Scaling up Process Output of Monomer Reactor

2013 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anika Zafiah M. Rus ◽  
Muhamad Soqhimi Mohamad Isa ◽  
Nurul Saidatul Syida Sulong
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Process Output

A monomer processing reactor is a device to process used cooking oil into new substance that can be used for other applications. In this study, used cooking oil was converted to monomer via simple reactor comprised of stirrer started with laboratory scale of 2L to 5L of monomer production. A scale up process is an important process for approaching industrial scale productions. The scale up process was increased to pilot scale before it reaches to industrial scale. The reactor is designed based on lab scale process for producing monomer from used cooking oil. The most important point of the device design is to produce larger amount of monomer compared to lab scale equipment. The device can produce 15liters of monomer per production. The monomer has the same properties and quality of monomer that were produced using laboratory equipment.

A systematic review of costing studies for implementing and scaling-up breastfeeding interventions: what do we know and what are the gaps?

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Carroll ◽  
Cara Safon ◽  
Gabriela Buccini ◽  
Mireya Vilar-Compte ◽  
Graciela Teruel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Costing Study

Abstract Despite the well-established evidence that breastfeeding improves maternal and child health outcomes, global rates of exclusive breastfeeding remain low. Cost estimates can inform stakeholders about the financial resources needed to scale up interventions to ultimately improve breastfeeding outcomes in low-, middle- and high-income countries. To inform the development of comprehensive costing frameworks, this systematic review aimed to (1) identify costing studies for implementing or scaling-up breastfeeding interventions, (2) assess the quality of identified costing studies and (3) examine the availability of cost data to identify gaps that need to be addressed through future research. Peer-reviewed and grey literature were systematically searched using a combination of index terms and relevant text words related to cost and the following breastfeeding interventions: breastfeeding counselling, maternity leave, the World Health Organization International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, media promotion, workplace support and pro-breastfeeding social policies. Data were extracted after having established inter-rater reliability among the first two authors. The quality of studies was assessed using an eight-item checklist for key costing study attributes. Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, with the majority including costs for breastfeeding counselling and paid maternity leave. Most cost analyses included key costing study attributes; however, major weaknesses among the studies were the lack of clarity on costing perspectives and not accounting for the uncertainty of reported cost estimates. Costing methodologies varied substantially, standardized costing frameworks are needed for reliably estimating the costs of implementing and scaling-up breastfeeding interventions at local-, national- or global-levels.

A Scaling-up Approach from Experimental Tunnel to Spray Dryer

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan-You Li ◽  
Ireneusz Zbicinski ◽  
Jing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spray Dryer ◽  
Cfd Modelling ◽  
Initial Water

A scaling-up approach from drying of a thin layer wet material in a experimental tunnel to a pilot scale spray drying was developed through determining drying kinetics of quick evaporation process. Maltodextin was selected as solid material in solution to be dried. Critical moisture contents as a function of initial water evaporation rate (drying rate) shows that there is the same variation between the small scale test tunnel and the pilot scale spray dryer. Result of CFD modelling demonstrates that drying kinetics obtained from the small-scale tunnel could be properly applied to scale-up the spray drying process.

Scale-up and scale-down techniques for fermentations of polyene antibiotics

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1730-1740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Ettler
Keyword(s):  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Polyene Antibiotics ◽  
Activity Determination ◽  
Simultaneous Control ◽  
Streptomyces Noursei ◽  
Scale Down

Our philosophy of successful biotechnology transfer to industrial scale covers the comparison of complex sets of microbiological, analytical and bioengineering data from cultivations in various scales and different geometries of mixing with laboratory findings. In particular, the availability of nutrients to producing microorganism should be understood, therefore for quick scaling-up procedure of polyene antibiotics produced by Streptomyces noursei we recommend to use physiological marker as total dehydrogenase activity determination. The utility of scale-down tests for identification of process fluctuation, validation of new substrate batches and simultaneous control of inoculum quality was proved.

scholarly journals Determination of Effectiveness Absorption of The Rice Husk And Hazelnut Shell to Purification Used Cooking Oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Loth Botahala ◽  
Yanti Malailak ◽  
Herlin Silvia Maure ◽  
Hagar Karlani
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Hazelnut Shell ◽  
Hazelnut Shells ◽  
Better Than

The effectiveness of the absorption of activated rice husk and hazelnut shells on the purification of used cooking oil has been carried out. The aim is to determine the absorption capacity of the active charcoal of rice husk and hazelnut shells to purify used cooking oil. After being physically activated, activated charcoal from rice husk and pecan shells is applied to the purification of used cooking oil. The results show that the quality of hazelnut shell charcoal is better than rice husk after it is applied to purifying used cooking oil.

scholarly journals Pembuatan Biodiesel dengan Cara Adsorpsi dan Transesterifikasi Dari Minyak Goreng Bekas

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Lisa Adhani ◽  
Isalmi Aziz ◽  
Siti Nurbayti ◽  
Christie Adi Octavia
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Oil Adsorption

Used cooking oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel, but the levels of free fatty acids (Free Fatty Acid, FFA) is quite high. It is necessary for pretreatment in the form of the adsorption process to reduce levels of FFA. This study aims to determine the optimal conditions of adsorption process and determine the quality of biodiesel produced from adsorption processes and transesterification. Natural zeolites are used as adsorbents activated beforehand using ammonium chloride, calcined and heated to obtain H-zeolite. Furthermore, the adsorption process optimization includes the time, the adsorbent concentration, temperature and particle size. The oil that is already in the adsorption catalyst is reacted with methanol and KOH to obtain biodiesel. The optimum adsorption conditions obtained at the time of 90 minutes, the concentration of H-zeolite 12%, temperature 90 ° C, and a particle size of 0.2 mm that can lower FFA levels from 3.2% to 1.1%. Biodiesel produced meets the quality requirements of SNI 04-7182-2006 with a water content of 0.02%, a density of 857.60 kg / m3, the acid value of 0.29 mg-KOH / g, iodine number 15.71, saponification 168 , 02 and cetane index of 75.62. Compounds contained in biodiesel are methyl 9-octadecanoic (49.45%), methyl heksadekanoat (20.79%), and methyl 9,12oktaekanoat 9.12 (18.87%). Keywords: Biodiesel, used cooking oil, adsorption, transesterification, H-zeolitDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3107

scholarly journals Potensi Minyak Jelantah Sebagai Biodiesel dan Pengaruh Katalis Serta Waktu Reaksi Terhadap Kualitas Biodiesel Melalui Proses Transesterifikasi

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Busyairi ◽  
Aufar Za’im Muttaqin ◽  
Ika Meicahyanti ◽  
Saryadi Saryadi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Yield Parameters

This study aimed to determine the effect of reaction time and catalyst variations on the quality of biodiesel according to SNI 7182: 2015 determine the best reaction time and catalyst variations on the yield parameters, water content, viscosity, density, flash point, and methyl ester levels of biodiesel produced. Based on the research, the results show that the quality of biodiesel obtained for each parameter meets the SNI 7182: 2015 quality standards except for water content parameters that still exceed the quality standard limits. The best quality of biodiesel is shown in the variation of the reaction time of 120 minutes with KOH catalyst with a yield of 77.95%, moisture content of 0.2673%, density of 0.8669 gr/ml, the viscosity of 5.15 CST, flash point 174°C and levels of methyl esters 98.42%. Biodiesel from used cooking oil can be applied as renewable energy that is more environmentally efficient.<h1 style="margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 0cm; mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;" lang="EN-US">This study aimed to determine the effect of reaction time and catalyst variations on the quality of biodiesel according to SNI 7182: 2015 determine the best reaction time and catalyst variations on the yield parameters, water content, viscosity, density, flash point, and methyl ester levels of biodiesel produced. Based on the research, the results show that the quality of biodiesel obtained for each parameter meets the SNI 7182: 2015 quality standards except for water content parameters that still exceed the quality standard limits. The best quality of biodiesel is shown in the variation of the reaction time of 120 minutes with KOH catalyst with a yield of 77.95%, moisture content of 0.2673%, density of 0.8669 gr/ml, the viscosity of 5.15 CST, flash point 174°C and levels of methyl esters 98.42%. Biodiesel from used cooking oil can be applied as renewable energy that is more environmentally efficient.</span></h1>

scholarly journals Penggunaan H-Zeolit dan Tawas dalam Pemurnian Crude Glycerol dengan Proses Adsorpsi dan Koagulasi

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Isalmi Aziz ◽  
Nur Hijjah Bayani Fadhilah ◽  
Hendrawati Hendrawati
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Aluminium Content ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Coagulation Process

Production of biodiesel from used cooking oil byproducts such as crude glycerol with low purity. The crude glycerol containing compounds impurities such as free fatty acids, alcohol, soap, catalyst and water. Compound adsorption of impurities can be done with the H-zeolite as adsorbent, but the resulting quality is still not good. To improve its quality, this research was added alum (coagulation) process so that the adsorption of colloidal-sized compound impurities which can be separated from the glycerol. The purpose of this research is determine optimal condition of adsorption and coagulation impurity compounds of crude glycerol by using H-zeolite and  alum and  also determine quality of glycerol  was obtained. First, crude glycerol acidified by phosphoric acid 85% (pure analysis) until desired pH ±2.5. It was obtained purity of glycerol 72.797%. The next process is adsorption with activated H-zeolite and it obtained purity of glycerol 77.079%. The last process in this research is adsorption and coagulation by using H-zeolite and alum. The highest purity glycerol 93.803% was obtained from condition of adsorption and coagulation for 75 minutes; alum’s concentration 80 ppm; and temperature 60 ºC. The glycerol discharged from adsorption and coagulation process by using H-zeolite and alum is qualify Indonesia National Standard number 06-1564-1995 with 3.512% water content; 2.438% ash content; 0.247% MONG content; has no sugar; 1.259 g/mL density of glycerol; 0.2356% potassium content and 0.0410% aluminium content; and brighter color.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v0i0.5143

scholarly journals Purification of Used Cooking Oil by Alkali Neutralization and Bleaching of Bayah Natural Zeolite

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Endang Su Hendi ◽  
Rusdi Rusdi ◽  
Bagja Nur Alam ◽  
Siti Nurbaeti
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Natural Rock ◽  
Alkali Neutralization

Cooking oil that is used repeatedly at high temperatures will reduce the quality of cooking oil. This will trigger the hydrolysis and oxidation processes that will change the characteristics of the oil, such as an increase in free fatty acid levels and peroxide numbers. Purification of used cooking oil can be carried out physically and chemically. The physical purification of oil is carried out by using adsorbents, while chemically purification process is carried out with an alkaline solution. Physically, natural materials such as zeolite can be used, where zeolite is a natural rock or mineral which chemically has a large surface area to be used in the adsorption process. Chemically with alkaline solution you can use sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In this study, used cooking oil is purified by three stages of the process, namely despicing, neutralization and bleaching to comply with the SNI quality standards. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum operating conditions for the purification of used cooking oil in accordance with the quality standards for cooking oil. based on the results obtained by adding a NaOH concentration of 19% in the neutralization process and a zeolite concentration of 90% can reduce the acid number value of 2.4 mg NaOH/gr, the peroxide number is 7 mekO2/kg, the color degradation of used cooking oil is 51.83%.

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val) Untuk Memurnikan Minyak Jelantah

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Muhammad Silmi Hi Abubakar ◽  
Siti Nuryanti ◽  
Suherman Suherman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Before And After

Study on the purification and quality test of used cooking oil with turmeric has been done. This study aims to determine the quality of cooking oil after purified turmeric. The quality parameters of oil studied were the moisture content, free fatty acids (FFA), and peroxide. The methods used for determination of these parameters were gravimetry for moisture content, acid-base titration for free fatty acids, and iodometric for peroxide. The test results for water from 0.6% to 0.4% free fatty acid from 1.2% to 0.2%, and peroxide levels before and after purification were successively from and 6 meq/g to 4 meq/g, respectively. Only free fatty acids of all three parameters met the requirement of SNI.

Scale-up and biomass hold-up characteristics of biological fluidized bed reactors

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ozturk ◽  
M. Turan ◽  
A. H. Idris
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Fluidized Bed Reactors ◽  
Biofilm Thickness ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Scaling Down ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This paper presents a comprehensive study results on scale-up and biomass hold-up characteristics of biological fluidized bed reactors (BFBR). The overall objective of this study was to establish and test some basic design criteria for the scaling-up or scaling-down of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors. A 12.5 1 laboratory-scale fluidized bed was designed and constructed based on a geometrically similar 70 1 pilot scale fluidized bed and the process performances were compared. Biomass hold up characteristics of the BFBRs were also investigated during the experimental studies. A general expression was developed for predicting the biological fludized bed porosities. Using this expression, both the local and overall fluidized bed porosities could be predicted depending on biofilm thickness, expansion coefficient, media diameter and density. The validity of this expression was tested with the data from this study.

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