Comparative Study of Water Quality due to Retting of Crushed and Uncrushed Kenaf Stems

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 969-973
Author(s):  
Siti Aisyah Ghazali ◽  
Ramlah Mohd Tajuddin ◽  
Nabilah Huda Abdul Halim ◽  
Janmaizatulriah Mohd Jani ◽  
Sharifah Aminah Syed Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Effluent Standards ◽  
Water Based

A comparative study on the quality of crushed and uncrushed kenaf retting water is presented in this paper. A number of parameters used in the assessment of water quality are examined in this study, namely, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and suspended solids (SS). The results reveal that both crushed and uncrushed kenaf retting water samples do not fulfil the requirements stipulated in the effluent standards. In addition, the quality of crushed kenaf retting water is poorer compared to that for uncrushed kenaf retting water. Based on the results of this study, it is evident that the retting process adversely affects the physicochemical properties of water and therefore water treatment is necessary before the water is being discharged downstream into ponds, lakes and rivers.

scholarly journals Pretreatment of Real Wastewater from the Chocolate Manufacturing Industry through an Integrated Process of Electrocoagulation and Sand Filtration

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. García-Morales ◽  
Julio César González Juárez ◽  
Sonia Martínez-Gallegos ◽  
Gabriela Roa-Morales ◽  
Ever Peralta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Electrocoagulation Process ◽  
Real Wastewater

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of removal of suspended solids in terms of turbidity, color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) when integrating the electrocoagulation process using aluminum sacrificial anodes and the sand filtration process as a pretreatment of wastewater from the chocolate manufacturing plant in Toluca, México. Wastewater from the chocolate manufacturing industry used in this study is classified as nontoxic, but is characterized as having a high content of color (5952 ± 76 Pt-Co), turbidity (1648 ± 49 FAU), and COD (3608 ± 250 mg/L). Therefore, enhanced performance could be achieved by combining pretreatment techniques to increase the efficiencies of the physical, chemical, and biological treatments. In the integrated process, there was a turbidity reduction of 96.1 ± 0.2% and an increase in dissolved oxygen from 3.8 ± 0.05 mg/L (inlet sand filtration) to 6.05 ± 0.03 mg/L (outlet sand filtration) after 120 min of treatment. These results indicate good water quality necessary for all forms of elemental life. Color and COD removals were 98.2 ± 0.2% and 39.02 ± 2.2%, respectively, during the electrocoagulation process (0.2915 mA/cm2 current density and 120 min of treatment). The proposed integrated process could be an attractive alternative of pretreatment of real wastewater to increase water quality of conventional treatments.

scholarly journals Trend Of Water Quality Status In Kelantan River Downstream, Peninsular Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Arniza Fitri ◽  
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud ◽  
Dian Pratiwi ◽  
Arlina Phelia ◽  
Farli Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Water Quality Status ◽  
Quality Status

The issues of freshwater pollutions and the high demand of clean freshwater for daily human activities have forced developing countries such as Malaysia to continuously monitor the quality of the freshwater. The present study objective is to present the trend of water quality status in the Kelantan River downstream, Peninsular Malaysia from 2005 to 2018. Water samples were collected during dry and monsoon seasons from a sampling station located at downstream of the Kelantan River. Water quality parameters such as temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured in situ while other parameters were analysed in the laboratory based on retrieved water samples. Water quality status was determined based on National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) for River in Malaysia by calculating the water quality index (WQI) according to the concentration of six water quality parameters involving pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (TSS) and Ammonia Nitrogen (AN). The results showed that Kelantan River had good water quality during the dry season classified in Class II at 2005. The water quality was found to be slightly lower during the monsoon season in year 2006. In addition, increasing the number of construction, human activities in the land use areas, land use changes and the sewage water from domestic, industrial, wet market and food outlets in the Kelantan State have declined the water quality in Kelantan River from Class II (in 2005) to Class III (in 2010 and 2011) and to become Class IV in 2017 to 2018. The results of the present study are expected to give valuable information for the water managers in order to deal with better strategies in controlling the quality of freshwater at the Kelantan River and minimize the incidence of pollution-oriented problems, thus the water can be utilized for various water uses with appropriate quality.

A Decade of Change at West-Southwest Sewage Treatment Works, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 555-571
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Melas ◽  
Raymond R Rimkus
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Effluent Standards ◽  
Solids Processing

The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago's West-Southwest Sewage Treatment Works consists of the West Side Treatment Works, an Imhoff facility placed in operation in 1930, and the Southwest Sewage Treatment Works, an activated sludge plant placed in operation in 1939. This paper focuses on the decade of “1970's” and examines changes in plant operating procedures along with plant additions and improvements that were implemented in order to meet stringent water quality and effluent standards. The effect of the energy crisis and the measures taken at the West-Southwest Sewage Treatment Works to lessen its impact are reported. Over the study period, very costly and energy intensive solids processing operations were either curtailed or eliminated. New and innovative processes of sludge handling were developed and implemented. The net effect of these changes in solids processing coupled with modifications in the secondary wastewater treatment operations have resulted in a significant improvement in the effluent quality of the plant. In the early seventies, the effluent concentration for suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and ammonia-nitrogen were 30, 23, and 12 mg/l, respectively; the corresponding values for these parameters in 1981 averaged 6, 6, and 1.4 mg/l.

scholarly journals Ground Water Quality of Gandhinagar Taluka, Gujarat, India

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayur C. Shah ◽  
Prateek G. Shilpkar ◽  
Pradip B. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Drinking And Irrigation ◽  
Quality Of Water

Present communication deals with study of physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), calcium hardness (CaH), magnesium hardness (MgH), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl-), fluoride (F-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and sulphate (SO42-) of water samples of bore wells of forty villages of Gandhinagar taluka of Gujarat state,India. The experimental values of water samples were compared with standard values given by World Health Organization (WHO) and United State Salinity Laboratory for drinking and irrigation purposes respectively. Water Quality Index (WQI) was also calculated to know the over all quality of water samples. The statistical analysis like mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variance (% CV), analysis of variance (ANOVA),t-test, coefficient of correlation (r) and regression analysis of obtained data were carried out. The results show that the quality of water is poor and quite good for drinking and irrigation purposes respectively. The variance was found significant at 1% level of significance in case of sodium and potassium content and at 5% in case of total alkalinity and dissolved oxygen among the four regions (North, South, East and West) of Gandhinagar taluka. The linear relation also established for each pair of water quality parameters of studied water samples.

Study on the Micro-Polluted Water Treatment by GAC-UF

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 2049-2052
Author(s):  
Jin Long Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Water Treatment Process

Nowadays drinking water resource has been polluted, while the conventional treatment process cannot effectively remove polluted matters. In order to tackle this problem, the granular activated carbon (GAC) and ultrafiltration membrane (UF) were introduced into drinking water treatment process. The results revealed that when treat the micro-polluted water the effluent water quality of turbidity, permanganate index and color can reach 0.1NTU, 1.3mg/L-2.3mg/L and 5 degree respectively with GAC-UF process. And the total removal efficiency of turbidity, permanganate index and color can reach 98%-99%, 70%~75% and 60% respectively. The GAC can effectively remove organic matters, while the UF membrane can effectively remove suspended solids, colloids. The GAC-UF combined process can get a good water quality when treat the micro-polluted water.

scholarly journals Application of Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Evaluation of Surface River Water Quality of a Tropical River

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teck-Yee Ling ◽  
Chen-Lin Soo ◽  
Jing-Jing Liew ◽  
Lee Nyanti ◽  
Siong-Fong Sim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Tropical River ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Data Set

The present study evaluated the spatial variations of surface water quality in a tropical river using multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Twenty physicochemical parameters were measured at 30 stations along the Batang Baram and its tributaries. The water quality of the Batang Baram was categorized as “slightly polluted” where the chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids were the most deteriorated parameters. The CA grouped the 30 stations into four clusters which shared similar characteristics within the same cluster, representing the upstream, middle, and downstream regions of the main river and the tributaries from the middle to downstream regions of the river. The PCA has determined a reduced number of six principal components that explained 83.6% of the data set variance. The first PC indicated that the total suspended solids, turbidity, and hydrogen sulphide were the dominant polluting factors which is attributed to the logging activities, followed by the five-day biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, organic nitrogen, and nitrate-nitrogen in the second PC which are related to the discharges from domestic wastewater. The components also imply that logging activities are the major anthropogenic activities responsible for water quality variations in the Batang Baram when compared to the domestic wastewater discharge.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE MICROCONTROLLER-BASED ELECTROCOAGULATOR IN TREATING LAKE WATER

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1007-1017
Author(s):  
Jonnel K. Pabico ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Uv Treatment ◽  
Pump Operation ◽  
Water Quality Indicators ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Ph Level

The Automatic Tubig Machine: A Microcontroller-Based Lake Water Treatment with Electrocoagulation is an integration of different ways of treating and purifying lake water from the Caliraya Lake emphasizing the performance of electrocoagulation in the whole process. Its main purpose is to treat water samples from different barangays surrounding Caliraya and Lumot Lake. The two adjacent lakes are strategically designed to gather water from the surrounding and use it to power the turbine, which generates electricity. The water from the lake is considered because the quality is deteriorating and needs some analysis.Aside from the sedimentary filters, electrocoagulation, reverse osmosis, and UV treatment are used in optimizing the quality of the water. The sedimentary filters are strategically designed and confined in a 3-inch diameter PVC piped for the natural horizontal flow of the water to be treated. The system is controlled using Arduino Mega especially in the control of the pump operation, sensors, and electro-coagulators. To avoid passivation on the aluminum pipes which are used as electrodes, the system is designed to change polarity every 30 seconds.The general water quality indicators such as pH level, turbidity, TDS, and coliform level are considered during the tests. The results were confirmed by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Treated water has had optimum value and is considered to be usable at homes and for cooking. The system is 92.66 % reliableand97.3% accurate.

scholarly journals Effects of human activities on water quality assessment of Ala River in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Samuel Dare Fagbayide ◽  
Francis Olawale Abulude
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Ondo State

The purpose of the study was to assess the water quality parameters of Ala River found in Akure, Ondo State, Southwest, Nigeria. The river is considered one of the most important irrigation and drinking water resources in Akure, Nigeria. Three locations were chosen spatially along the watercourse to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities that are capable of affecting the quality of the river water. The water samples were collected monthly for three consecutive months (February to April 2015) at the three sampling sites. The water samples collected were analyzed for physicochemical parameters which include pH, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total hardness, phosphate,  temperature,  calcium, magnesium, chlorine, nitrate, iron and zinc using standard methods and their environmental effects on the river were investigated. There were variations in the quality of the sampled water when compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for domestic and commercial water for the selected parameters. The traces of some hazardous physical and chemical impurities in the river were above the acceptable limits, and thereby pose a health risk to several rural communities who rely heavily on the river primarily as their source of domestic water. Therefore, the law should be enforced to discourage unnecessary waste dumping and discharging of another form of pollutants into surface water in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Quality Assessment of Drinking Well Water near Dumpsite at Ogidi-Oloje Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328
Author(s):  
K.O. Yusuf ◽  
I.B. Sadiku ◽  
O.S. Abioye
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
And Control

This study was conducted to determine the quality of drinking well water near dumpsite at Ogidi-Oloje, Ilorin, Kwara State. Open wells near dumpsite could be polluted due to percolation of chemicals from the decomposition of refuse and scraps of electronic boards having potential of causing diseases to man. Most people at Ogidi-Oloje Ilorin depend on open wells near dumpsite for drinking water during dry season. Water samples were collected from seven open wells (W1 - W6) 9.2 - 18.2 m away from dumpsite and the control well W7 was 45.0 m away from the dumpsite. Physicochemical and bacteriological properties were determined from the water samples during dry season (March, 2019) and rainy season (July, 2019). Phosphate, Cadmium, Lead, Feacal coliform were not detected during dry season but only Feacal coliform was not detected in the water during rainy season. All the values of physicochemical properties of the water were within WHO permissible limits except Iron and Cadmium that above the limits which could cause diseases to mankind. Values of Iron during dry season for six well sources were 3.61, 4.02, 4.26, 3.25, 5.14 and 7.24 mg/L while values for rainy season and control were 0.715, 1.410, 0.650, 0.049, 0.780, 1.110 and 0.775 mg/L(control) but WHO limits is 0.03mg/L. Concentrations of Cadmium in the water during rainy season were 0.010, 0.015, 0.015, 0.020, 0.015, 0.015 and 0.02mg/L(control) but WHO limit is 0.003 mg/L. This study revealed that the water is suitable for consumption during dry season but unsuitable during rainy season. Keywords: well water quality, groundwater pollution, water diseases, dumpsite

scholarly journals Physicochemical Analysis of Water Quality of Brook Kuruçay

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekrem Mutlu ◽  
Arzu Aydın Uncumusaoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentrations

In this study, through the analyses of water samples taken from 9 stations on the brook between July 2012 and June 2013, we aimed to determine the monthly and seasonal changes in water quality parameters of Brook Kuruçay, to determine the water quality properties, to reveal the pollution problems, to determine the suitability level in terms of aquatic life and to classify the quality of water in accordance with Surface Water Quality Management Regulation’s Inland Surface Water Classes criteria. The study area is located southeast of the Hafik District of Sivas city and the altitude is 2608 m. The water samples were collected from 9 stations established on the brook, and some physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in water samples. The cleaning and maintenance of all of the equipment, land-type measurement tools, and glass sampling containers to be used in sampling were made 1 day before sampling. Sampling tubes were immersed into 15 cm below the water surface for taking water samples. Heavy metal concentrations were determined in the Sivas Provincial Control Laboratory in the same day with sampling (within 5 hours). The total alkalinity, total hardness, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium azote, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, suspended solid matter (SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), calcium, magnesium, ferrous, lead, copper, zinc, nickel, mercury and cadmium analyses of water samples were performed. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that, since Brook Kuruçay falls into the water resource class, which is the most sensitive to pollution, the water quality of the brook should be monitored regularly.

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