Sugarcane bagasse as only roughage for crossbred lactating cows in semiarid regions

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different levels of sugarcane bagasse, as exclusive roughage, on nutrient intake and digestibility, feeding behavior, microbial protein synthesis, and dairy performance of crossbred cows. Ten lactating Girolando breed cows (600±34.3 kg body weight) were assigned to a replicated 5×5 Latin square design. The control diet, based on spineless cactus, sugarcane bagasse, and concentrate, was formulated to meet the average production of 20 kg of milk per day, with 3.5% fat. The evaluated levels of sugarcane bagasse were: 30, 38, 46, and 54% dry matter bases. The intake and digestibility of dry matter decreased linearly with sugarcane bagasse levels. Rumination time was higher in cows fed 54% sugarcane bagasse. The inclusion levels had no effect on non-esterified fatty acid contents or on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, but beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations showed a quadratic pattern to the bagasse levels. Higher yields of 3.5% fat-corrected milk were obtained with cows fed 30% sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse inclusion in the diet of crossbred dairy cows decreases their performance; however, the bagasse can be used as exclusive roughage when associated with 70% concentrate.

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Effect of the substitution of urea for soybean meal on digestion in steers

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a00-032 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (4) ◽

pp. 713-719 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. V. Kozloski ◽

H. M. N. Ribeiro Filho ◽

J. B. T. Rocha

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Microbial Nitrogen

Four growing Holstein steers (305 ± 33 kg body weight) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to assess the effect of level of dietary urea (0, 7.3, 14.7 and 22.0 g kg−1 of dry matter) on the site and extent of digestion of some feed components. The diets were isonitrogenous and consisted of 60% ryegrass hay and 40% concentrate and were offered to the animals three times daily in amounts limited to 24 g of dry matter kg−1 liveweight in order to avoid feed refusals. The addition of urea caused a linear increase in ruminal pH and in ruminal ammonia concentration during the first hours after feed ingestion (P < 0.01), and linearly increased ruminal digestibility of cellulose (P < 0.01) and apparent nitrogen (P < 0.05). However, it had no significant effect on apparent total digestibility of feed components, nor did it affect ruminal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter or starch. Flow of microbial nitrogen to the small intestine decreased linearly (P < 0.05), but the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis or the proportion of undegraded feed nitrogen in the rumen that flowed to the small intestine was not significantly affected (P > 0.05). The increase in ruminal ammonia concentration above that necessary for optimal microbial growth increased ruminal nitrogen losses into the blood. However, excess ruminal ammonia concentration also increased ruminal fibre digestion. Key words: Non-protein nitrogen, microbial protein synthesis, ruminants, digestion

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EFFECTS OF FEEDING FREQUENCY AND SOYBEAN MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF ALFALFA SILAGE ON DUODENAL NITROGEN SUPPLY TO SHEEP

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas89-116 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 1021-1030

Author(s):

A. RUIZ ◽

D. N. MOWAT ◽

W. L. GROVUM

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Turnover Rate ◽

Control Diet ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Feeding Frequency ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Alfalfa Silage

Eight rams fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were assigned to four treatments in an 8 × 4 crossover design. Treatments were a factorial combination of two feeding frequencies (1 × or 4 ×/d) and two diets fed at 2% of body weight (alfalfa silage with or without 10% soybean meal (SBM), dry matter basis). Diets were made isocaloric by the addition of corn. Supplementary SBM did not affect concentration of most rumen metabolites, except for increasing ammonia levels (P < 0.05). Rumen liquid kinetics were not affected by supplementation with SBM. However, SBM increased (P < 0.05) duodenal flow of microbial and residual N as well as efficiency of microbial protein synthesis when the diet was fed more frequently. Four times feeding increased the turnover rate of rumen liquid (P < 0.05). In addition, the diurnal variation of all rumen parameters was reduced, suggesting more stable rumen conditions and more uniform fermentation. Nevertheless, site and extent of organic matter and cell wall digestion were not affected. Nitrogen retention was improved (P < 0.05) with both diets due to 4 × feeding. Neither N flows to the duodenum nor efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were influenced when the control diet was fed frequently. Key words: Feeding frequency, soybean meal, alfalfa silage, duodenal nitrogen, rumen fermentation, sheep

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Coffee hull in the diet of dairy heifers: nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982010000500027 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 1141-1145 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexandre Lima de Souza ◽

Rasmo Garcia ◽

Luciano da Silva Cabral ◽

Mara Lúcia Albuquerque Pereira ◽

Rilene Ferreira Diniz Valadares

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Purine Derivative ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Random Block ◽

Random Block Design

It was evaluated nitrogen compounds and microbial protein synthesis in heifers fed diets containing coffee hulls (0.0; 8.75; 17.25; and 26.25% of dry matter) replacing ground corn concentrate at the following levels of coffee hulls in the total diet dry matter: 0.0, 3.5, 7.0 or 10.5%. It was used 24 crossbreed heifers (7/8, 15/16 and 31/32 Holstein-Zebu), which were distributed in a random block design made up accordingly to the weight of the animals. Spot samples of urine were colleted aproximatelly four hours after morning feeding and were used to estimate microbial protein synthesis by using urine purine derivatives. It was not observed effect of coffee hull levels in the diet on total nitrogen intake (160 g/day) and nitrogen excretion in the urine (87.4 g/day). The inclusion of coffee hull in the diet linearly increased nitrogen excretion in feces, as well as nitrogen balance. There was linear reduction in urinary excretion of allantoin, in total purine derivative and absorbed purine, which reduced 0.715, 0.873, and 0.954 mmol/day to each coffee hull unity added to the concentrate, respectively. Coffee hull altered microbial protein synthesis, which reduced in 0.687 g/day to each coffee hull unity added to the concentrate. Reduction in microbial protein synthesis can reduce weight gain in heifers fed coffee hulls.

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Effect of altering the non-structural: structural carbohydrate ratio in a pasture diet on milk production and ruminal metabolites in cows in early and late lactation

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800015988 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 393-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

V. R. Carruthers ◽

P. G. Neil ◽

D. E. Dalley

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Latin Square ◽

Carbohydrate Intake ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

P Efficiency ◽

Total Carbohydrate ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Digestible Organic Matter

AbstractThe effect on digestibility, ruminal metabolites, microbial protein synthesis and milk production of manipulating the non-structural (NSC): structural (SO carbohydrate ratio in a predominantly pasture diet was investigated in cows in early (trial 1) and late (trial 2) lactation. Twenty-four cows in trial 1 and 15 cows in trial 2 were offered pasture only (P), 0·85 P plus 0·15 NSC/protein mixture (PR), and P plus an additional 0·1 (trial 1) or 0·15 (trial 2) NSC (PE) in a Latin-square arrangement. All diets were isonitrogenous and P and PR were isoenergetic. PE but not PR increased microbial protein synthesis and decreased ruminal ammonia and milk urea levels, compared with P. Efficiency of microbial synthesis (g N per kg digestible organic matter intake) was not altered by treatment. Treatments had minor effects on ruminal pH and no effect on volatile fatty acid concentrations. PE and PR did not affect milk yield or protein yield and decreased fat yield compared with P in trial 1. Milk yield was increased on PE and PR compared with P and was greater on PE than PR, in trial 2. Yields of fat and protein were higher on PE than on P and yield of protein was higher on PR than on P. The results suggest that increasing the ratio of NSC: protein by increasing total carbohydrate intake was more effective in improving nitrogen utilization in the rumen than was increasing the NSC: SC ratio without increasing carbohydrate intake.

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Mesquite Extract as Phytogenic Additive to Improve the Nutrition of Sheep

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v9n7p164 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Renato Tonhá Alves Júnior ◽

Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza ◽

Airon Aparecido Silva de Melo ◽

Dulciene Karla De Andrade Silva ◽

Thaysa Rodrigues Torres ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Rumen Content ◽

Ciliated Protozoa ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis

Four concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg extract per ml of water) of mesquite extract were used as phytogenic additive to verify the potential to increase the nutritional value of the feed, ruminal parameters (primarily propionate production) and nitrogen use efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and quantify the reduction of ciliated protozoa and characterize the ingestive behavior of sheep. Ten adult male sheep were subjected to a 5 × 5 double Latin square design. Prior to feeding, the animals received the mesquite extract. Nutrient intake was estimated from the difference of the amount of feed provided and the total surplus. Rumen content samples were collected to evaluate the profile of short-chain fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen, pH, ciliated protozoa, turnover rate and disappearance rate. To estimate the microbial protein synthesis, the technique of purine derivatives was used. The mesquite extract quadratically increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, as well as increased propionate production, acetate:propionate ratio and microbial protein synthesis. The numbers of ciliate protozoa in the rumen decreased as a result of mesquite extract inclusion in the diet. The use of mesquite pod extract at a concentration of 488 mg/mL is recommended to improve digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, and to optimize microbial protein synthesis and increase propionic acid production.

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Duodenal Nitrogenous Constituent Flow in Growing Steers Fed Silages Prepared with Formic Acid and Enzyme Additives

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600017827 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 1988 ◽

pp. 146-146

Author(s):

J L Jacobs ◽

A B McAllan

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Present Experiment ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Available Energy ◽

Structural Carbohydrate

The addition to grass during ensiling of enzymes capable of hydrolysing forage polysaccharides has been shown to result in increased fermentation of dry matter within the silo (Jacobs & McAllan, 1987). Thus it appears that the enzymes promoted cellular breakdown within the silo. It is also possible that the enzymes may also have made available greater amounts of structural carbohydrate for utilisation within the rumen. Such an increase in available energy may be reflected in improved microbial activity in the rumen resulting in increased microbial protein synthesis. The present experiment examines the effects of enzyme treated silages on the flow of nitrogenous constituents at the duodenum of growing steers.

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Inclusion of copaiba oil (Copaifera sp.) as additive in supplements for cattle on pasture

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402018000200004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 178-192

Author(s):

Fabiola Espindola Ortega de Lima ◽

Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽

Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽

Diego dos Santos Penha ◽

Raquel Tenório de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Polynomial Regression ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Significance Level ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Copaiba Oil

SUMMARY This study analyzed the effect of including copaiba oil as an additive for cattle supplemented on pasture, during the dry season. Four crossbred steers, castrated, with 245 ± 25 kg, aged about 18 months, fitted with permanent rumen cannula; were randomly assigned to a 4×4 Latin square. All animals were housed in individual paddocks (0.3 ha), uniformly covered with Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, with through and drinking fountain; and were given a concentrate at 500g/100 kg BW containing 380 g/kg crude protein (%DM). The copaiba oil was added to the supplement as a spray, in the proportions of 0, 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg DM intake. Spraying supplementation was performed daily at the time of supply of the supplement. Data of intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein synthesis were tested by analysis of variance and polynomial regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The inclusion of copaiba oil quadratically affected total dry matter intake (P=0.030) and CP digestibility (P=0.043), without altering ruminal metabolism (P>0.05) and microbial protein synthesis (P>0.05) of the animals kept on pasture.

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Effect of combinations of feed-grade urea and slow-release urea in a finishing beef diet on fermentation in an artificial rumen system

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 839-847

Author(s):

Daryoush Alipour ◽

Atef Mohamed Saleem ◽

Haley Sanderson ◽

Tassilo Brand ◽

Laize V Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Volatile Fatty Acid ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Slow Release ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Microbial Nitrogen ◽

Slow Release Urea

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of combinations of feed-grade urea and slow-release urea (SRU) on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis within two artificial rumens (Rusitec) fed a finishing concentrate diet. The experiment was a completely randomized, dose–response design with SRU substituted at levels of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, or 1.75% of dry matter (DM) in place of feed-grade urea, with four replicate fermenters per dosage. The diet consisted of 90% concentrate and 10% forage (DM basis). The experiment was conducted over 15 d, with 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Dry matter and organic matter disappearances were determined after 48 h of incubation from day 9 to 12, and daily ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were measured from day 9 to 12. Microbial protein synthesis was determined on days 13–15. Increasing the level of SRU quadratically affected total VFA (Q, P = 0.031) and ammonia (Q, P = 0.034), with a linear increment in acetate (L, P = 0.01) and isovalerate (L, P = 0.05) and reduction in butyrate (L, P = 0.05). Disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was quadratically affected by levels of SRU, plateauing at 1% SRU. Inclusion of 1% SRU resulted in the highest amount of microbial nitrogen associated with feed particles (Q, P = 0.037). Responses in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis fluctuated (L, P = 0.002; Q, P = 0.001) and were the highest for 1% SRU. In general, the result of this study showed that 1% SRU in combination with 0.6% urea increased NDF and ADF digestibility and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) production.

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Peningkatan Kualitas Jerami Padi dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kecernaan Nutrien dan Produk Fermentasi Rumen Kerbau dengan Feces Sebagai Sumber Inokulum

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v13i2.822 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 59-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Syapura Syapura ◽

Muhamad Bata ◽

Wardhana Surya Pratama

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Fermentation Products ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Organic Matter Digestibility

Improving of rice straw quality and its effect on ability nutrient digestibility and rumen metabolism products of buffalo in-vitro with feces as inoculum source ABSTRACT. This study was aimed to determine the effect of feeding ammoniated rice straw plus concentrate on buffalo nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation products by in vitro. The Research was carried out by using experimental method, designed according to completely randomized design (CRD). The source of inoculum was obtain from different feces of three buffalos kept in Datar Village of Purwokerto region fed rice straw, rice straw plus concentrate and rice straw ammoniated plus concentrate with dry matter ratio of 80 : 20. The treatments tested consisted of three treatments, namely R0 = control feed using rice straw; R1 = the use of rice straw plus concentrate with a ratio of (DM basis) 80:20; R2 = the use of ammoniated rice straw plus concentrate with a ratio of (DM basis) 80:20. The treatments were repeated 7 times, so there were 21 experimental units. The Variables measured included total VFA, Ratio A/P, N-NH3, Microbial Protein Synthesis (MPS), Dry Matter and Organic Matter Digestibility. The result of this study showed that the treatment had an effect significant (P0.05) on the concentration of VFA, Ratio A/P, N-NH3, Microbial Protein Synthesis (MPS), and Dry Matter and Organic Matter Digestibility. The HSD test showed that the highest production of VFA,Ratio A/P, N-NH3, Microbial Protein Synthesis (MPS), Dry Matter and Organic Matter Digestibility were achieved at R2 followed by R1 and R0 respectively. The conclusion is that the ammoniated rice straw supplemented with concentrate can be recommended to be fed to buffalo

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Ruminal Ecology, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Milk Production in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Glycerin-Based Diet: A Comparison Study on Chitosan Sources Supplementation

10.20944/preprints202011.0674.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anuthida Seankamsorn ◽

Anusorn Cherdthong ◽

Sarong So ◽

Metha Wanapat

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Control Group ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Different Sources

The study compared the influence of chitosan sources on rumen fermentation, methane emission and milk production in lactating dairy cows fed a glycerin-based diet. Six, lactating Holstein-Frisian crossbreeds (410 ± 5.0 kg BW, 120 ± 21 day-in-milk), were arranged in a 3 x 3 replicated Latin square design. In addition to control, a 2% chitosan extract supplement and a 2% commercial chitosan supplement of dry matter intake were the treatments. The results denoted that no significant differences on daily dry matter, nutrients or estimated energy intake were noted when cows received different sources of chitosan. Nutrient digestibility was not influenced differently by extraction based or commercial chitosan supplements. The pH, temperature, ammonia nitrogen, blood urea and microbial count were similar among treatments. The different sources of chitosan supplements did not change the totals of volatile fatty acids, acetate and butyrate; in contrast, different chitosan sources influenced (P<0.05) propionate content. The ruminal acetate to propionate ratio was markedly (P<0.05) reduced with chitosan supplement, but no change appeared between sources of chitosan. At 4 hours after feeding, the methane estimation signiﬁcantly decreased with the addition of chitosan supplementation (P<0.05) compared to the control group. The purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were not altered by the treatments. No significant differences existed on milk yield, milk composition or milk urea nitrogen when cows received different sources of chitosan (P>0.05). In sum, supplementing extracted chitosan showed more potential than did commercial chitosan for enhancing economic efficiency and recycling shrimp residues, therefore, reducing environmental waste.

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