Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) – Sustainable and Green Energy: A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 507-511
Author(s):  
Md Zishan Akhter ◽  
M. Ashique Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Nuclear Reaction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Nuclear Wastes ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Useful Heat

In this paper a review on recent development in Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) is presented along with scope and challenges. As the name suggests Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) is a phenomenon of nuclear reaction occurring in metal hydrides at ambient temperature. The products are generally Helium & significant amount of useful heat energy. During the process Transmutation of metal (host) occurs; occasionally producing some charged particles and neutrons. The LENR are successfully carried out with various elements namely; nickel, gold, palladium, platinum, titanium, certain superconducting ceramics, etc. LENR poses itself as a source of pollution free and inexhaustible energy source. It produces tremendous amount of heat energy during the reaction which surpasses all the available energy sources by a factor of hundredths to millions. Besides this it is also useful in transmutation of nuclear wastes. To initiate LENR there are various views floating around in scientific community. The purpose is to bring together two nuclei at low energy to fuse together as a single nucleus. A large amount of force is required which is generally obtained through plasma arc or accelerated high energy ions. But in case of LENR all the nuclear reaction occur at low energy thus saving excessive amount of energy required for activation. One of the most studied LENR involves palladium. The palladium is used at a loading between 0.9 and 0.94 to produce optimum results. It is a source of Energy which is more eco-friendly and productive than all the available energy sources known to us. Statistically 1% of the total Ni production can power the World that too at one-fourth the cost of burning fossils. Models are being developed with Carbon replacing Ni, thus it will convert carbon to nitrogen. LENR is also being developed for using nuclear wastes as fuel, transmuting them into non-radioactive elements. This will tag LENR as much greener and cleaner source. LENR is being also developed to be used as an alternative and richer energy source to radioactive fuels (like Pu-238), currently being used to power space probes. Thus it helps reduce the generation of hazardous nuclear wastes.

Harvesting heat energy from hot/cold water with a pyroelectric generator

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (30) ◽  
pp. 11940-11947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Leng ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Hengyu Guo ◽  
Jianlin Liu ◽  
Guanlin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Negative Impacts

Waste heat has been regarded as one of the most important renewable and green energy sources, and its widespread reclamation could help to reduce the negative impacts of global warming and the energy crisis.

scholarly journals Review: Developments of Photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) Collectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 245 ◽  
pp. 03025
Author(s):  
Qixian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Wide Range

The alarming energy concerns have stimulated a transition of energy sources to a more sustainable way. Among all of the green energy sources, solar is the most promising one. Recently, a new application called photovoltaic/thermal panels that harvest both long-wavelength and short-wavelength radiations has been gaining attention. Evidence shows that the combined system is more efficient than the two separate systems. Its wide range of applications can significantly promote the transition to a cleaner energy source. This work provides an introduction to the PV/T panels and examines the improvement possibilities of the PV/T panels. Challenges and suggestions for future researches will be discussed.

scholarly journals Reviewing Usage, Potentials, and Limitations of Renewable Energy Sources

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2906 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Halkos ◽  
Eleni-Christina Gkampoura
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Address Climate Change

The world’s ever-increasing population, combined with economic and technological growth and a new, modern way of life, has led to high energy demand and consumption. Fossil fuels have been the main energy source for many years, but their use has many negative impacts on the environment. This has made the transition to renewable energy sources necessary in order to address climate change and meet the 1.5 °C goal. This paper is a review of the different types of renewables, their potentials and limitations, and their connection to climate change, economic growth, and human health. It also examines consumers’ willingness to pay for renewables in different countries, based on the existing literature. IEA (International Energy Agency) data are analyzed, concerning renewables’ current use, the evolution of their usage, and forecasts about their future usage. Finally, policies and strategies are recommended in order to address climate change and fully integrate renewables as a sustainable energy source.

TRANSFORMATION OF HIGH-DENSITY GREEN ENERGY WITH SIMULTANEOUS DECONTAMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luboslav Straka ◽  
Tibor Krenicky
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Amaranthus Caudatus ◽  
Valuable Source

In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis worldwide on the quality of the environment, especially with an orientation towards the application of renewable energy sources. In addition, we are increasingly encountering experimentation aimed at obtaining new green energy sources. One of such sources is biomass. Biomass has been used since the middle ages as a source of heat and light energy. Today, however, we have technologies that allow us to obtain not only heat but also electricity from biomass, or to convert biomass into materials with high energy density and purity. The energy thus transformed can then be used, for example, as a propellant. At the same time, this valuable source of clean energy can be easily transported to the place of consumption. By applying biomass as a source of green energy, we can make a significant contribution to relieving the environment from harmful effects. In recent years, an increased interest in energy obtained from biomass can be observed in Slovakia. Its technical potential is the greatest among other renewable energy sources, and its non-use would essentially be wastage. Therefore, the aim of the paper was to describe two possibilities of transformation of biomass in the form of its energy recovery into the type of energy used for the production of mechanical, thermal and electrical energy. At the same time, in addition to obtaining a suitable form of energy from biomass, another environmental benefit was sought in the form of soil decontamination. In this regard, there is an energetically important crop, which is known under the Latin name Amaranthus caudatus. It is an energy crop that can be grown on slightly contaminated soil with some restrictions. Two methods of energy recovery of this crop were compared. In the first case it was its compaction into briquettes, in the second case it was a process of anaerobic fermentation with subsequent production of biogas. Based on the performed analysis, it was found that these are almost equivalent energy sources. Although both methods of transformation and energy recovery of the green part of Amaranthus caudatus crops have a number of advantages and disadvantages, it can be clearly stated that the positives significantly outweigh the negatives. Therefore, it is recommended to apply this crop as a valuable source of energy for use in real conditions.

scholarly journals GRB INVESTIGATIONS BY ESA GAIA AND LOFT

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (A) ◽  
pp. 799-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Hudec ◽  
Vojtech Šimon ◽  
Lukáš Hudec
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Spectral Information ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Assessment Study ◽  
Low Dispersion ◽  
Precision Astrometry

The possibility of studying GRBs with the ESA Gaia and LOFT missions is briefly addressed. The ESA Gaia satellite to be launched in November 2013 will focus on high precision astrometry of stars and all objects down to limiting magnitude 20. The satellite will also provide photometric and spectral information and hence important inputs for various branches of astrophysics, including the study of GRBs and related optical afterglows (OAs) and optical transients (OTs). The strength of Gaia in GRB analyses will be the fine spectral resolution (spectro-photometry and ultra-low dispersion spectroscopy), which will allow the correct classication of related triggers. An interesting feature of Gaia BP and RP instruments will be the study of highly redshifted triggers. Similarly, the low dispersion spectroscopy provided by various plate surveys can also supply valuable data for investigations of high-energy sources. The ESA LOFT candidate mission, now in the assessment study phase, will also be able to detect and be used in the study of GRBs, with emphasis on low-energy (X-ray) emission.

PROSPECTS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE FUEL FROM VARIOUS BIOMASS AND WASTE SPECIES IN AZERBAIJAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
O. M. Salamov ◽  
F. F. Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Gaseous Fuels

The paper discusses the possibility of obtaining liquid and gaseous fuels from different types of biomass (BM) and combustible solid waste (CSW) of various origins. The available world reserves of traditional types of fuel are analyzed and a number of environmental shortcomings that created during their use are indicated. The tables present the data on the conditional calorific value (CCV) of the main traditional and alternative types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which compared with CCV of various types of BM and CSW. Possible methods for utilization of BM and CSW are analyzed, as well as the methods for converting them into alternative types of fuel, especially into combustible gases.Reliable information is given on the available oil and gas reserves in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the currently available oil reserves of Azerbaijan can completely dry out after 33.5 years, and gas reserves–after 117 years, without taking into account the growth rates of the exported part of these fuels to European countries. In order to fix this situation, first of all it is necessary to use as much as possible alternative and renewable energy sources, especially wind power plants (WPP) and solar photovoltaic energy sources (SFES) in the energy sector of the republic. Azerbaijan has large reserves of solar and wind energy. In addition, all regions of the country have large reserves of BM, and in the big cities, especially in industrial ones, there are CSW from which through pyrolysis and gasification is possible to obtain a high-quality combustible gas mixture, comprising: H2 + CO + CH4, with the least amount of harmful waste. The remains of the reaction of thermochemical decomposition of BM and CSW to combustible gases can also be used as mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The available and projected resources of Azerbaijan for the BM and the CSW are given, as well as their assumed energy intensity in the energy sector of the republic.Given the high energy intensity of the pyrolysis and gasification of the BM and CSW, at the present time for carrying out these reactions, the high-temperature solar installations with limited power are used as energy sources, and further preference is given to the use of WPP and SFES on industrial scale.

Low energy vs. high energy depositional settings and related sedimentary bodies in early Senenian rudist bearing carbonate shelves (central-southern Italy)

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Carannante ◽  
A. Laviano ◽  
D. Ruberti ◽  
Lucia Simone ◽  
G. Sirna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Depositional Settings

Transportation: Fuel Energies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Nuclear Fuels ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Journey Time

Transportation efficiency can be measured in terms of the energy needed to move a person or a tonne of freight over a given distance. For passengers, journey time is important, so an equally useful measure is the product of the energy used and the time taken for the journey. Transportation requires storage of energy. Rechargeable systems such as batteries have very low energy densities as compared to fossil fuels. The highest energy densities come from nuclear fuels, although, because of shielding requirements, these are not practical for most forms of transportation. Liquid hydrocarbons represent a nice compromise between high energy density and ease of use.

scholarly journals Emerging Technology for a Green, Sustainable Energy Promising Materials for Hydrogen Storage, from Nanotubes to Graphene—A Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2499
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Jastrzębski ◽  
Piotr Kula
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Volumetric Density ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Carbon Based

The energetic and climate crises should pose a challenge for scientists in finding solutions in the field of renewable, green energy sources. Throughout more than two decades, the search for new opportunities in the energy industry made it possible to observe the potential use of hydrogen as an energy source. One of the greatest challenges faced by scientists for the sake of its use as an energy source is designing safe, usable, reliable, and effective forms of hydrogen storage. Moreover, the manner in which hydrogen is to be stored is closely dependent on the potential use of this source of green energy. In stationary use, the aim is to achieve high volumetric density of the container. However, from the point of view of mobile applications, an extremely important aspect is the storage of hydrogen, using lightweight tanks of relatively high density. That is why, a focus of scientists has been put on the use of carbon-based materials and graphene as a perspective solution in the field of H2 storage. This review focuses on the comparison of different methods for hydrogen storage, mainly based on the carbon-based materials and focuses on efficiently using graphene and its different forms to serve a purpose in the future H2-based economy.

scholarly journals Low-Energy Electron Damage to Condensed-Phase DNA and Its Constituents

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7879
Author(s):  
Yingxia Gao ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Léon Sanche
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Wide Range

The complex physical and chemical reactions between the large number of low-energy (0–30 eV) electrons (LEEs) released by high energy radiation interacting with genetic material can lead to the formation of various DNA lesions such as crosslinks, single strand breaks, base modifications, and cleavage, as well as double strand breaks and other cluster damages. When crosslinks and cluster damages cannot be repaired by the cell, they can cause genetic loss of information, mutations, apoptosis, and promote genomic instability. Through the efforts of many research groups in the past two decades, the study of the interaction between LEEs and DNA under different experimental conditions has unveiled some of the main mechanisms responsible for these damages. In the present review, we focus on experimental investigations in the condensed phase that range from fundamental DNA constituents to oligonucleotides, synthetic duplex DNA, and bacterial (i.e., plasmid) DNA. These targets were irradiated either with LEEs from a monoenergetic-electron or photoelectron source, as sub-monolayer, monolayer, or multilayer films and within clusters or water solutions. Each type of experiment is briefly described, and the observed DNA damages are reported, along with the proposed mechanisms. Defining the role of LEEs within the sequence of events leading to radiobiological lesions contributes to our understanding of the action of radiation on living organisms, over a wide range of initial radiation energies. Applications of the interaction of LEEs with DNA to radiotherapy are briefly summarized.

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