Analysis on the Combustion Performance of the MMFU-Boric Acid/Borax Treated Poplar Wood

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 375-379
Author(s):  
Yu Bo Chai ◽  
Jun Liang Liu ◽  
Zhen Xing
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Combustion Performance

In this study, Melamine-methanol-formaldehyde-urea (MMFU) resin and the mixture of MMFU/boric acid/borax (MBB) were used as the modification solutions to impregnate wood from poplar plantation. The combustion performance of the wood before and after impregnation treatment was investigated by using the oxygen index apparatus and cone calorimeter. Results showed that the oxygen index of the MMFU and MBB treated wood both increased. Compared with the untreated wood, the MMFU and MBB treatment significantly delayed the ignition time and the appearance of peak value of the heat release rate (HRR) during the combustion. The MMFU and MBB treatment also reduced the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), mass loss rate (MLR), generation rate of carbon monoxide (GCO) as well as total smoke release (TSR) significantly. Both MMFU and MBB exhibited good effect of smoke suppression on wood, while MBB had better flame retardancy than MMFU. Boric acid/borax exerted excellent synergistic effect of fire resistance on MMFU.

Cone calorimeter evaluation of reinforced hybrid wood–aluminum composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-131
Author(s):  
Junfeng Hou ◽  
Zhiyong Cai ◽  
Keyang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Alloy Sheet ◽  
Aluminum Alloy Sheet ◽  
Aluminum Composites ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Combustion Performance

Combustion performance for three types of wood–aluminum composites was investigated using cone calorimetry tests. The results revealed that time to ignition of the specimens was increased and more than 100 times after the lamination of 1.6-mm-thick aluminum alloy sheet on the surface (from 17 to 1990 s). And residual mass of the wood–aluminum composites was improved and almost quadrupled (from 21.795% to 81.664%). The peak heat release rate, average heat release rate, total heat release, and mean mass loss rate of wood–aluminum composites with 1.6-mm-thick aluminum alloy sheet on the surface were decreased to 70.18%, 48.71%, 24.27%, and 80.60%, respectively. However, yields of both CO and CO2 are slightly improved with the increase in the thickness of aluminum alloy sheet because of incomplete combustion. The application of aluminum alloy sheets to the wood-based composites is an effective method for improving the combustion performance.

Combustion Performance of Composite Floor with Different Radiant Heat Flux

2014 ◽  
Vol 501-504 ◽  
pp. 2415-2418
Author(s):  
Yan Ying Xu ◽  
Ruo Jun Wang ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Lu Chao Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Radiation Heat ◽  
Radiation Heat Flux ◽  
Combustion Performance ◽  
Wood Flooring ◽  
Engineered Wood

The combustion performance of engineered wood flooring and intensive composite floor under the different radiation heat flux were experimented by cone calorimeter. Fire parameters were measured including the ignition time and heat release rate. Experimental results show that the ignition time of engineered wood flooring is much lower than intensive composite floor, and the ignition time are decreased with the increase of radiation heat flux. The heat release rate (HRR) curve has two peaks under the same radiation heat flux, and the first peak of the heat release rate of engineered wood flooring occurs significantly earlier than intensive composite floor. The heat release rate is increased and the first peak significantly ahead of time with the increase of the radiation intensity

scholarly journals Research on combustion performance of PVC foam in fire propagation apparatus

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 01034
Author(s):  
Guoan Zhang ◽  
Lingling Wei ◽  
Junhao Gao ◽  
Tingting Qiu ◽  
Rongnan Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Fire Propagation

Polyvinyl chloride foam (PVC) is widely used as the wall materials of the high-speed train. The combustion characteristics of PVC foam under the heat fluxes of 20-60 kW/m2 are investigated by fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). The results show that the ignition time of PVC foam decreases with the increase of heat flux. The peak of heat release rate, mass loss rate and smoke production rate increase with the increase of heat flux. Under the condition of 60 kW/m2, the heat release rate has the peak value of 109.10 kW/m2. The research on the combustion characteristics of the PVC can be used to analyse the fire risk of the train and guide the formulation of safety measures.

Fire performance of continuous glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composites: The effect of fibre architecture on the fire properties of polycarbonate composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1705-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousof M Ghazzawi ◽  
Andres F Osorio ◽  
Michael T Heitzmann
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fibre Reinforcement ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Fire Properties

The fire performance of polycarbonate resin and the role of glass fibre reinforcement in altering the fire performance was investigated. Three different fibre weaves with comparable surface density, plain, twill, and unidirectional glass fabrics, were used as reinforcements. E-glass fabrics were solution-impregnated with polycarbonate/dichloromethyl, laid up, and compression-moulded to consolidate the glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composite. Cone calorimetry tests with an incident radiant flux of 35 kW/m2 were used to investigate the fire properties of polycarbonate resin and its composites. Results showed that glass fibre reinforcement improves polycarbonate performance by delaying its ignition, decreasing its heat release rate, and lowering the mass loss rate. The three fibre weave types exhibited similar time to ignition. However, unidirectional fibre had a 35% lower peak heat release rate followed when compared to plain and twill weave fibres.

Retardant Properties of Nanosilica/PTFE Nanoparticals-Reinforced Polypropylene

2014 ◽  
Vol 1004-1005 ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Lu Zhang ◽  
Dong Li Li ◽  
Wen Cai Xu ◽  
Ya Bo Fu ◽  
Rui Juan Liao
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Thermoplastic Polymer ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Melting Characteristics

This work reports the flammability properties of Nanocomposites reinforced with silica and PTFE nanoparticles and toughened with an elastomeric ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). Through trial and simulation study of the flame retardant thermoplastic polymer and melting characteristics of PP in the combustion process.The study found that modified PP composites have good flame retardancy compared to PP in case of fire relatively.In the study,the melting characteristics of the thermoplastic polymer affected the mass loss rate in the combustion stage.Nanocomposites experienced low plastic mass loss compared with PP, this has been related to pyrolysis mechanism of polymer.In general,The polymers undergoing depolymerization will lead to a rapid volatilization and therefore experienced much less melting.The results showed that:total heat release of nanocomposites was higher than polypropylene, while the average heat release rate, the maximum heat release rate, the average effective heat of combustion, the average mass loss rate, the average specific extinction area, and other indicators were lower than polypropylene.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION THE FIRE HAZARD OF PLYWOODS USING A CONE CALORIMETER

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-942
Author(s):  
ZHIGANG WU ◽  
XUE DENG ◽  
LIFEN LI ◽  
LIPING YU ◽  
JIE CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Safety Level

A high-efficiency fire retardant composition was prepared with dicyandiamide, phosphoric acid, boric acid, borax, urea and magnesium sulfate and it was used to process veneers which were then to prepare the plywood. Meanwhile, heat release and smoke release from combustion of plywood were tested by a cone calorimeter, including heat release rate, mass loss rate, CO yield, CO2 yield and oxygen consumption. Results showed that the plywood with this fire retardant treatment had the better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression effect as well as the stronger char-forming capability compared to plywood without fire retardant treatment. The average heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, total smoke release, CO yield and oxygen consumption of the plywood with fire retardant treatment were decreased by 63.72%, 91.94%, 53.70%, 76.81%, 84.99% and 91.86%, respectively. Moreover, the fire growth index of plywood treated by fire retardant was relatively low (3.454 kW·m-2·s-1) and it took longer time to reach the peak heat release rate, accompanied with slow fire spreading. The fire performance index was relatively high (0.136 s·m2·kW-1) and it took longer time to be ignited, thus leaving a long time for escaping at fire accidents. The fire hazard of plywood with fire retardant treatment was low, and its safety level was high.

scholarly journals Effects Of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 Nanoparticle-Diesel Fuel Blends on the Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nouri ◽  
Amir Homayoon Meghdadi Isfahani ◽  
Alireza Shirneshan
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Combustion Performance ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Nanoparticle Additives

Abstract This research investigates the effects of the addition of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 nanoparticles (30, 60, and 90 ppm) and Fe2O3-Al2O3 hybrid nanoparticles to pure diesel fuel on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. The results indicated that fuel blends improved the combustion (in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate), performance (power, fuel consumption, and thermal and exergy efficiency), and emission characteristics of the engine. The results showed that the peak combustion pressure increased by 4% and the heat release rate was improved by 15% in comparison with pure diesel with the addition of the nanoparticles. Moreover, the rate of pressure rise increased by 18% compared to pure diesel with nanoparticle additives. Based on the results, the effects of Fe2O3 fuel blends on brake power, BTE, and CO emission were more than Al2O3 fuel blends, such that it increased power and thermal efficiency by 7.40 and 14%, respectively, and reduced CO emissions by 21.2%; moreover, the blends with Al2O3 nanoparticle additives in comparison with Fe2O3 nanoparticle blends showed a better performance in reducing BSFC (9%), NOx (23.9%), and SO2 (23.4%) emissions. Overall, the Fe2O3-Al2O3 hybrid fuel blend is the best alternative if the performance and emission characteristics of the engine are both considered.

Study the Characteristics in the Growth Phase of Wood Crib Fires

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Xu ◽  
G. J. Griffin ◽  
XuHong Miao ◽  
ZhenYu Xu ◽  
Y. Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Wood Crib ◽  
Rate Of Heat Release ◽  
The Relationship

Tests were conducted with ISO 9705 room to investigate the combustion behavior of medium size wood cribs. Cribs were burnt at the center and corner inside ISO room and also under the hood of the ISO room. Effective heat of combustion and increase rate of heat release rate in growth phase is compared for cribs with different nominal heat release rate and in different positions. The relationship between scaled steady mass loss rate and porosity factor of wood crib is quite different from those in literatures. The average effect heat of combustion is 12.18 MJ kg−1, which is close to commonly accepted value 12 MJ kg−1 for wood sample burning with diffusion flame.

scholarly journals Use of the cone calorimeter to detect seasonal differences in selected combustion characteristics of ornamental vegetation

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Weise ◽  
Robert H. White ◽  
Frank C. Beall ◽  
Matt Etlinger
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Intermediate Scale ◽  
Time To Ignition

The flammability of living vegetation is influenced by a variety of factors, including moisture content, physical structure and chemical composition. The relative flammability of ornamental vegetation is of interest to homeowners seeking to make their homes ‘fire safe’. The relative importance of the factors influencing fire behaviour characteristics, such as flammability, is unknown. In the present study, oxygen consumption calorimetry was used to obtain selected combustion characteristics of ornamental vegetation. Peak heat release rate, mass loss rate, time to ignition and effective heat of combustion of 100 × 100-mm samples of foliage and small branches were measured using a bench-scale cone calorimeter. Green and oven-dry samples of 10 species were collected and tested seasonally for a period of 1 year. Similar measurements were made on whole shrubs in an intermediate-scale calorimeter. The range of cone calorimeter peak heat release rates for green and oven-dry samples was 1–176 and 49–331 kW m−2, respectively. Moisture content significantly reduced heat release rates and increased time to ignition. Peak heat release rates for Olea europea and Adenostoma fasciculatum were consistently highest over the year of testing; Aloe sp. consistently had the lowest heat release rate. The correlation of peak heat release rates measured by the cone calorimeter and an intermediate-scale calorimeter was statistically significant yet low (0.51). The use of the cone calorimeter as a tool to establish the relative flammability rating for landscape vegetation requires additional investigation.

scholarly journals The Fabrication and Properties Characterization of Wood-Based Flame Retardant Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia He ◽  
Xianjun Li ◽  
Zhu Zhong ◽  
Yongli Yan ◽  
Qunying Mou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Flame Retardation ◽  
Nano Zinc

Wood-based flame retardant composites were fabricated based on vacuum-pressure impregnating method after high intensive microwave pretreatment. The effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and modified nano-zinc borate (nZB) addition on flame-retardation and smoke-suppression properties of wood were investigated by cone calorimeter method (CONE) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that the heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (pk-HRR), and total heat release (THR) of APP-treated woods decreased greatly with increasing concentration of APP. However, mean yield of CO (Mean COY) of APP-treated wood was much higher (3.5 times) than that of untreated wood. Compared with wood treated with APP at a concentration of 15%, the total smoke product (TSP), Mean COY, and pk-HRR decreased by 78.4%, 71.43%, and 31.23%, when wood was treated with APP and nZB (both concentrations were at 15%). APP and nZB have synergistic effects of flame-retardation and smoke-suppression. Nano-zinc borate combined with APP would be used in wood-based composites to efficiently retard flame, reduce fire intensity, and decrease noxious (CO)/smoke release.

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