-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Anthony Reid

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Economic History ◽

External Factors ◽

The Other ◽

Economic Factors ◽

World War ◽

The Past ◽

Increased Sensitivity ◽

Asian History

Since the end of World War II the study of Southeast Asia has changed unrecognizably. The often bitter end of colonialism caused a sharp break with older scholarly traditions, and their tendency to see Southeast Asia as a receptacle for external influences—first Indian, Persian, Islamic or Chinese, later European. The greatest gain over the past forty years has probably been a much increased sensitivity to the cultural distinctiveness of Southeast Asia both as a whole and in its parts. If there has been a loss, on the other hand, it has been the failure of economic history to advance beyond the work of the generation of Furnivall, van Leur, Schrieke and Boeke. Perhaps because economic factors were difficult to disentangle from external factors they were seen by very few Southeast Asianists as the major challenge.

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Preface: The Historical Geography of the Hungarian Nation

Nationalities Papers ◽

10.1080/00905999608408453 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 371-376

Author(s):

Andrew Ludanyi

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

World War I ◽

Status Quo ◽

World War ◽

East Central Europe ◽

East Central ◽

East European ◽

The Past ◽

French And English ◽

The Subject

The fate of Hungarian minorities in East Central Europe has been one of the most neglected subjects in the Western scholarly world. For the past fifty years the subject—at least prior to the late 1980s—was taboo in the successor states (except Yugoslavia), while in Hungary itself relatively few scholars dared to publish anything about this issue till the early 1980s. In the West, it was just not faddish, since most East European and Russian Area studies centers at American, French and English universities tended to think of the territorial status quo as “politically correct.” The Hungarian minorities, on the other hand, were a frustrating reminder that indeed the Entente after World War I, and the Allies after World War II, made major mistakes and significantly contributed to the pain and anguish of the peoples living in this region of the “shatter zone.”

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Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers

International Security ◽

10.1162/isec_a_00411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 147-195

Author(s):

Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Military Power ◽

Test Case ◽

World War ◽

Political Factors ◽

The Past ◽

Original Dataset ◽

Rapid Changes ◽

Multimethod Approach

Abstract Why do modern states recruit legionnaires—foreigners who are neither citizens nor subjects of the country whose military they serve? Rather than exclusively enlist citizens for soldiers, for the past two centuries states have mobilized legionnaires to help wage offensives, project power abroad, and suppress dissent. A supply-and-demand argument explains why states recruit these troops, framing the choice to mobilize legionnaires as a function of political factors that constrain the government's leeway to recruit domestically and its perceptions about the territorial threats it faces externally. A multimethod approach evaluates these claims, first by examining an original dataset of legionnaire recruitment from 1815 to 2020, then by employing congruence tests across World War II participants, and finally by conducting a detailed review of a hard test case for the argument—Nazi Germany. The prevalence of states’ recruitment of legionnaires calls for a reevaluation of existing narratives about the development of modern militaries and provides new insights into how states balance among the competing imperatives of identity, norms, and security. Legionnaire recruitment also underscores the need to recalibrate existing methods of calculating net assessments and preparing for strategic surprise. Far from being bound to a state's citizenry or borders, the theory and evidence show how governments use legionnaires to buttress their military power and to engineer rapid changes in the quality and quantity of the soldiers that they field.

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THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.15.4.479 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 479-487

Author(s):

John A. Askin ◽

Kurt Glaser

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

World War I ◽

Old Testament ◽

Jewish People ◽

Jewish State ◽

World War ◽

The Public ◽

Short Period ◽

State Of Israel ◽

Made In

IN SPITE of a short period of sovereignty— less than 7 years—the State of Israel is playing an important role in matters pertaining not only to the Middle East but, in some respects, in matters of importance to the whole world. In medicine the advances in Israel have been no less striking than the progress made in other fields. It is felt that the pediatricians of our country might be interested to learn about Israel's medical status, particularly pertaining to pediatrics. Palestine, of which the present Israel is a part, was in Old Testament times known as Canaan or Philistia because of the tribes which lived there. Palestine was the home of the Jewish people from the time Joshua conquered the land, about 1400 B.C., until the Romans destroyed the Jewish State in the year 70 A.D. Around 630 A.D. the country came under Moslem power. From 1516 to the end of World War I Palestine was a part of the Turkish Empire. In 1917, the British Government issued the famous Balfour Declaration which promised the Jews of the world that they could build a national homeland in Palestine. The League of Nations made the land a British mandate in 1920. From then until World War II Palestine was at several occasions plunged into violent civil war between the Jews and the Arabs. After World War II in 1947 Great Britain announced a decision to give up the Mandate.

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