scholarly journals Okara or soybean grain added to the rehydrated corn grain silage for cattle: digestibility, degradability and ruminal parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e48586
Author(s):  
Tamara Tais Tres ◽  
Clóves Cabreira Jobim ◽  
Tatiana Garcia Diaz ◽  
João Luiz Pratti Daniel ◽  
Fernando Alberto Jacovaci
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grains

The experiment was carried out to evaluate total and partial digestibility of nutrients, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, in situ degradability and ruminal parameters in cattle fed diets with rehydrated corn grain silages, okara or soybean grain. Three Holstein steers were distributed in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. The treatments evaluated were: SO (corn grain silage + 30% okara), SSG (corn grain silage + 20% soybean grain) and CG (dry corn grains). The ruminal digestibility of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) increased in SO (88.34%) and SSG treatments (87.87%), compared to the CG treatment (63.48%). The minimum ruminal pH value was 6.01, observed 4.13 hours after feeding a diet with SO. The highest ammonia-N contents were 15.25 and 15.07 mg dL-1 observed in SSG and SO, respectively, 2.45 and 2.61 hours after feeding. Treatments SO and SSG showed higher fraction A content (readily degradable fraction) and C (constant rate of degradability of fraction B). The effective degradability (ED) of dry matter (DM) was higher for the diets SO and DE of CP was higher for treatments SO and SSG. SSG and SO result in better utilization of nutrients by animals.

scholarly journals Inclusion of copaiba oil (Copaifera sp.) as additive in supplements for cattle on pasture

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-192
Author(s):  
Fabiola Espindola Ortega de Lima ◽  
Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽  
Diego dos Santos Penha ◽  
Raquel Tenório de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Copaiba Oil

SUMMARY This study analyzed the effect of including copaiba oil as an additive for cattle supplemented on pasture, during the dry season. Four crossbred steers, castrated, with 245 ± 25 kg, aged about 18 months, fitted with permanent rumen cannula; were randomly assigned to a 4×4 Latin square. All animals were housed in individual paddocks (0.3 ha), uniformly covered with Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, with through and drinking fountain; and were given a concentrate at 500g/100 kg BW containing 380 g/kg crude protein (%DM). The copaiba oil was added to the supplement as a spray, in the proportions of 0, 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg DM intake. Spraying supplementation was performed daily at the time of supply of the supplement. Data of intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein synthesis were tested by analysis of variance and polynomial regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The inclusion of copaiba oil quadratically affected total dry matter intake (P=0.030) and CP digestibility (P=0.043), without altering ruminal metabolism (P>0.05) and microbial protein synthesis (P>0.05) of the animals kept on pasture.

scholarly journals Evaluation of rehydrated corn grain silage with okara or soybean inclusion in the performance of lactating cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 2747-2758
Author(s):  
Tamara Tais Tres ◽  
◽  
Clóves Cabreira Jobim ◽  
Robson Marcelo Rossi ◽  
Antonio Vinicius Iank Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grains

This study aimed to evaluate dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, and feed efficiency of cows fed corn grain silages with okara or raw soybean inclusion. Six Holstein cows were distributed in a double Latin square and arranged in the following treatments: concentrate formulated based on corn grain silage with 30% okara inclusion; concentrate of corn grain silage with 20% raw soybean inclusion, and concentrate based on dry corn grains. Statistical analysis was performed using Bayesian inference. Diets formulated with silages reduced dry matter intake compared to the diet of concentrate based on dry grains. High digestibility of DM, OM, NFC, and EE was observed for diets with silage inclusion. Milk presented an increase in CLA for the diet of corn grain silage diet with soybean inclusion. Rehydrated grain corn silage with soybean or okara inclusion reduced dry matter intake and increased nutrient digestibility, maintaining the same milk production, which demonstrates the higher efficiency of these diets.

scholarly journals Sugarcane bagasse as only roughage for crossbred lactating cows in semiarid regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wandemberg Rocha Freitas ◽  
Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira ◽  
Janaina Lima Silva ◽  
Antônia Sherlânea Chaves Véras ◽  
Leonardo José Assis Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different levels of sugarcane bagasse, as exclusive roughage, on nutrient intake and digestibility, feeding behavior, microbial protein synthesis, and dairy performance of crossbred cows. Ten lactating Girolando breed cows (600±34.3 kg body weight) were assigned to a replicated 5×5 Latin square design. The control diet, based on spineless cactus, sugarcane bagasse, and concentrate, was formulated to meet the average production of 20 kg of milk per day, with 3.5% fat. The evaluated levels of sugarcane bagasse were: 30, 38, 46, and 54% dry matter bases. The intake and digestibility of dry matter decreased linearly with sugarcane bagasse levels. Rumination time was higher in cows fed 54% sugarcane bagasse. The inclusion levels had no effect on non-esterified fatty acid contents or on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, but beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations showed a quadratic pattern to the bagasse levels. Higher yields of 3.5% fat-corrected milk were obtained with cows fed 30% sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse inclusion in the diet of crossbred dairy cows decreases their performance; however, the bagasse can be used as exclusive roughage when associated with 70% concentrate.

Effect of the substitution of urea for soybean meal on digestion in steers

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Kozloski ◽  
H. M. N. Ribeiro Filho ◽  
J. B. T. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen

Four growing Holstein steers (305 ± 33 kg body weight) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to assess the effect of level of dietary urea (0, 7.3, 14.7 and 22.0 g kg−1 of dry matter) on the site and extent of digestion of some feed components. The diets were isonitrogenous and consisted of 60% ryegrass hay and 40% concentrate and were offered to the animals three times daily in amounts limited to 24 g of dry matter kg−1 liveweight in order to avoid feed refusals. The addition of urea caused a linear increase in ruminal pH and in ruminal ammonia concentration during the first hours after feed ingestion (P < 0.01), and linearly increased ruminal digestibility of cellulose (P < 0.01) and apparent nitrogen (P < 0.05). However, it had no significant effect on apparent total digestibility of feed components, nor did it affect ruminal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter or starch. Flow of microbial nitrogen to the small intestine decreased linearly (P < 0.05), but the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis or the proportion of undegraded feed nitrogen in the rumen that flowed to the small intestine was not significantly affected (P > 0.05). The increase in ruminal ammonia concentration above that necessary for optimal microbial growth increased ruminal nitrogen losses into the blood. However, excess ruminal ammonia concentration also increased ruminal fibre digestion. Key words: Non-protein nitrogen, microbial protein synthesis, ruminants, digestion

scholarly journals Influence of corn processing provided in the diet on the ruminal dynamics of dairy steer

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Miranda de Vargas Junior ◽  
Luis Maria Bonnecarrère Sanchez ◽  
Francisco Stefano Wechsler ◽  
Waldmaryan Bianchini ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Morais de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Corn Processing ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grains

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ruminal dynamics of dairy steer fed diets containing whole corn grains, grains ground into grits or whole grain treated with urea. Thus, six rumen-fistulated animals were kept in confinement and fed diets with similar contents of energy and protein. The diet was formulated with 40:60 roughage:concentrate ratio in the dry matter using sorghum silage as roughage. The experiments followed a 3 × 3 latin square design, with three animals and three periods and they were repeated eith-er two or four times depending on the studied parameter, totaling six or 12 replicates per diet. Corn grain treatment did not affect the pH of the ruminal fluid neither the ruminal degradability of dry matter, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. All diets provided a concentration of amoniacal nitrogen suitable for ruminal microbial growth; however, for animals fed whole corn grain treated with urea, this concentration was significantly lower. Bacterial activity was lower in animals fed diets containing ground corn and they do not differ among animals fed whole corn grain or corn grains treated with urea.

scholarly journals Which non-fibrous carbohydrates: neutral detergent fiber ratio optimizes the use of cactus cladodes in diets of growing heifers?

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3947-3960
Author(s):  
Airon Aparecido Silva de Melo ◽  
◽  
Dulciene Karla de Andrade Silva ◽  
André Luiz Rodrigues Magalhães ◽  
Fábia Simone Bezerra Cordeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Ruminal Ph

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC):neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios (0.70:1, 0.90:1, 1.14:1, 1.42:1, and 1.85:1) in diets containing cactus cladodes on intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, ingestive behavior, and microbial protein of growing heifers. Five rumen-cannulated heifers (194 ± 70 kg of body weight) were distributed in a Latin square design (5 x 5). There was a quadratic effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) (Kg day-1 and %BW) and crude protein (CP) with the increase in non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC): neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio, with maximum values of 7.07 kg day-1, 2.86%, and 0.949 kg day-1, estimated for 1.37:1, 1.39:1, and 1.27:1 ratios. When the intake of NDF decreased, in turn, the intakes of NFC and TDN increased. The NDF digestibility decreased with increasing NFC levels in diets. The other nutrients were not influenced. The ruminal pH showed the lowest values at 4 hours after feeding, mainly for animals fed the 1.85:1 ratio. There was a quadratic effect for rumination time with maximum values estimated for an NFC:NDF ratio of 0.88:1. The time spent idle increased linearly, while total chewing time and feeding efficiency of NDF decreased. The urinary volume increased linearly. However, microbial protein synthesis and the efficiency of the synthesis were not influenced. The number of protozoa increased by 64.5% with the elevation of the NFC:NDF ratio. We recommend a NFC:NDF ratio of 1.37:1 in diets containing cactus cladodes, to improve the use of nutrients, without negatively affecting ruminal parameters.

scholarly journals Intake and digestibility in cattle grazing temperate grass associated with legume and/or energetic supplementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 349-358
Author(s):  
Cassiano Albino Lorensetti ◽  
Magali Floriano da Silveira ◽  
Roberta Farenzena ◽  
Eduardo Felipe Colerauz de Oliveira Lazzarotto ◽  
Jeferson Menezes Lourenço ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Energy Supplements ◽  
Temperate Legumes

The intercrop between grasses and legumes is an alternative to maintain and increase animal production. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of grass-legume mixtures with or without supplementations on rumen fermentation, nutrient intake, and microbial protein synthesis. Six Holstein steers fitted with ruminal cannula were kept in a double 3 × 3 Latin square design. The treatments were: 1) oat, annual ryegrass, and supplement (GS), 2) oat, annual ryegrass, and vetch (GL), 3) oat, annual ryegrass, vetch, and supplement (GLS). Supplementation of ground maize was given daily at 11 h at 1% of body weight. Total digestible nutrient intake was higher in steers fed GS and GLS. Animals on GL ingested higher concentrations of nitrogen (N) compared to animals on GS and GLS diets. Ruminal pH and ammonia concentration were higher in GL. Grass-legume mixtures and supplements showed higher concentrations of sugar, α-amino acids, and peptides. The ruminal fermentative parameters, ruminal pH, ammonia, and sugars ranged cubically across the day. Microbial protein synthesis was similar amongst the treatments. Animals exclusively consuming temperate grass produce higher ruminal pH and ammonia concentrations. Therefore, using temperate legumes in pasture systems can be included in the cattle diet in lieu of utilizing energy supplements.

PSX-B-10 Effect of undigested neutral detergent fiber concentration and forage inclusion rate on ruminal pH, reticular motility, and total tract permeability for finishing beef heifers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 457-458
Author(s):  
Murillo C Pereira ◽  
Karen A Beauchemin ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Wenzhu Yang ◽  
Joyce Van Donkersgoed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fiber Concentration ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Contraction Duration ◽  
Gastrointestinal Permeability

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) concentration and forage inclusion (FI) rate on dry matter (DM) intake, ruminal pH, reticular contractions, and gastrointestinal permeability for finishing beef cattle. Five ruminally cannulated Hereford′Simmental heifers (699±69.1 kg) were used in an incomplete 6×6 Latin square (26-d periods) with a 2×3 factorial treatment arrangement. Barley grain-based diets were formulated using barley silage or wheat straw to provide low or high uNDF (7.1 vs. 8.5% DM) with forage proportions of 5, 10, or 15% of dietary DM. Dry matter intake (P ≥ 0.10) and eating time (P ≥ 0.13) were not affected by uNDF, FI, or uNDF′FI. With low uNDF diets, increasing FI numerically (P = 0.02) increased rumination time (min/d); while, with high uNDF diets, rumination time increased with 5 to 10% FI, but not thereafter (P = 0.03). Mean ruminal pH was not affected by uNDF (6.17 vs. 6.19; P = 0.08), but increased with increasing FI (6.04b, 6.23a, and 6.28a; P = 0.02). Duration of ruminal pH &lt; 5.5 was not affected by uNDF but tended (P = 0.07) to be reduced with increasing FI. High uNDF diet tended to increase the frequency of reticular contractions (1.43 vs. 1.51 contractions/min; P = 0.07) but decreased the contraction duration (13.2 vs. 14.1 sec; P = 0.04). Increasing FI increased contraction frequency (1.39b, 1.50a, and 1.53a contractions/min; P = 0.03) and tended to reduce contraction duration as forage increased from 5 to 10 and 15% (14.3, 13.1, and 13.6 sec; P = 0.07). Feeding high uNDF decreased (P = 0.05) permeability of the gastrointestinal tract based on the appearance of Cr-EDTA in urine following an intra-ruminal dose. Increasing FI tended to reduce gastrointestinal tract permeability (P = 0.06). Limited interactions indicate that uNDF and FI act independently suggesting that increasing dietary uNDF, without increasing FI rate, can stimulate frequency of reticulo-ruminal contractions and reduce gastrointestinal permeability for finishing cattle.

Effects of roughage type on particle separation, rumination, fiber mat characteristics, in situ degradation, and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L Lockard ◽  
Caleb G Lockard ◽  
Wyatt N Smith ◽  
Kendall J Karr ◽  
Ben P Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Six ruminally cannulated steers (average BW = 791 + 71 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of roughage type on rumination, fiber mat characteristics, and rumen fermentation variables. Three roughages were included at 7% (DM basis) in a steam flaked corn-based diet; cotton burrs (CB), wheat silage (WS), or corn stalks (CS). Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record rumination behaviors in 2-h intervals at the beginning of the experiment. Each 30-d period consisted of a 7-d of recovery, 14-d of diet adaptation, 7-d of rumination data collection (daily and bi-hourly average rumination), 1-d of rumen fluid collection, and 1-d of rumen evacuations. In situ degradation of individual roughages was determined for 4-d after period 3 evacuations. During rumen evacuations, ruminal contents were removed; the rumen fiber mat (RF) was separated from the liquid portion with a 2 mm sieve, weighed, and a subsample was dried. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with steer as the experimental unit and roughage (CB, WS, and CS) as the main effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different for CB and WS (P = 0.25) and greatest for steers consuming CS diet (P  &lt; 0.01). Roughage type did not influence the weight of the RF dry matter (%; DM; P = 0.92), RF weight (P = 0.69), or RF:DMI ratio (P = 0.29). Daily rumination (min/d) did not differ among roughages (P = 0.40), but min of rumination/kg of DMI was greatest for CS (18.0 min), min/kg of NDF was greatest for WS (89.8 min; P = 0.02), and min/kg of peNDF was greatest for CS (132.4 min; P  &lt; 0.01). Wheat silage had the greatest percentage of soluble DM and CB-R and CS-R (P  &lt; 0.01) had the greatest ruminal degraded DM fraction. Rumen fiber mat did not differ for roughages, although rumination min/kg of DMI and peNDF was greatest for steers consuming CS and WS. In situ degradation determined that CB-R and CS-R had the greatest percentage of ruminal degraded DM. Based on the objective of the experiment, roughage type did not influence daily rumination or fiber mat characteristics.

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