Comparative Evaluation of 316L and N-Bearing Ni-Free Austenitic Stainless Steel as a Potential Cost-Effective Replacement for Body Implants

2013 ◽  
Vol 794 ◽  
pp. 697-704
Author(s):  
Prashant Poojary ◽  
L.K. Singhal
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cobalt Chromium ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Pitting Potential ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Passivation Potential

Currently austenitic stainless steels, cobalt-chromium alloys and titanium alloys are used in body implants. As per ISO 5832-1, Cr-Ni-Mo alloy 316L with minimum 13% nickel is widely used for body implants. ASTM standard F 2229-07 also permits nitrogen strengthened essentially Ni-free Cr-Mn-Mo alloy (UNS S 29108) for this purpose. Nitrogen as austenite stabilizer is able to substitute nickel. It serves the dual purpose of increasing the strength as well as pitting corrosion resistance. This paper compares the corrosion behaviour of these two grades. Cyclic potentiodynamic tests were carried as per ASTM F2129 in Simulated Body Fluids (SBFs) like Ringers, Hanks and Phosphaste Buffer Saline solution at 37 °C, which corresponds to the human body temperature. The pitting potential was significantly higher for Ni free grade S29108 as compared to 316L. In addition, re-passivation potential of the S 29108 was also far superior than 316L. The reverse scan indicated that the breakdown of the passive film was not reached in S 29108, whereas a hysteresis loop was observed in 316L. The strength of annealed S 29108 is far superior and meets the property requirement of ISO 5832-1 for 316L under cold rolled conditions. Thus this alloy could replace annealed as well as cold rolled 316L as per ISO 5832-1. This promising alloy has an added advantage of being significantly cheaper as compared to 316L and other Ti, Co based alloys to enable cost effective medical care to common man. Keywords: High nitrogen stainless steel, 316L, Bio-Implants, Potentio-dynamic tests.

Comparison of Hardness of Surface 316L Stainless Steel Made by Additive Technology and Cold Rolling

2018 ◽  
Vol 919 ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Pagáč ◽  
Jiří Hajnyš ◽  
Jana Petrů ◽  
Tomáš Zlámal
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Rolled Steel ◽  
Additive Technology ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Cold Rolled Steel ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cold Rolled

The paper deals with the comparison of surface hardness and porosity of stainless steel 316L (1.4404) produced by additive technology (SLM) and cold rolled steel. The subject of the paper is a comparison of two sets of samples where the first set of samples was made on a Renishaw AM400 with a laser output of 200 W and 400 W. In each set of samples, were the samples without heat-treated and heat-treated by annealing. Measurement of porosity and surface hardness were performed on all samples. The surface hardness of the material was evaluated by a static test according to Brinell CSN EN 10003-1. The porosity measurement was performed by the optical method. The measured values were compared with the reference material, which was cold-rolled steel, in which both the porosity and the hardness of the surface were measured.

Effect of Rolling Deformation on Corrosion Behaviour of AISI 304L in 3% NaCl Solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 406 ◽  
pp. 375-384
Author(s):  
Lazhar Yahia ◽  
Elamine Nouicer ◽  
Fatima Zohra Benlahreche
Keyword(s):  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Cold Deformation ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Rolling Process ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
304L Stainless Steel ◽  
Aisi 304L ◽  
Pitting Potential ◽  
Rolling Deformation

It is well known that the mechanical resistance of austenitic stainless steels can be increased considerably by cold rolling process.¶ The cold rolling effect on corrosion resistance of AISI 304L stainless steel in 3% Sodium Chloride solution was investigated by potentiodynamic polarisation and by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The pitting corrosion in this environment is related to the rate of cold deformation. The cold rolling induces important changes in the microstructure and involves phase transformation (γ→a'). The AISI 304L developes martensitic structure after 16% cold working. The potentiodynamic results show a moderate variation of the passivity zone, a remarkable decrease in the pitting potential and a free potential. The results also show an increase in the current density. However, it seems that the critical deformation rate appears to start at approximately 50% of the rolling deformation where the passivation current is minimal. After the polarisation tests, metastable pits are observed using SEM and the most probable initiation causes are discussed

The Corrosion Attack on Stainless Steel 316L and WC-Co in High Sulphate-Chloride Ratio

2015 ◽  
Vol 1087 ◽  
pp. 410-414
Author(s):  
Azzura Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Corrosion Attack ◽  
Corrosive Media ◽  
Pitting Potential ◽  
Sulphate Chloride

Austenitic stainless steels and cermets alloy has been used extensively in many sectors due to their highly resistance to corrosion attack and excel in mechanical properties. However, in corrosive media both materials are susceptible to corrosion attack especially in seawater and high temperature. Cermet alloys are a combination of ceramic and metal. Therefore, cermets exist in high corrosion resistance in aqueous media and the corrosion rate is complex to identify. This paper presents the corrosion mechanism of 316L and cermets alloy exposed to high concentration of sulphate in the salinity of seawater. The solution (media) was prepared according to the same composition as seawater including pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen. The corrosion mechanism were characterized to breakdown potential (Eb)of 316L which are the potential once reaches a sufficiently positive value and also known as pitting potential. This is the most point where localized corrosion susceptibility to evaluate and considered a potential, which could be an appropriate point according to any given combination of material/ambient/testing methods. TheEbvalue of 316L in high sulphate are higher compared to seawater in every temperature which elucidate that some anions accelerate corrosion attack whereas some anions such as sulphate behaves as inhibiting effect to 316L.

CARLSON ALLOY 926 Mo

Alloy Digest ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Nickel Alloys ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oil Platforms ◽  
Alloy 926 ◽  
Corrosive Environments

Abstract Carlson alloy 926 Mo is a superaustenitic 6% Mo stainless steel that resists highly corrosive environments and has excellent chloride pitting, crevice, and stress-corrosion cracking resistance. It can be utilized where the performance of conventional austenitic stainless steels is bor-derline, or as a cost-effective substitute for nickel alloys. The higher mechanical properties that allow designs with thinner sections than con-ventional stainless steels are highly desired for oil platforms. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-842. Producer or source: G.O. Carlson Inc., Electralloy.

Static Strain Aging in Cold Rolled Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 4891-4896 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Antoine ◽  
B. Soenen ◽  
Nuri Akdut
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Strain Aging ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Static Strain ◽  
Steel Grades ◽  
Cold Rolled

Transformation of austenite to martensite during cold rolling operations is widely used to strengthen metastable austenitic stainless steel grades. Static strain aging (SSA) phenomena at low temperature, typically between 200°C and 400°C, can be used for additional increase in yield strength due to the presence of α’-martensite in the cold rolled metastable austenitic stainless steels. Indeed, SSA in austenitic stainless steel affects mainly in α’-martensite. The SSA response of three industrial stainless steel grades was investigated in order to understand the aspects of the aging phenomena at low temperature in metastable austenitic stainless steels. In this study, the optimization of, both, deformation and time-temperature parameters of the static aging treatment permitted an increase in yield strength up to 300 MPa while maintaining an acceptable total elongation in a commercial 301LN steel grade. Deformed metastable austenitic steels containing the “body-centered” α’-martensite are strengthened by the diffusion of interstitial solute atoms during aging at low temperature. Therefore, the carbon redistribution during aging at low temperature is explained in terms of the microstructural changes in austenite and martensite.

Comparative Study of the Biomechanics of Materials Used in Stenting

2012 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 76-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelica Enkelhardt ◽  
Cristian Sorin Nes ◽  
Nicolae Faur
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
High Price ◽  
Cobalt Chromium ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Chromium Alloys ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
High Flexibility

This paper presents a comparative bibliographic study of different materials with elevated biomechanical biocompatibility regarding the stent-blood vessel interaction. Only the materials used in coronary stents’ manufacturing are considered: stainless-steel (316L), Cobalt-Chromium alloys (CoCrMo, CoNiCrMo), Nickel-Titanium alloys (Nitinol), Tantalum. The main characteristics that result from the stress-strain curve of each material are presented, as well as the biocompatibility and durability. The stainless-steel has good mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility and low price. Cobalt-Chromium alloys have excellent mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, acceptable shape memory properties, but high density and low flexibility. The Nitinol represents the best choice, with excellent mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, good corrosion resistance, high flexibility (super-elastic behavior), low density, but high price. Tantalum alloys present the best biocompatibility and high flexibility, but the mechanical properties are relative modest.

Pitting Corrosion Behaviour of the 6056-T78 Aluminium Alloy

2006 ◽  
Vol 519-521 ◽  
pp. 741-746
Author(s):  
Paul Bourdet ◽  
Christine Blanc ◽  
Georges Mankowski ◽  
Jean Bernard Guillot
Keyword(s):  
Film Growth ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Applied Potential ◽  
Pitting Potential ◽  
A Value ◽  
Passivation Potential ◽  
Passive Film Growth ◽  
Corrosion Pits ◽  
Pit Depth ◽  
Short Times

The morphology and propagation of corrosion pits on a 6056-T78 aluminum alloy in a sulfate and chloride-containing solution have been investigated and the influence of different parameters has been studied: the passivation potential for passive film growth, the pitting potential i.e. the applied potential during the pitting process and the time for pit propagation. The passivation potential did not influence the pit morphology and the pit propagation; it only influenced the pit density. On the contrary, it was found that the pitting potential and the time had a similar influence on the pit growth. For low pitting potentials or short times, the pit depth to pit radius ratio was high (about 0.7) whereas it decreased to a value close to 0.4 for higher pitting potentials or longer times.

scholarly journals Influence of Thermal Cycling Temperature on the Recrystallization of Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 316L

2020 ◽  
Vol 867 ◽  
pp. 218-223
Author(s):  
Fahmi Mubarok ◽  
Putri Intan Usi Fauzia ◽  
Sutikno ◽  
Ferdiansyah Mahyudin ◽  
Dwikora Novembri Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Investment Casting ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Recrystallization Process ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Cycling Treatment ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Thermal Cycling Process

Investment casting of an orthopedic implant plate based on stainless steel 316L was considered an economical process. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of the investment casting product were found to be inferior as compared to the implant plate fabricated with other methods such as forging due to their differences in the microstructure. Investment casting mostly produced coarser grain as compared to those with forging or rolled process. In order to improve their mechanical properties, cold-rolling followed by a repetitive thermal cycling process is proposed. The goal is to generate finer grain size through recrystallization process leading to nucleation of new grain during the thermal cycling process thus increasing their strength. Stainless steel 316L was cold-rolled to 52% reduction in thickness and this process generate stored strain energy in the form of dislocation density in the material. The thermal cycling treatment performed within several cycles after cold rolling enabling gradual disperse of stored strain energy that facilitates the recrystallization process that initiates new grain formation. The short holding time within several cycles limits the grain growth that normally occurs during annealing. It was found that thermal cycling treatment at a temperature of 950 °C for 35 seconds within four cycles led to the formation of finer grain size of 22 µm on average as compared to the initial investment casting average grain size of 290 µm. The hardness also increases to 253 HV0.3 in this condition as compared to 155 HV0.3 of investment casting products. Lower thermal cycling temperature than 950 °C during the test did not result in grain refinement thus indicating that strain energy relieves were not enough to aid the recrystallization process.

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