Research Progress on Ways of Secondary Metabolism in Plants

The function of secondary metabolites has been a subject of debate since the first isolation and characterization of these often times structurally complex chemical compounds. By definition, secondary metabolites are naturally produced compounds that are not essential for the survival of the producing organism, as opposed to primary metabolites. Bioassays have revealed a wide range of biological activities, such as cytotoxicity, ichthyotoxicity, antimicrobial and antifeedant activity, antifoulant and anti-cancer activities. However, some of these activities are manifested against organisms that do not represent logical targets, since they would never be encountered by the producing organism in their natural habitat.

Download Full-text

A review on phyto-pharmacology of Oxalis corniculata

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening ◽

10.2174/1386207324666210813121431 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

Author(s):

Iqra Sarfraz ◽

Azhar Rasul ◽

Ghulam Hussain ◽

Muhammad Ajmal Shah ◽

Bushra Nageen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Current Effort ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

Anti Fungal ◽

Warm Temperate

: Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae) is a small decumbent and delicate appearing medicinal herb flourishing in warm temperate and tropical domains such as Pakistan and India. Main bioactive chemical constituents of Oxalis plant include several alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phlobatannins along with steroids. Due to its polyphenolic, glycosides and flavonoid profile, it is proved to be protective in numerous ailments and exhibit various biological activities such as anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, and cardioprotective. Moreover, bioactive phytochemicals from this plant possess significant wound healing potential. Our current effort intends to emphasize on the immense significance of this plant species, which have not been the subject matter of clinical trials and effective pharmacological studies, even though its favored usage has been stated. This review proposes that Oxalis corniculata possess potential for the cure of various diseases, however, further researches on isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds along with pre-clinical trials are compulsory to figure out its pharmacological applications.

Download Full-text

Chemical constituents of leaves Dialium cochinchinense Pierre

Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.31817/vjas.2021.4.3.03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 1131-1136

Author(s):

Vu Thi Huyen ◽

Doan Thi Thuy Ai ◽

Nguyen Thi Hien

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Nmr Spectra ◽

Spectroscopic Analysis ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

First Report ◽

Isolation And Characterization

The genus Dialium belongs to the Caesalpinioideae family, consisting of approximately 30 species distributed in the tropical regions. Secondary metabolites from the Dialium genus have been reported to exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. This work describes the isolation and characterization of five compounds from the leaves of Dialium cochinchinense Pierre. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis, including MS and NMR spectra. Accordingly, the isolated compounds were identified to be lupeone (1), b-sitostenone (2), β-sitosterol (3), daucosterol (4), and dihydrokaempferide (5). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of compounds 1 and 5 from the genus Dialium.

Download Full-text

Dereplication, Annotation, and Characterization of 74 Potential Antimicrobial Metabolites from Penicillium Sclerotiorum Using t-SNE Molecular Networks

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11070444 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 444

Author(s):

Téo Hebra ◽

Nicolas Elie ◽

Salomé Poyer ◽

Elsa Van Elslande ◽

David Touboul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Diversity ◽

Molecular Network ◽

Molecular Networks ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Wide Range ◽

Penicillium Sclerotiorum

Microorganisms associated with termites are an original resource for identifying new chemical scaffolds or active metabolites. A molecular network was generated from a collection of strain extracts analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry, a molecular network was generated, and activities against the human pathogens methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum were mapped, leading to the selection of a single active extract of Penicillium sclerotiorum SNB-CN111. This fungal species is known to produce azaphilones, a colorful family of polyketides with a wide range of biological activities and economic interests in the food industry. By exploring the molecular network data, it was shown that the chemical diversity related to the P. sclerotiorum metabolome largely exceeded the data already reported in the literature. According to the described fragmentation pathways of protonated azaphilones, the annotation of 74 azaphilones was proposed, including 49 never isolated or synthesized thus far. Our hypothesis was validated by the isolation and characterization of eight azaphilones, among which three new azaphilones were chlorogeumasnol (63), peniazaphilone E (74) and 7-deacetylisochromophilone VI (80).

Download Full-text

Extraction, isolation and characterization of Bauhinia variegata flower

Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research ◽

10.31069/japsr.v3i2.2 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 9-12

Author(s):

Akanksha Gupta ◽

Abhishek K Tripathi ◽

Pushpraj S Gupta

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Molecular Formula ◽

Native Plant ◽

Compound A ◽

Active Constituents ◽

Chromatographic Techniques ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus ◽

Bauhinia Variegata

Background: Bauhinia variegata Linn. is a native plant of Asia and China. B. variegata is found in tropical regions of the world. It belongs to family Leguminosae. It is used for diarrhea, hemorrhoids, constipation, piles, edema, leprosy, wounds, tumors, etc. Objective: The objective of the present study was to perform extraction of B. variegata flower and isolation of active constituents from the extract. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extraction of B. variegata flower was performed using the Soxhlet apparatus. The isolation of active constituents from the extract was performed using chromatographic techniques. In column chromatographic studies, n-hexane- [dichloromethane (DCM)] (2:8) was used as an eluting system and further purified through thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compound A and B were isolated through chromatographic techniques, then the molecular formula and characterization of these compounds were carried out with mass and infrared (IR) spectral analysis. Results and Discussion: The percentage yield of B. variegata ethanolic extract (BVE) was found to be 20.8% w/w. The different fractions were F1 having 12.5 grams with n-hexane, F2 (17.1 grams) with CH2Cl2, F3 (21.2 grams) with EtOAc, and F4 (13.4 grams) with EtOH. Compound A and B were isolated from the solvent fractions of n-hexane-DCM (2:8) and EtOAc-DCM (1:9), respectively. The compound A was characterized as 3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one. The compound B was characterized as 3-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one. Conclusion: Thus, B. variegata flowers possess active components that need to identify their biological activities.

Download Full-text

Associated microflora of medicinal ferns: biotechnological potentials and possible applications

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2016.03.0017 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (03) ◽

pp. 4927 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shubhi Srivastava ◽

Paul A. K.

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽

In Vitro Production ◽

Wide Range ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

Plant associated microorganisms that colonize the upper and internal tissues of roots, stems, leaves and flowers of healthy plants without causing any visible harmful or negative effect on their host. Diversity of microbes have been extensively studied in a wide variety of vascular plants and shown to promote plant establishment, growth and development and impart resistance against pathogenic infections. Ferns and their associated microbes have also attracted the attention of the scientific communities as sources of novel bioactive secondary metabolites. The ferns and fern alleles, which are well adapted to diverse environmental conditions, produce various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, triterpenoid compounds, variety of amino acids and fatty acids along with some unique metabolites as adaptive features and are traditionally used for human health and medicine. In this review attention has been focused to prepare a comprehensive account of ethnomedicinal properties of some common ferns and fern alleles. Association of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endosphere of these medicinally important ferns and their interaction with the host plant has been emphasized keeping in view their possible biotechnological potentials and applications. The processes of host-microbe interaction leading to establishment and colonization of endophytes are less-well characterized in comparison to rhizospheric and phyllospheric microflora. However, the endophytes are possessing same characteristics as rhizospheric and phyllospheric to stimulate the in vivo synthesis as well as in vitro production of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities such as plant growth promotion by production of phytohormones, siderophores, fixation of nitrogen, and phosphate solubilization. Synthesis of pharmaceutically important products such as anticancer compounds, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antiviral substances and hydrolytic enzymes could be some of the promising areas of research and commercial exploitation.

Download Full-text

Isolation and Characterization of Strain Exiguobacterium sp. KRL4, a Producer of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from a Tibetan Glacier

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9050890 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 890

Author(s):

Pietro Tedesco ◽

Fortunato Palma Esposito ◽

Antonio Masino ◽

Giovanni Andrea Vitale ◽

Emiliana Tortorella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenotypic Analysis ◽

Biological Assays ◽

C Elegans ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Wide Range ◽

Protein Encoding ◽

Nematocidal Activity ◽

Extremophilic Microorganisms ◽

Unique Source

Extremophilic microorganisms represent a unique source of novel natural products. Among them, cold adapted bacteria and particularly alpine microorganisms are still underexplored. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a novel Gram-positive, aerobic rod-shaped alpine bacterium (KRL4), isolated from sediments from the Karuola glacier in Tibet, China. Complete phenotypic analysis was performed revealing the great adaptability of the strain to a wide range of temperatures (5–40 °C), pHs (5.5–8.5), and salinities (0–15% w/v NaCl). Genome sequencing identified KRL4 as a member of the placeholder genus Exiguobacterium_A and annotation revealed that only half of the protein-encoding genes (1522 of 3079) could be assigned a putative function. An analysis of the secondary metabolite clusters revealed the presence of two uncharacterized phytoene synthase containing pathways and a novel siderophore pathway. Biological assays confirmed that the strain produces molecules with antioxidant and siderophore activities. Furthermore, intracellular extracts showed nematocidal activity towards C. elegans, suggesting that strain KRL4 is a source of anthelmintic compounds.

Download Full-text

Development and characterization of electrospun curcumin-loaded antimicrobial nanofibrous membranes

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517520925514 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 004051752092551

Author(s):

Javeed A Awan ◽

Saif Ur Rehman ◽

Muhammad Kashif Bangash ◽

Fiaz Hussain ◽

Jean-Noël Jaubert

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Research Work ◽

Medical Applications ◽

Electrospinning Technique ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Wide Range ◽

Nanofibrous Membranes ◽

Antimicrobial Barrier ◽

Anti Hiv

Curcumin is a naturally occurring hydrophobic polyphenol compound. It exhibits a wide range of biological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antifungal, anti-HIV, and antimicrobial activity. In this research work, antimicrobial curcumin nanofibrous membranes are produce by an electrospinning technique using the Eudragit RS 100 (C19H34ClNO6) polymer solution enriched with curcumin. The morphology and chemistry of the membrane are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Kirby Bauer disk diffusion tests are carried out to examine the antibacterial effectiveness of the membrane. Experimental results show that the nanofibers produced are of uniform thickness morphology and curcumin is successfully incorporated into the nanofibrous mat, while no chemical bonding was observed between curcumin and the polymer. The antimicrobial curcumin nanofibrous membranes can be effectively applied as antimicrobial barrier in a wide variety of medical applications such as wound healing, scaffolds, and tissue engineering.

Download Full-text

Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophage ZCSE6 against Salmonella spp.: Phage Application in Milk

Biologics ◽

10.3390/biologics1020010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 164-176

Author(s):

Abdallah S. Abdelsattar ◽

Anan Safwat ◽

Rana Nofal ◽

Amera Elsayed ◽

Salsabil Makky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Food Borne ◽

Wide Range ◽

Almost All ◽

And Control ◽

Milk And Dairy Products

Food safety is very important in the food industry as most pathogenic bacteria can cause food-borne diseases and negatively affect public health. In the milk industry, contamination with Salmonella has always been a challenge, but the risks have dramatically increased as almost all bacteria now show resistance to a wide range of commercial antibiotics. This study aimed to isolate a bacteriophage to be used as a bactericidal agent against Salmonella in milk and dairy products. Here, phage ZCSE6 has been isolated from raw milk sample sand molecularly and chemically characterized. At different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001, the phage–Salmonella interaction was studied for 6 h at 37 °C and 24 h at 8 °C. In addition, ZCSE6 was tested against Salmonella contamination in milk to examine its lytic activity for 3 h at 37 °C. The results showed that ZCSE6 has a small genome size (<48.5 kbp) and belongs to the Siphovirus family. Phage ZCSE6 revealed a high thermal and pH stability at various conditions that mimic milk manufacturing and supply chain conditions. It also demonstrated a significant reduction in Salmonella concentration in media at various MOIs, with higher bacterial eradication at higher MOI. Moreover, it significantly reduced Salmonella growth (MOI 1) in milk, manifesting a 1000-fold decrease in bacteria concentration following 3 h incubation at 37 °C. The results highlighted the strong ability of ZCSE6 to kill Salmonella and control its growth in milk. Thus, ZCSE6 is recommended as a biocontrol agent in milk to limit bacterial growth and increase the milk shelf-life.

Download Full-text