Methods of Estimating Runoff and Soil Loss in Plots under Different Plant Densities of Amaranthus

2009 ◽  
Vol 62-64 ◽  
pp. 247-257
Author(s):  
C.S. Okoli

This paper reports of study that was conducted to evaluate runoff rates and sediment yield as affected by different plant densities of amaranthus at the experimental farm of Agricultural Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The experimentally based study is aimed at determining the runoff and sediment yield relationship as affected by different plant densities of amaranthus at the experimental farm. Treatment were based on four plant densities A (97 plant/m2) B (42 plant/m2) C (125 plant/m2) D (69 plant/m2), runoff depths and sediment yields were measured during the months of August to November 2003. A complete randomized block design was used to evaluate treatment methods on the basis of sediment yield and run off depth. A rainfall-Runoff model was established to enable future occurrence to be predicted. The water balance equation was used to compute the evapotransipiration (ET) for each plot. There were significant differences in sediment yields and run off depths among the treatments at 5% level of significance treatment. A (97 plant/m2) and C (125 plant/m2) were found to have the least amount of runoff and sediment yield, while treatment B (42 plant/m2) and D(69 plants/m2) had the highest amount of runoff and sediment yield. The result confirms the proposition that increased plant densities had a significant effect in reducing runoff and sediment for agricultural lands.

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Gill ◽  
M. A. Naeth ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk ◽  
V. S. Baron

Currently, there is interest in Western Canada in extending the grazing season using perennial and annual forages. Of greatest concern is the environmental sustainability of these grazing systems, with emphasis on their ability to withstand erosion. A study to examine the runoff and sediment yields of annual and perennial forages in central Alberta was initiated in 1994. Runoff and sediment yield were quantified under snowmelt and rainfall events for two seasons. Rainfall simulation was used to further examine runoff under growing season conditions. Four forage treatments (two annuals: triticale and a barley/triticale mixture and two perennials: smooth bromegrass and meadow bromegrass) and three grazing intensities (light, medium and heavy) were studied, each replicated four times. Total annual runoff was dominated by snowmelt. Generally runoff volumes, sediment yields, sediment ratios and runoff coefficients were all low. Bare ground increased with increasing grazing intensity and was significantly greater in annuals than perennials for all grazing intensities. Litter biomass decreased with increasing grazing intensity and was generally similar in all species for both years at heavy and medium grazing intensities. Results from the rainfall simulation corroborated those under natural rainfall conditions and generally indicated the sustainability of these grazing systems at this site. Key words: Forages, soil erosion, sustainability, rainfall simulation


Irriga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Rossi Vicente ◽  
Everardo Chartuni Mantovani ◽  
ANDRÉ LUÍS TEIXEIRA FERNANDES ◽  
FÁBIO TEIXEIRA DELAZARI ◽  
EDMILSON MARQUES FIGUEREDO

EFEITO DE DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO NAS VARIÁVEIS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO E PRODUÇÃO DO CAFEEIRO IRRIGADO POR PIVÔ CENTRAL  MARCELO ROSSI VICENTE1; EVERARDO CHARTUNI MANTOVANI2; ANDRÉ LUÍS TEIXEIRA FERNANDES3; FÁBIO TEIXEIRA DELAZARI4 E EDMILSON MARQUES FIGUEREDO5 1 Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas, MG, [email protected] Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, [email protected] Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, MG, Fábio Teixeira Delazari, [email protected] Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, [email protected] Bahia Farm Show, Luís Eduardo Magalhães, BA, [email protected]  1      RESUMO O presente trabalho foi conduzido com objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação nas variáveis de produção, estádios maturação de frutos e eficiência no uso da água pela cultura do cafeeiro irrigado por pivô central equipado com emissores LEPA, na região Oeste da Bahia. Realizou-se o trabalho na fazenda Café do Rio Branco, localizada em Barreiras - BA em cafeeiros adultos da variedade Catuaí IAC 144. O experimento obedeceu ao delineamento de blocos casualizados, composto de cinco tratamentos correspondentes à 70, 85, 100, 125 e 150% da lâmina de irrigação determinada pelo software Irriplus. As produtividades, os estádios de maturação dos frutos e eficiência no uso da água do cafeeiro foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão, em que os modelos foram escolhidos baseados na significância dos coeficientes de regressão utilizando-se o teste t de 1 a 10% de probabilidade. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que, a produtividade da cultura do café foi expressivamente dependente da lâmina de água aplicada, sendo que a maior produtividade (60 sc ha-1) foi alcançada com a lâmina de irrigação acumulada de 661 mm ano-1, correspondente à 96% da lâmina de irrigação determinada pelo software Irriplus. A lâmina que proporcionou a máxima porcentagem de frutos cereja (44,1%) foi de 723 mm ano-1 (105%). A lâmina que proporcionou a maior eficiência no uso da água foi de 480 mm ano-1 (70%). Palavras-Chave: Coffea arabica, manejo da irrigação, emissor LEPA, uso eficiente da água.  VICENTE, M. R.; MANTOVANI, E. M.; FERNANDES, A. L. T.; DELAZARI, F. T.; FIGUEREDO, E. M.EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF IRRIGATION DEPTHS   ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION VARIABLES OF COFFEE UNDER CENTER PIVOT  IRRIGATION     2        ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths on yield, ripening stages and water use efficiency by the   coffee crop irrigated by center pivot with LEPA emitters in western Bahia. The experiment was carried out at the Café Rio Branco farm, in Barreiras city, Bahia state, using  adult coffee trees of cv. Catuaí IAC 144. A completely randomized block design was used with five treatments consisting of 70, 85, 100, 125 and 150 % of ETc, determined by the Irriplus software.  Data of yield, fruit ripening stage and water use efficiency were evaluated   using analyses of variance  and regression. Models were chosen based on level of significance of   regression coefficients using the Student´s t-test, 1 to  10% probability.  Based on the results,  coffee crop yield was highly dependent on  the water depth applied. The highest yield (3.6 ton/ha) was achieved  using accumulated irrigation depth of 661 mm year -1 (96 % of Etc).  Water depths of   723 mm year-1 (105 %) and 480 mm year-1 (70% ETc)  provided the highest percentage of cherry fruit (44.1%) and the highest water use efficiency, respectively. Keywords: Coffea arábica, irrigation management, LEPA emitter, water use efficiency.


Pro Food ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Dewa Nyoman Adi Paramartha ◽  
Yeni Sulastri ◽  
Rucitra Widyasari ◽  
Zainuri Zainuri

ABSTRACT   The aim of this study was to examine the formulation of meat snail and porang flour on physical characteristics and sensory acceptance of the meatballs. The design used in this study was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 2 treatments, namely the concentration of meat snails and the concentration of porang flour in making meatballs. The treatment of meat snail concentration is 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% while for porang flour concentration is 0% and 0.3%. Each experiment was repeated 3 times so that there would be 24 units of trial units. Physical and sensory quality data obtained were analyzed using SPSS with a 5% BNJ level of significance. Concentration of meat snail has significant effect on physical quality (texture, color (L, a and b)) and sensory quality (color and hedonic texture. Porang flour concentration significantly influences physical quality (colors L and b). Interaction of treatment between the concentration of meat snail and the concentration of porang flour significantly affected physical quality (colors a and b) and the sensory quality of texture hedonically. Treatment of 20% meat snail concentration with the addition of porang flour 0.3% is the best treatment. Physical quality values are best treated for texture 3.38 N, color L 42.46, color a 2.92 and color b 16.31. Sensory quality values are best treated for color is rather like and texture likes.   Keyword : meatballs, porang flour, meat snail   ABSTRAK   Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji formulasi penggunaan daging keong sawah dan tepung porang terhadap mutu fisik dan sensoris bakso. Rancangan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 2 perlakuan yaitu konsentrasi daging keong sawah dan konsentrasi tepung porang pada pembuatan bakso. Perlakuan konsentrasi daging keong sawah yaitu 0%, 20%, 40% dan 60% sedangkan untuk konsentrasi tepung porang yaitu 0% dan 0,3%. Masing-masing percobaan diulangi sebanyak 3 kali sehingga diperoleh satuan percobaan sebanyak 24 unit percobaan. Data mutu fisik dan sensoris yang diperoleh dianalisa menggunakan SPSS dengan taraf nyata BNJ 5%. Konsentrasi daging keong sawah berpengaruh nyata terhadap mutu fisik (tekstur, warna (L, a dan b)), dan mutu sensoris (warna dan tekstur secara hedonik). Konsentrasi tepung porang berpengaruh nyata terhadap mutu fisik (warna L dan b). Interaksi perlakuan antara konsentrasi daging keong sawah dan konsentrasi tepung porang berpengaruh nyata terhadap mutu fisik (warna a dan b) dan mutu sensoris tekstur secara hedonik. Perlakuan konsentrasi daging keong sawah 20% dengan penambahan tepung porang 0,3% merupakan perlakuan yang terbaik. Nilai mutu fisik diperlakuan terbaik untuk tekstur 3,38 N, warna L 42,46, warna a 2,92 dan warna b 16,31. Nilai mutu sensoris diperlakuan terbaik untuk warna agak suka dan tekstur suka.   Kata Kunci : bakso, daging keong sawah, tepung porang


2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Siti Masreah Bernas

On some coffee plantations in Lahat Regency South Sumatra, in some places the farmers did not apply agricultural practices, such as tillage, conservation practices, and fertilizers. Many researches have been done to study about effects of organic fertilizer on soil nutrients content and plant growth as well as and the impacts of terrace on soil water content, run-off and erosion. However, there was less research in the highland area. Whereas the possibilityof run off, erosion and nutrient leaching the high land area was high. Thus, it was important to apply terrace and organic coffee pulp in this farm. The aims of this research were to determine the effect of terrace and organic fertilizer on run off and soil erosion, nutrients loss and nutrient content in coffee leaves. Terrace system and organic fertilizer were applied on a one year old coffee plantation in Lahat Regency. Before the treatment applied,coffee pulp as organic fertilizer was decomposed in the chamber for about 2 months. The experiment was conducted in factorial in a Randomized Block Design with two factors. The first factor was coffee pulp compost (0, 3, and 6 Mg ha-1), and the second factor was type of terrace (without, individual, and bund terraces). The size of each plot was 2 m width and 10 m length. Data was analysed by using LSD (Least Significant Different) test. The resultshows that bund terrace reduced runoff and erosion significantly up to 79% (for run off water) and 78% (for eroded soil) compared to without terrace. Organic fertilizer did not affect run off and soil erosion. This may be caused by properties of coffee pulp compost which were fine particulates and the dosages of application were too low to cover soil suface. Bund terrace decreased significantly N, P, K nutrients in soil loss (sediment). The amount of N losswas reduced from 3.37 kg ha-1 per four months (without terrace) to about 0.75 kg ha-1 per four months (bund terrace). Terrace and organic fertilizer did not affect significantly nutrients content in the leaves, but P-content was low without organic fertilizer addition. It is suggested to apply bund terrace and higher organic fertilizer dose on the coffee farm, and further experiments when harvesting the yield (berries) are needed for the second year oldcoffee farm.Keywords: Coffee, compost, erosion, nutrient, pulp, terrace


2012 ◽  
Vol 212-213 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Pei Qing Xiao ◽  
Wen Yi Yao ◽  
Chang Gao Wang

Effect of shrub on runoff and sediment yield and its hydraulic mechanism of shrub were studied under rainfall intensities of 45, 87 and 127mm/h with 20°slope gradient using simulated rainfall experiment. the results showed that average runoff rates ranged from 39.7 to 126.0 L/min for bare plots and 0.77 to 4.83 L/min for shrub plots, and the runoff rates from shrub plots were much less than from bare plots. Average sediment yields varied from 3636.7 to 9436.3 g/min for bare plots and from 28.0 to 421.6 g/min for shrub plots. The critical flow shear stress of 1.65 N/m2 on shrub slope and 0.861 N/m2 on bare slope were got under experiment condition. The sediment yield increased with the increase of flow shear stress. The experiment results are meaningful for quantifying runoff and sediment reduction and deepening soil erosion mechanical process also.


Revista CERES ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria do Carmo Lana ◽  
Leandro Rampim ◽  
Tatiane Ohland ◽  
Fernando Fávero

The objective of this study was to evaluate yield components, leaf nitrogen content and grain yield in corn as affected by row spacing, plant density and nitrogen topdressing. The experiment was conducted with the single-cross hybrid AG 8021, in the municipality of Toledo-PR, in an Oxisoil under no-tillage system, in the crop year 2005/ 2006. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design and treatments in split-split-plots, with four replications. The two row spacings (0.45 and 0.90 m) were allocated in the main plots, the two plant densities (60,000 and 80,000 plants ha-1) were allocated in the subplots and the three nitrogen rates (80, 100, 120 and 140 kg ha-1 N) were allocated in the sub-subplots. Topdress nitrogen was applied using urea as N source. The rise of the plant population from 60,000 to 80,000 plants ha-1 and the application of topdress nitrogen resulted in increased production components. The application of topdress fertilization provided increase in leaf N content and grain yield for the spacings 0.45 m and 0.90 m. Yield was higher in the spacing 0.45 m than 0.90 m. Yield was higher with 60,000 plants than with 80,000 plants at 0.90 m, while at 0.45 m there was no difference in relation to the plant density.


2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2295-2307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Berg ◽  
Franco Marcantonio ◽  
Mead A. Allison ◽  
Jason McAlister ◽  
Bradford P. Wilcox ◽  
...  

Abstract. Rangelands cover a large portion of the earth's land surface and are undergoing dramatic landscape changes. At the same time, these ecosystems face increasing expectations to meet growing water supply needs. To address major gaps in our understanding of rangeland hydrologic function, we investigated historical watershed-scale runoff and sediment yield in a dynamic landscape in central Texas, USA. We quantified the relationship between precipitation and runoff and analyzed reservoir sediment cores dated using cesium-137 and lead-210 radioisotopes. Local rainfall and streamflow showed no directional trend over a period of 85 years, resulting in a rainfall–runoff ratio that has been resilient to watershed changes. Reservoir sedimentation rates generally were higher before 1963, but have been much lower and very stable since that time. Our findings suggest that (1) rangeland water yields may be stable over long periods despite dramatic landscape changes while (2) these same landscape changes influence sediment yields that impact downstream reservoir storage. Relying on rangelands to meet water needs demands an understanding of how these dynamic landscapes function and a quantification of the physical processes at work.


1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Puurveen ◽  
R. C. Izaurralde ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk ◽  
J. R. Williams ◽  
R. F. Grant

Water erosion due to snowmelt is a major form of erosion in boreal regions of the Canadian Prairie. Evaluation of erosion models is an essential step before recommending their use in local or regional assessments of erosion rates and control methods. Using inputs from a runoff study conducted at La Glace, Alberta (55°25'N, 119°10'W) from 1984 to 1986, we evaluated the Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) for its ability to simulate runoff and sediment yield from snowmelt events. The model was initialized with soil profile data acquired at the study site and complemented with data from standard soil databases (Albright series; loam, Dark Gray Chernozem). Daily weather data were acquired from the nearest climatological station (annual precipitation = 475 mm). Management data were as reported and included combinations of conventional and reduced tillage, annual and perennial, and fallow cropping. Mean runoff volume measured in 1985 was 57 mm while in 1986 it was 76 mm. EPIC over-predicted runoff volume by 25% in 1985 but under-predicted it by 7% in 1986. The period in which snowmelt occurred (mid-March – beginning of April) was predicted correctly. Under the conditions of this study, with many cropping inputs obtained from different sources, the model was unable to reproduce the reported management effects on runoff and sediment yield. EPIC simulated springmelt soil temperature trends at 9-cm depth, although the predicted temperatures in 1985 were generally underestimated. Our results suggest that the EPIC model calculates adequate values of runoff volumes and sediment yields during snowmelt. Key words: Runoff, sediment yield, soil erosion, crop rotations


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Oscar José Smiderle ◽  
Pedro Henrique Santos de Menezes ◽  
Aline Das Graças Souza ◽  
Thiago Jardelino Dias ◽  
Daniel Gianluppi

Soy has high plasticity, which expands its capacity to adapt to different environmental and management conditions, through morphological changes in production components. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of different densities of soybean cultivar BRS 8381 on agronomic characteristics. The experiment was implemented and conducted in a Cerrado area, in the Agua Boa of Embrapa Roraima experimental field. A randomized block design was used in a 2*4 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments consisted of two years of soybean cultivation (2015 and 2016), sown in four plant densities (10, 14, 18 and 22 plants per linear meter). Agronomic characteristics were evaluated: plant height; height of insertion of the first pod; stem diameter; number of nodes on the stem; number of pods per plant; number of branches per plant; dry mass of the plant; harvest index and grain yield. The highest average productivity of 'BRS 8381' soybeans in the Cerrado area of Roraima is obtained with a population of 387.448 plants per hectare. 'BRS 8381' plants at density 22 plants m-1 linear are not suitable for the Cerrado conditions of Roraima. The cv. BRS 8381 is influenced by rainfall and temperature factors in the Cerrado conditions of Roraima.


2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-515
Author(s):  
Margarita Tadeo-Robledo ◽  
Alejandro Espinosa-Calderón ◽  
Enrique Canales-Islas ◽  
Consuelo López-López ◽  
Benjamín Zamudio-González ◽  
...  

In Mexico, corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals from the alimentary, industrial, social, political, and cultural points of view. It is grown in different agroecological niches, water regimes, and management systems. The objective of the present research work was to study the optimum plant density per area unit and its effect on grain yield and agronomical characteristics of different corn hybrids. Six corn hybrids (H-51 AE, H 53 AE, H 47 AE, H 49 AE, Tsíri PUMA, and H-48) and three plant densities (50 000, 65 000, and 80 000 plants ha-1) were evaluated. Sowing was done during the spring-summer season, 2015, in field owned by the FESC-UNAM and CEVAMEX-INIFAP. A completely randomized block design was used with four replicates. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were detected for genotypes (G) in the variables of grain yield, plant height, ear height, days to male and female flowering, volumetric weight, grain weight, ear length, and grains per ear. Moreover, the effect of the environment (E) was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for the same variables, with the exception of ear length. No significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) were registered for the densities factor (D). Only the G×E interaction had significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the grain yield trait. The better environment was CEVAMEX, with a mean yield of 5497 kg ha-1. The Tsíri PUMA hybrid had the best grain yield with 5856 kg ha-1. Although there were no differences for the studied interactions, the 65 000 plants ha-1 population density was the most appropriate. The densities factor did not affect the performance of the evaluated hybrids. Therefore, we recommend using 65 000 plants ha-1 to avoid investing in large amounts of seeds.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document