Structural Configurations and Economic Performance Comparison of Multi-Storey and High-Rise Steel Three-Dimensional Garages

2010 ◽  
Vol 163-167 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Yong Jun He ◽  
Xu Hong Zhou ◽  
Jun Cheng Hu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Parking Problem ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Structural Configurations

Development of multi-story and high-rise steel three-dimensional (3D) garages is an effective way to solve the parking problem in modern cities. In this paper, several types of multi-story and high-rise steel 3D garages are presented. The structural configurations and design parameters of the 3D garages, such as structural planar layout, storey height and limit value of horizontal displacement, are analyzed. Then the economic performances of the steel 3D garages are compared and their suitable storey numbers are obtained.

The Topological City

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 1985-2000
Author(s):  
Simon Kringas
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Alternate Configuration

The Topological City is a design concept for a three-dimensional city in China. To accommodate future populations, cities need to be dense, diverse and ecological. Minimising the physical dimension reduces the consumption of material and energy and the destruction of ecological and agricultural landscapes. Mixed-use cities reduce the time, energy and congestion of travel. The integration of natural systems improves environmental quality and supports biodiversity. Ultimately however, the quality and functionality of contemporary urban life relies on dynamics of economic, social and intellectual interaction. The design form of a city must facilitate exchange between heterogeneous and changing programs while minimising energy and maximising habitat. High-rise construction is the dominant morphology of modern cities. Generated by an extrusion from the ground toward the sky, high-rise adds significant density but results in circulatory dead ends, structural inefficiency and habitat disconnectedness. High-rise is not interactive, energy efficient, or ecological. The Topological City proposes an alternate configuration of the urban environment. Drawing on the theory of place and connection known as ‘topology’, it constructs a three-dimensional network of vertical and horizontal towers, connected and activated by circulation. The Topological City is dense, diverse, ecological and interactive, suggesting a potential new direction for sustainable urban form.

scholarly journals Performance Comparison of Flow-Through Optofluidic Biosensor Designs

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Joel G. Wright ◽  
Md Nafiz Amin ◽  
Holger Schmidt ◽  
Aaron R. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Particle Detection ◽  
Design Choice ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Parabolic Flow ◽  
Single Particle Detection ◽  
Biosensor Chip

Optofluidic flow-through biosensors are being developed for single particle detection, particularly as a tool for pathogen diagnosis. The sensitivity of the biosensor chip depends on design parameters, illumination format (side vs. top), and flow configuration (parabolic, two- and three-dimensional hydrodynamic focused (2DHF and 3DHF)). We study the signal differences between various combinations of these design aspects. Our model is validated against a sample of physical devices. We find that side-illumination with 3DHF produces the strongest and consistent signal, but parabolic flow devices process a sample volume more quickly. Practical matters of optical alignment are also discussed, which may affect design choice.

scholarly journals Numerical Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Slender Walls Subjected to Coupled Axial Tension–Flexure

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Cheng ◽  
Haoyou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Plastic Hinge ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Lateral Loading ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Ultimate Deformation ◽  
Axial Tension ◽  
Plastic Hinge Length

AbstractUnder strong earthquakes, reinforced concrete (RC) walls in high-rise buildings, particularly in wall piers that form part of a coupled or core wall system, may experience coupled axial tension–flexure loading. In this study, a detailed finite element model was developed in VecTor2 to provide an effective tool for the further investigation of the seismic behaviour of RC walls subjected to axial tension and cyclic lateral loading. The model was verified using experimental data from recent RC wall tests under axial tension and cyclic lateral loading, and results showed that the model can accurately capture the overall response of RC walls. Additional analyses were conducted using the developed model to investigate the effect of key design parameters on the peak strength, ultimate deformation capacity and plastic hinge length of RC walls under axial tension and cyclic lateral loading. On the basis of the analysis results, useful information were provided when designing or assessing the seismic behaviour of RC slender walls under coupled axial tension–flexure loading.

scholarly journals AC Current Ripple in Three-Phase Four-Leg PWM Converters with Neutral Line Inductor

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1430
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Viatkin ◽  
Riccardo Mandrioli ◽  
Manel Hammami ◽  
Mattia Ricco ◽  
Gabriele Grandi
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Neutral Line ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Ac Current ◽  
Current Ripple

This paper presents a comprehensive study of peak-to-peak and root-mean-square (RMS) values of AC current ripples with balanced and unbalanced fundamental currents in a generic case of three-phase four-leg converters with uncoupled AC interface inductors present in all three phases and in neutral. The AC current ripple characteristics were determined for both phase and neutral currents, considering the sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) method. The derived expressions are simple, effective, and ready for accurate AC current ripple calculations in three- or four-leg converters. This is particularly handy in the converter design process, since there is no need for heavy numerical simulations to determine an optimal set of design parameters, such as switching frequency and line inductances, based on the grid code or load restrictions in terms of AC current ripple. Particular attention has been paid to the performance comparison between the conventional three-phase three-leg converter and its four-leg counterpart, with distinct line inductance values in the neutral wire. In addition to that, a design example was performed to demonstrate the power of the derived equations. Numerical simulations and extensive experimental tests were thoroughly verified the analytical developments.

Design and optimization of bump (compression surface) for diverterless supersonic inlet

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441002110029
Author(s):  
Irsalan Arif ◽  
Hassan Iftikhar ◽  
Ali Javed
Keyword(s):  
Fitness Function ◽  
Supersonic Jet ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Pressure Recovery ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Inlet System ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Supersonic Inlet

In this article design and optimization scheme of a three-dimensional bump surface for a supersonic aircraft is presented. A baseline bump and inlet duct with forward cowl lip is initially modeled in accordance with an existing bump configuration on a supersonic jet aircraft. Various design parameters for bump surface of diverterless supersonic inlet systems are identified, and design space is established using sensitivity analysis to identify the uncertainty associated with each design parameter by the one-factor-at-a-time approach. Subsequently, the designed configurations are selected by performing a three-level design of experiments using the Box–Behnken method and the numerical simulations. Surrogate modeling is carried out by the least square regression method to identify the fitness function, and optimization is performed using genetic algorithm based on pressure recovery as the objective function. The resultant optimized bump configuration demonstrates significant improvement in pressure recovery and flow characteristics as compared to baseline configuration at both supersonic and subsonic flow conditions and at design and off-design conditions. The proposed design and optimization methodology can be applied for optimizing the bump surface design of any diverterless supersonic inlet system for maximizing the intake performance.

scholarly journals Research on the Computed Tomography Pebble Flow Detecting System for HTR-PM

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Xin Wan ◽  
Ximing Liu ◽  
Jichen Miao ◽  
Peng Cong ◽  
Yuai Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Helical Ct ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ct System ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Pebble Flow

Pebble dynamics is important for the safe operation of pebble-bed high temperature gas-cooled reactors and is a complicated problem of great concern. To investigate it more authentically, a computed tomography pebble flow detecting (CT-PFD) system has been constructed, in which a three-dimensional model is simulated according to the ratio of 1 : 5 with the core of HTR-PM. A multislice helical CT is utilized to acquire the reconstructed cross-sectional images of simulated pebbles, among which special tracer pebbles are designed to indicate pebble flow. Tracer pebbles can be recognized from many other background pebbles because of their heavy kernels that can be resolved in CT images. The detecting principle and design parameters of the system were demonstrated by a verification experiment on an existing CT system in this paper. Algorithms to automatically locate the three-dimensional coordinates of tracer pebbles and to rebuild the trajectory of each tracer pebble were presented and verified. The proposed pebble-detecting and tracking technique described in this paper will be implemented in the near future.

scholarly journals Reliability Evaluation of Fan-Out Type 3D Packaging-On-Packaging

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Pao-Hsiung Wang ◽  
Yu-Wei Huang ◽  
Kuo-Ning Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Glass Substrate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Time To Failure ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Fine Pitch

The development of fan-out packaging technology for fine-pitch and high-pin-count applications is a hot topic in semiconductor research. To reduce the package footprint and improve system performance, many applications have adopted packaging-on-packaging (PoP) architecture. Given its inherent characteristics, glass is a good material for high-speed transmission applications. Therefore, this study proposes a fan-out wafer-level packaging (FO-WLP) with glass substrate-type PoP. The reliability life of the proposed FO-WLP was evaluated under thermal cycling conditions through finite element simulations and empirical calculations. Considering the simulation processing time and consistency with the experimentally obtained mean time to failure (MTTF) of the packaging, both two- and three-dimensional finite element models were developed with appropriate mechanical theories, and were verified to have similar MTTFs. Next, the FO-WLP structure was optimized by simulating various design parameters. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass substrate exerted the strongest effect on the reliability life under thermal cycling loading. In addition, the upper and lower pad thicknesses and the buffer layer thickness significantly affected the reliability life of both the FO-WLP and the FO-WLP-type PoP.

Research on the Reliability of Box for Gear Test Bed

2011 ◽  
Vol 121-126 ◽  
pp. 1744-1748
Author(s):  
Xiang Yang Jin ◽  
Tie Feng Zhang ◽  
Li Li Zhao ◽  
He Teng Wang ◽  
Xiang Yi Guan
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Kinematics Simulation ◽  
Beveloid Gears ◽  
Overall Performance

To determine the efficiency, load-bearing capacity and fatigue life of beveloid gears with intersecting axes, we design a mechanical gear test bed with closed power flow. To test the quality of its structure and predict its overall performance, we establish a three-dimensional solid model for various components based on the design parameters and adopt the technology of virtual prototyping simulation to conduct kinematics simulation on it. Then observe and verify the interactive kinematic situation of each component. Moreover, the finite element method is also utilized to carry out structural mechanics and dynamics analysis on some key components. The results indicate that the test bed can achieve the desired functionality, and the static and dynamic performance of some key components can also satisfy us.

scholarly journals A Collision Dynamics Model of a Multi-Level Train

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Priante ◽  
David Tyrell ◽  
Benjamin Perlman
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Collision Dynamics ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Single Level ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Front End ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Low Speeds ◽  
Vertical Accelerations

In train collisions, multi-level rail passenger vehicles can deform in modes that are different from the behavior of single level cars. The deformation in single level cars usually occurs at the front end during a collision. In one particular incident, a cab car buckled laterally near the back end of the car. The buckling of the car caused both lateral and vertical accelerations, which led to unanticipated injuries to the occupants. A three-dimensional collision dynamics model of a multi-level passenger train has been developed to study the influence of multi-level design parameters and possible train configuration variations on the reactions of a multi-level car in a collision. This model can run multiple scenarios of a train collision. This paper investigates two hypotheses that could account for the unexpected mode of deformation. The first hypothesis emphasizes the non-symmetric resistance of a multi-level car to longitudinal loads. The structure is irregular since the stairwells, supports for tanks, and draglinks vary from side to side and end to end. Since one side is less strong, that side can crush more during a collision. The second hypothesis uses characteristics that are nearly symmetric on each side. Initial imperfections in train geometry induce eccentric loads on the vehicles. For both hypotheses, the deformation modes depend on the closing speed of the collision. When the characteristics are non-symmetric, and the load is applied in-line, two modes of deformation are seen. At low speeds, the couplers crush, and the cars saw-tooth buckle. At high speeds, the front end of the cab car crushes, and the cars remain in-line. If an offset load is applied, the back stairwell of the first coach car crushes unevenly, and the cars saw-tooth buckle. For the second hypothesis, the characteristics are symmetric. At low speeds, the couplers crush, and the cars remain in-line. At higher speeds, the front end crushes, and the cars remain in-line. If an offset load is applied to a car with symmetric characteristics, the cars will saw-tooth buckle.

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