scholarly journals Sheep and goat feeding behavior profile in grazing systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e51265
Author(s):  
Tairon Pannunzio Dias e Silva ◽  
Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho

 Feeding behavior analysis provides information about the relationships between animals and pastures. Therefore, this review aims to describe some aspects of the feeding behavior profiles of both sheep and goats in grazing systems. The structure of the pasture is a key factor in the feeding behavior of grazing animals. The amount of feed consumed in a given period of time is affected by the number of meals, duration and velocity of swallowing, changes in grazing time, bite rate, bite weight, and quality of ingested forage. The different phenological stages of forage also influence the animals’ strategies to optimize their intake, which consequently changes their behavioral activities. Sheep and goats tend to be more selective than cattle, and young animals are more selective than older animals; this selectivity characteristic is one of the most important aspects to be observed in pasture management. According to the degree of selectivity, the animals will intake forages of higher or lower nutritive quality. In addition, the intensity and distribution of their daily activities (grazing, ruminating, and resting) are influenced by several factors, such as the availability and nutritive value of the pasture, its management, the animal activity in the group, and the predominant climatic conditions of the region.

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Pablo Antonio Cuesta Muñoz

<p>Las especies forrajeras constituyen la principal fuente de alimentación de los bovinos en Colombia; en la mayoría de las explotaciones son el único alimento debido a las condiciones climáticas favorables para la producción de forraje a través del año y a lo poco práctico que resulta alimentar rumiantes con granos o subproductos agroindustriales, debido al alto costo y la baja oferta de estos recursos en el mercado nacional. El manejo del pastoreo es el aspecto menos entendido en las explotaciones y ocurren con frecuencia eventos de sobrepastoreo y subpastoreo a lo largo de un mismo año, con reducciones drásticas en la producción animal y en la persistencia del pasto,  lo que conduce a una degradación rápida de las praderas. En este artículo se revisan las principales respuestas fisiológicas de las praderas en pastoreo y se incluye un análisis de los efectos del animal sobre las plantas y el suelo. Así mismo, se compendian los mecanismos de respuesta a la defoliación, el papel de las reservas orgánicas, de los  meristemos y del área foliar residual, al igual que el manejo del pastoreo, con sus variables de frecuencia e intensidad de la defoliación y su efecto sobre la composición botánica el valor nutritivo y la producción de forraje de la pradera. Finalmente, se analiza brevemente la productividad de las praderas, la producción animal y las variables de respuesta bajo pastoreo.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Fundamentals of pasture management to improve productivity of cattle production systems in Colombia</strong></p><p>Forage species are the foundation of cattle production systems in Colombia being the only source of animal feed in most cattle operations year round since climatic conditions support forage production and grazing during most of the year; however, feeding ruminants with grains or agroindustrial byproducts is impractical under most circumstances, due to the high cost and low offer of these materials in the market. Grazing management is probably the most poorly understood issue in most pastures. In fact, overgrazing and undergazing are frequently carried out within the same year, which severely reduce animal productivity and forage persistence, thus leading to a rapid degradation of the pastures. This article presents a review of the main physiological responses of pastures under grazing including an analysis of the animal effects in the forage plants and in the soil. The main defoliation response mechanisms are also reviewed, the role of organic reserves, meristems and residual leaf area, as well as grazing management of the pastures, as influenced by frequency and intensity of defoliation, which in tum affect botanical composition, forage productivity, nutritive value and persistence of the pasture. Finally, a brief discussion of pasture productivity evaluation, animal production and response variables under grazing are also presented.</p>


2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1845-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Schalemberg Diehl ◽  
Clair Jorge Olivo ◽  
Carlos Alberto Agnolin ◽  
Ricardo Lima de Azevedo Junior ◽  
Vinícius Felipe Bratz ◽  
...  

The objective of this research was to evaluate of three grazing systems (GS) with elephant grass (EG), Italian ryegrass (IR) + spontaneous growing species (SGS); EG + IR + SGS + forage peanut (FP); and EG + IR + SGS + red clover (RC), during the winter and summer periods in rotational grazing with dairy cattle. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments, two replicates with repeated measures. Lactating Holstein cows receiving 1% BW-daily feed supplement with concentrate were used in the evaluation. Eight grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period. The values of pre forage mass and stocking rate were 2.52, 2.60 and 2.99 t ha-1 and 2.64, 2.77 and 3.14 animal unit ha-1, respectively for GS. Samples of forage were collected by hand-plucking technique to analyze the crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in situ dry matter digestibility (ISDMD), in situ organic matter digestibility (ISOMD) of forage present between rows of elephant grass, in the rows of elephant grass and the legumes. Higher value of CP, ISOMD and lower of NDF were observed for the grazing systems mixed with legumes forage.


2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 1553-1558
Author(s):  
Sheng Jun Chen ◽  
Lai Hao Li ◽  
Xian Qing Yang ◽  
Bo Qi ◽  
Yan Yan Wu ◽  
...  

The nutritional components in the cuttlefish muscle were analyzed and the nutritive quality was evaluated in the paper. The results showed that the contents of the cuttlefish muscle in crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate were 16.60%, 0.86%, 1.30%, respectively. There were 18 kinds amino acids and the total amino acids reached 17.44%, with an essential amino acid index(EAAI) of 67.95. The composition of the essential amino acids in muscle ratio was consistent with the FAO/WHO standards. In addition, the contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 41.13%, 12.15% and 46.72%, respectively. And the muscle contains a higher content of EPA and DHA, reached 11.0% and 24.49%, respectively. It was considered that the cuttlefish muscle has a high nutritive value and it can be the important material of the high quality protein and unsaturated fatty acid.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3219
Author(s):  
James E. Sprinkle ◽  
Joseph K. Sagers ◽  
John B. Hall ◽  
Melinda J. Ellison ◽  
Joel V. Yelich ◽  
...  

The objective was to determine if low- or high-residual feed intake (LRFI or HRFI, n = 24 for each) Hereford × Angus cows on continuously or rotationally grazed rangeland altered their grazing behavior when provided a protein supplement in late autumn. Treatments included continuously grazed, control (CCON, n = 12); continuously grazed, supplemented (CTRT, n = 12); rotationally grazed, control (RCON, n = 12); and rotationally grazed, supplemented pastures (RTRT, n = 12). Cows in each treatment had grazing time (GT), resting time (RT), and walking time (WLK) measured for 2 years with accelerometers. Bite rate (BR) was also measured. Time distributions of GT and RT differed by year (p < 0.05), being influenced by colder temperatures in 2016. Cattle in 2016 spent more time grazing during early morning and late evening (p < 0.05) and rested more during the day (p < 0.05). In 2017, cattle in the CCON treatment walked more (p < 0.05) during early morning time periods than did the CTRT cattle, indicative of search grazing. All supplemented cattle had greater BR (p < 0.05) than control cattle in 2017. Cattle with increased nutritional demands alter grazing behavior in a compensatory fashion when grazing late-season rangelands.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-133
Author(s):  
Pius Yoram Kavana ◽  
Ephraim J. Mtengeti ◽  
Anthony Sangeda ◽  
Christopher Mahonge ◽  
Robert Fyumagwa ◽  
...  

The impacts of agro-pastoral activities on soil properties, plus nutritive value and residual standing biomass of herbaceous plants in areas of different land uses in western Serengeti, were evaluated. Vegetation and soil were sampled along 4,000 m transects laid across fallow land, areas grazed only by livestock, mixed grazing (livestock and wildlife) and wildlife grazing only. A total number of 123 plant species were encountered during sampling. Analyses of soil and vegetation samples were conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture laboratories. The estimated average density of grazing animals encountered was 160 TLU/km2 on transects within livestock-dominated grazing lands, 129 TLU/km2 for mixed grazing and 83 TLU/km2 for wildlife grazing only. Results indicated that ADF, IVDMD, IVOMD, ME and TDN in residual herbaceous forage at flowering were significantly (P<0.05) affected by land use type but CP, NDF and ADL were not affected. Soil pH, OC, CEC, C:N ratio and Ca differed significantly (P<0.05) between land use types. An overall evaluation indicated that regardless of climatic conditions, residual biomass of herbaceous plants in western Serengeti is determined by intensity of grazing, soil C:N ratio and concentrations of Ca and P in the soil. We conclude that agro-pastoral practices conducted in western Serengeti affected residual standing biomass of herbaceous plants and soil properties. We recommend that grazing pressure in communal grazing lands be reduced by either reducing number of grazing animals or duration of grazing in a particular grazing area, and specific studies be conducted to establish stocking rates appropriate for specific communal grazing lands in villages.


EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Marcelo Wallau ◽  
Joao Vendramini ◽  
Jose Dubeux ◽  
Ann Blount

This 10-page document discusses bahiagrass forage cultivars, forage production, nutritive value, animal performance, planting, pasture renovation, management, and more. Written by Marcelo Wallau, Joao Vendramini, José Dubeux, and Ann Blount, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, revised July 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag342 Original version: Newman, Yoana, Joao Vendramini, and Ann Blount. 2010. “Bahiagrass (Paspalum Notatum): Overview and Management”. EDIS 2010 (4). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/118607.


2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 89-89
Author(s):  
M. A. Akbar ◽  
P. Lebzien ◽  
G. Flachowsky

The fresh weight, dry matter (DM) contents and nutritional quality in maize vary considerably with variation in varieties, stages at which harvested, climatic conditions and agronomic factors. Recently, agronomists, nutritionists, and dairy producers have placed increased emphasis on factors affecting the nutritive value of maize. However, very little information is available on quantitative variability of the feed value of maize fodder as affected by such factors. This study was, therefore, carried out to assess the effect of harvesting of six different maize varieties at two stages (dates) of grain maturity on quality of both the stover and cobs.


1971 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 232-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Thomas ◽  
B. Boag

Nematode parasitism is a major problem in the development of intensive grazing systems for fat lamb production, a development which is essential to the progress of the sheep industry. An understanding of the epidemiology of the parasites concerned is the key to the formulation of effective control measures. In this context, the importance of the pasture as the link between parasite and host is receiving increasing recognition; so too is the significance of pasture management.


2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 154-154
Author(s):  
C. Cajarville ◽  
J. P Repetto ◽  
A. Curbelo ◽  
C. Soto ◽  
D. Cozzolino

The nutritive value of forage crops is related mainly to climatic conditions and stage of plant maturity, and its determination for any given crop is essential for optimum planning and animal feeding (Berardo et al., 1993; Deaville and Flinn, 2000). Worldwide the nutritive value of forages is often estimated by chemical or physical methods and is expressed as the concentration of chemical constituents in the plant tissue. There is little information in the literature about the use of NIRS to determine degradability in pastures with different conditions, season, different places (Wilman et al., 2000). The aim of the work to explore the use of NIRS as rapid tool for estimate DM and N degradability in forages.


Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2423
Author(s):  
Nehal S. Ramadan ◽  
Ludger A. Wessjohann ◽  
Andrei Mocan ◽  
Dan C Vodnar ◽  
Nabil H. El-Sayed ◽  
...  

Averrhoa carambola L. is a tropical tree with edible fruit that grows at different climatic conditions. Despite its nutritive value and reported health benefits, it is a controversial fruit owing to its rich oxalate content. The present study aimed at investigating aroma and nutrient primary metabolites distribution in A. carambola fruits grown in Indonesia, Malaysia (its endemic origin) versus Egypt, and at different ripening stages. Two techniques were employed to assess volatile and non-volatile metabolites including headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) joined with gas chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-MS post silylation, respectively. Twenty-four volatiles were detected, with esters amounting for the major class of volatiles in Egyptian fruit at ca. 66%, with methyl caproate as the major component, distinguishing it from other origins. In contrast, aldehydes predominated tropically grown fruits with the ether myristicin found exclusively in these. Primary metabolites profiling led to the identification of 117 metabolites viz. sugars, polyols and organic acids. Fructose (38–48%) and glucose (21–25%) predominated sugar compositions in ripe fruits, whereas sorbitol was the major sugar alcohol (2.4–10.5%) in ripe fruits as well. Oxalic acid, an anti-nutrient with potential health risks, was the major organic acid detected in all the studied fruits (1.7–2.7%), except the Malaysian one (0.07%). It increases upon fruit ripening, including considerable amounts of volatile oxalate esters detected via SPME, and which must not be omitted in total oxalate determinations for safety assessments.


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