Dyeing Adsorption Isotherm and Equilibrium Modeling Characteristics of Enzymatic and Caustic Pre-Treated Lyocell Fibers

2011 ◽  
Vol 332-334 ◽  
pp. 568-571
Author(s):  
Yi Jun Pan ◽  
Chien Teng Hsieh ◽  
Chien Kuo Yen
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Condition ◽  
Enzymatic Treatment ◽  
Equilibrium Modeling ◽  
Sorption Ability ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Lyocell Fibers ◽  
Lyocell Fiber ◽  
Consequent Effect ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Dyes Adsorption

The purpose of this study is to achieve a better understanding of the influences of enzymatic and caustic pretreatments on the dying adsorption behavior of Lyocell yarns. The substantivity behavior, dyeing adsorption isotherms and their correlation between the equilibrium modeling and equilibrium isotherm parameters of the pre-treated Lyocell fibers have been studied. Although the conditions of each treatment were the same, changing the processing sequences caused substantially different modifications on the Lyocell fiber fine structure with consequent effect on dyeing behaviors. In general, pretreatment by caustic soda and/or enzyme can improve their dyeability of Lyocell fibers. The results of dyes adsorption show that for the same enzymatic treatment condition if the enzymatic treatment stage is applied before the caustic pre-treatment, the dyeability and sorption ability of small molecule dye on pre-treated Lyocell can be improved over that which can be obtained for caustic pre-treated yarn.

scholarly journals Membrane condenser as emerging technology for water recovery and gas pre-treatment: current status and perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Brunetti ◽  
Francesca Macedonio ◽  
Giuseppe Barbieri ◽  
Enrico Drioli
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Control

Abstract The recent roadmap of SPIRE initiative includes the development of “new separation, extraction and pre-treatment technologies” as one of the “key actions” for boosting sustainability, enhancing the availability and quality of existing resources. Membrane condenser is an innovative technology that was recently investigated for the recovery of water vapor for waste gaseous streams, such as flue gas, biogas, cooling tower plumes, etc. Recently, it has been also proposed as pre-treatment unit for the reduction and control of contaminants in waste gaseous streams (SOx and NOx, VOCs, H2S, NH3, siloxanes, halides, particulates, organic pollutants). This perspective article reports recent progresses in the applications of the membrane condenser in the treatment of various gaseous streams for water recovery and contaminant control. After an overview of the operating principle, the membranes used, and the main results achieved, the work also proposes the role of this technology as pre-treatment stage to other separation technologies. The potentialities of the technology are also discussed aspiring to pave the way towards the development of an innovative technology where membrane condenser can cover a key role in redesigning the whole upgrading process.

scholarly journals The “black box” of treatment: Patients’ perspective on what works in opioid maintenance treatment for opioid dependence

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa C. Silva ◽  
Fredrik B. Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Dependence ◽  
Maintenance Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Opioid Maintenance Treatment ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Problematic Use ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Patients Perspective

Abstract Background A lack of conceptual modeling of how the components of opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) for opioid dependence (OD) work causes it to occasionally be labeled the “black-box” of treatment. This study had a two-fold objective: First, to analyze which factors related to OMT for OD contribute to the abstinence of problematic use of non-prescribed opioids and sustain recovery, from the patients’ perspective; second, to understand which changes OMT produced in the individuals’ lives might significantly contribute to relapse prevention. Methods We used qualitative methods of design, inquiry, and analysis from a convenience sample of 19 individuals in a Swedish treatment setting. Results All the participants reported previous cycles of problematic use of non-prescribed opioids and other non-prescribed psychoactive substances, treatment, abstinence, recovery, and relapse before starting the current OMT program. During the pre-treatment stage, specific events, internal processes, and social environments enhanced motivation toward abstinence and seeking treatment. During the treatment stage, participants perceived the quality of the human relationships established with primary social groups as important as medication and the individual plan of care in sustaining recovery. From the participants’ perspective, OMT was a turning point in their life course, allowing them a sense of self-fulfillment and the reconstruction of personal and social identity. However, they still struggled with the stigmatization produced by a society that values abstinence-oriented over medication-assisted treatments. Conclusion OMT is not an isolated event in individuals’ lives but rather a process occurring within a specific social context. Structural factors and the sense of acceptance and belonging are essential in supporting the transformation. Treatment achievements and the risk for relapse vary over time, so the objectives of the treatment plan must account for characteristics of the pre-treatment stage and the availability and capacity of individuals to restructure their social network, besides the opioid maintenance treatment and institutional social care.

Effect of Slime and Impurity Removal as a Pre-Treatment Stage Using a Low-Grade Zinc-Oxide Sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-472
Author(s):  
Aisan Ramadi ◽  
Mohammad Noaparast ◽  
Seyed Ziaedin Shafaie ◽  
Armin Salsani
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Impurity Removal ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Oxide Sample

scholarly journals Bioethanol Production from Indigenous Algae

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhuka Roy ◽  
Krishnendu Kundu ◽  
V. R. Dahake
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Fuel Characterization ◽  
Complex Carbohydrates ◽  
Pre Treatment

Enhanced rate of fossil fuel extraction is likely to deplete limited natural resources over short period of time. So search for alternative fuel is only the way to overcome this problem of upcoming energy crisis. In this aspect biofuel is a sustainable option. Agricultural lands cannot be compromised for biofuel production due to the requirement of food for the increasing population. Certain species of algae can produce ethanol during anaerobic fermentation and thus serve as a direct source for bioethanol production. The high content of complex carbohydrates entrapped in the cell wall of the microalgae makes it essential to incorporate a pre-treatment stage to release and convert these complex carbohydrates into simple sugars prior to the fermentation process. There have been researches on production of bioethanol from a particular species of algae, but this work was an attempt to produce bioethanol from easily available indigenous algae. Acid hydrolysis was carried out as pre-treatment. Gas Chromatographic analysis showed that 5 days’ fermentation by baker’s yeast had yielded 93% pure bioethanol. The fuel characterization of the bioethanol with respect to gasoline showed comparable and quite satisfactory results for its use as an alternative fuel.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i1.12182International Journal of Environment Volume-4, Issue-1, Dec-Feb 2014/15, page: 112-120  

Effect of Lipase Enzyme on Physical and Dyeing Properties of Cellulose Acetate Fabric

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Akbar Zolriasatein
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Enzymatic Treatment ◽  
Disperse Dyes ◽  
Color Strength ◽  
Lipase Enzyme ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Bending Length ◽  
Lower Tensile Strength

: Cellulose acetate fabric was bio-treated by lipase enzyme. Afterwards, untreated and bio-treated fabrics were dyed with direct and disperse dyes in conventional methods. Enzymatic deacetylation of cellulose acetate fibers led to an improvement in hydrophilicity. The whiteness index of cellulose acetate fabric slightly decreased from 95.81 to 95.79 after bio-pretreatment. Lipase pre-treatment also caused an increase in fiber diameter up to 54.80%. Bending length decreased from 1.95 to 1.80 cm after enzymatic treatment while number of threads per centimeter and fabric thickness increased. Bio-treated fabric showed lower tensile strength in comparison to untreated fabric almost 52.48%. Change in morphology of fibers was observed by SEM after enzymatic deacetylation. Bio-treated fabric showed an increase in color strength in comparison to untreated fabric. The lipase pretreatment increased the color strength by 19.04 % and 18.50 % for direct and disperse dyes respectively.

scholarly journals Comparative Distalization Effects Of Conventional Pendulum Appliance And Bone Anchored Pendulum Appliance

2018 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 03-010
Author(s):  
Crystal Runa Soans ◽  
Ashutosh Shetty ◽  
Murali P.S ◽  
Azhar Mohammed ◽  
U.S Krishna Nayak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Orthodontic Anchorage ◽  
Molar Distalization ◽  
Maxillary Molars ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Pendulum Appliance ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Anchorage Loss ◽  
Dental Cast

Abstract Introduction: The introduction of intraosseous screws as temporary orthodontic anchorage devices has proved successful in achieving sufficient molar distalization without major anchorage loss in Class II malocclusions. Bone-anchored pendulum appliance is used to obtain an effective and compliance-free molar distalization without anchorage loss. Aims And Objectives: This prospective study was designed to evaluate and compare the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects produced by 2 types of pendulum appliance with different anchorage modalities - the Bone anchored pendulum appliance (BAPA) and Conventional pendulum appliance (CPA) in subjects with Angle's ClassII malocclusion. Materials and Methods: BAPA group consisted of 5 patients with mean age, 16.4±1.5 years. The CPA group consisted of 5 patients with mean age, 16.6±1.1 years. Lateral cephalograms & dental casts were obtained at pre-treatment stage & after achieving Class I molar relation. Dentoalveolar, skeletal, soft tissue measurements and dental cast measurement were recorded & compared between the groups. Results and Conclusions: Successful distalization was achieved in both groups in a mean period of 6.2 months for BAPA and 5.2 months for CPA. It was concluded that, both theBAPA and CPA were effective for the distalization of maxillary molars. Though the distal molar movements obtained were similar between the BAPA and the CPA groups, anchorage loss was observed with the CPA in the form of premolar mesialization & incisor proclination, whereas absence of anchorage loss, significant spontaneous distal premolar movement, and distal incisor movement was observed with the BAPA, making it a viable choice compared to the CPA.

Screening of Factors Affecting Pre-Treatment by Ammonia-N Removal from Poultry Manure Wastewater by Using Soil Water to Improve Biogas Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 359-364
Author(s):  
Nina Farhana Mohd Jamaludin ◽  
Norazwina Zainol
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Treatment Condition ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Pre Treatment

In this study, best pre-treatment condition of poultry manure wastewater (PMW) was determined from factorial analysis for the purpose of improving biogas production. Five factors were chosen for factorial screening namely: agitation (0 or 200 rpm), reaction time (2 to 5 hours), type of soil (peat soil or poultry farm soil), soil to water ratio (1:1 or 1:4) and PMW to soil water (SW) ratio (1:4 or 2:3). Based on the result, agitation gave highest contribution in pre-treatment of PMW at 38.36% followed by PMW to SW ratio at 29.76% contribution. In term of interaction, agitation and reaction gave the highest contribution to pre-treatment of PMW at 3.33% contribution. The best pre-treatment condition suggested by Design Expert software was using peat soil as source of soil at SW ratio of 1:6, and mixed with PMW at 1:4 ratio without agitation for 5 hours reaction time. Application of this best pre-treatment condition showed improvement in biogas yield by 82 % from 0.0045 L/g COD using untreated PMW to 0.0248 L/g COD using treated PMW.

scholarly journals Changes in the neural correlates of implicit emotional face processing during antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 2195-2208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Victor ◽  
Maura L. Furey ◽  
Stephen J. Fromm ◽  
Arne Öhman ◽  
Wayne C. Drevets
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Treatment Condition ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Emotional Face

Abstract An emerging hypothesis regarding the mechanisms underlying antidepressant pharmacotherapy suggests that these agents benefit depressed patients by reversing negative emotional processing biases (Harmer, 2008). Neuropsychological indices and functional neuroimaging measures of the amygdala response show that antidepressant drugs shift implicit and explicit processing biases away from the negative valence and toward the positive valence. However, few studies have explored such biases in regions extensively connected with the amygdala, such as the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) area, where pre-treatment activity consistently has predicted clinical outcome during antidepressant treatment. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate changes in haemodynamic response patterns to positive vs. negative stimuli in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) under antidepressant treatment. Participants with MDD (n = 10) underwent fMRI before and after 8 wk sertraline treatment; healthy controls (n = 10) were imaged across an equivalent interval. A backward masking task was used to elicit non-conscious neural responses to sad, happy and neutral face expressions. Haemodynamic responses to emotional face stimuli were compared between conditions and groups in the pgACC. The response to masked-sad vs. masked-happy faces (SN-HN) in pgACC in the depressed subjects was higher in the pre-treatment condition than in the post-treatment condition and this difference was significantly greater than the corresponding change across time in the controls. The treatment-associated difference was attributable to an attenuated response to sad faces and an enhanced response to happy faces. Pre-treatment pgACC responses to SN-HN correlated positively with clinical improvement during treatment. The pgACC participates with the amygdala in processing the salience of emotional stimuli. Treatment-associated functional changes in this limbic network may influence the non-conscious processing of such stimuli by reversing the negative processing bias extant in MDD.

Fouling of nanofiltration membranes used for separation of fermented glycerol solutions

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Bastrzyk ◽  
Marek Gryta ◽  
Krzysztof Karakulski
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
Colloidal Fouling ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Two Stages

AbstractIn this study, the glycerol solutions were fermented using Lactobacillus casei bacteria. The broths were pre-treated by microfiltration, followed by a further separation with nanofiltration. The latter process was carried out in two stages, using the NF270 and NF90 membranes, respectively. The concentrates thus obtained were enriched with citric acid (first stage) and then with lactic acid and glycerol (second stage). By means of SEM and AFM microscopy, as well as ATR-FTIR analysis, the intensity of membrane-fouling was studied. The colloidal fouling and bio-fouling caused a more than two-fold decrease in the permeate flux during microfiltration of the broth. This pre-treatment stage was effective, and a permeate turbidity of less than 0.2 NTU was obtained. However, the nanofiltration membranes exhibited a 30 % flux decline over the course of the process, mainly due to the organic fouling.

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