Technical Feasibility of Small-Scale GTL Process towards Heat Integration: A Case Study of Nongtum A Reservoir in Thailand

2013 ◽  
Vol 805-806 ◽  
pp. 1283-1290
Author(s):  
Dumrong Rungumrong ◽  
Karn Pana-Suppamassadu ◽  
Phavanee Narataruksa ◽  
Thana Sornchamni
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Heat Integration ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Technical Feasibility ◽  
Split Ratio

Natural gas can be a raw material to produce synthetic liquid fuels via Gas to Liquid process (GTL). The process is consist of 4 main parts which are cleaning unit, reforming unit, Fischer-Tropsch unit (FT) and product upgrading unit. To evaluate potential of having this kind of process for Nongtum A Reservoir, Thailand, technical feasibility of GTL process towards heat integration needed to be done. This work presented a process model, combined heat and power (gas generation) of Nongtum A Reservoir by using the total heat integration concept. Volume of natural gas at Nongtum A Reservoir is 56,634 m3/day at 10 bar, and 40 deg.C. ResuIts of the model simulation are the overall thermal efficiency of 10.32% to 14.88%, gasoline product of 435 to 575 bbl/day, and diesel product of 621 to 947 bbl/day depending upon a split ratio of natural gas to gas generation.

A Versatile Converter of Liquid Hydrocarbons for the Production of Reducing and Carbonization Atmospheres

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Al-Musa ◽  
Vladimir Martynenko ◽  
Mohammed Al-Saleh ◽  
Ayman Al-Zahrani ◽  
Vladimir Kalinin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Protective Atmosphere ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Gas Generators ◽  
Gas Conversion

Abstract We herein report the results of our investigation into the modes of catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of liquid fuels and air mixtures to yield endothermic (endo) gas on a pilot-scale installation containing ~ 0.45 cm3 catalytic bed. This endothermic gas serves as a protective atmosphere in thermochemical steel treatment processes. Seven liquid hydrocarbons (LHs) are investigated, namely isooctane, 91 RON (research octane number) and 95 RON gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, and naphtha. All experiments are performed using our previously developed reactor, where the reactions of natural gas/air mixtures were previously studied. In the present study, we report that the LH conversion products reached an equilibrium state similar to that of methane and natural gas conversion with an atomic C/O ratio of ~ 1.0 in the mixture. Furthermore, working regimes between 850 and 950 °C are examined as typical reaction conditions for industrial endo gas generators, and in all cases, the required gas quality is achieved. However, we found that gasoline and diesel are the most suitable LH feedstock for endo gas generation.

scholarly journals Emissions Effects of Energy Storage for Frequency Regulation: Comparing Battery and Flywheel Storage to Natural Gas

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Eric Pareis ◽  
Eric Hittinger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Storage System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Electrical Generation

With an increase in renewable energy generation in the United States, there is a growing need for more frequency regulation to ensure the stability of the electric grid. Fast ramping natural gas plants are often used for frequency regulation, but this creates emissions associated with the burning of fossil fuels. Energy storage systems (ESSs), such as batteries and flywheels, provide an alternative frequency regulation service. However, the efficiency losses of charging and discharging a storage system cause additional electrical generation requirements and associated emissions. There is not a good understanding of these indirect emissions from charging and discharging ESSs in the literature, with most sources stating that ESSs for frequency regulation have lower emissions, without quantification of these emissions. We created a model to estimate three types of emissions (CO2, NOX, and SO2) from ESSs providing frequency regulation, and compare them to emissions from a natural gas plant providing the same service. When the natural gas plant is credited for the generated electricity, storage systems have 33% to 68% lower CO2 emissions than the gas turbine, depending on the US eGRID subregion, but higher NOX and SO2 emissions. However, different plausible assumptions about the framing of the analysis can make ESSs a worse choice so the true difference depends on the nature of the substitution between storage and natural gas generation.

scholarly journals Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Zhiliang Dong ◽  
Sen Liu ◽  
Peixiang Jiang ◽  
Cuizhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Structure Of Trade

As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

Design and optimization of small-scale methanol production from sour natural gas by integrating reforming with hydrogenation

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (59) ◽  
pp. 34483-34493
Author(s):  
Hua Liu ◽  
Jinghui Qu ◽  
Ming Pan ◽  
Bingjian Zhang ◽  
Qinglin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Design And Optimization

Biocatalysis and biomass conversion: enabling a circular economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2176) ◽  
pp. 20190274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Precious Metal Catalysts ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
Forestry Residues ◽  
The Right

This paper is based on a lecture presented to the Royal Society in London on 24 June 2019. Two of the grand societal and technological challenges of the twenty-first century are the ‘greening' of chemicals manufacture and the ongoing transition to a sustainable, carbon neutral economy based on renewable biomass as the raw material, a so-called bio-based economy. These challenges are motivated by the need to eliminate environmental degradation and mitigate climate change. In a bio-based economy, ideally waste biomass, particularly agricultural and forestry residues and food supply chain waste, are converted to liquid fuels, commodity chemicals and biopolymers using clean, catalytic processes. Biocatalysis has the right credentials to achieve this goal. Enzymes are biocompatible, biodegradable and essentially non-hazardous. Additionally, they are derived from inexpensive renewable resources which are readily available and not subject to the large price fluctuations which undermine the long-term commercial viability of scarce precious metal catalysts. Thanks to spectacular advances in molecular biology the landscape of biocatalysis has dramatically changed in the last two decades. Developments in (meta)genomics in combination with ‘big data’ analysis have revolutionized new enzyme discovery and developments in protein engineering by directed evolution have enabled dramatic improvements in their performance. These developments have their confluence in the bio-based circular economy. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Science to enable the circular economy'.

scholarly journals Nonlinear effects of locally heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields on regional stream–aquifer exchanges

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 4531-4545 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhu ◽  
C. L. Winter ◽  
Z. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Effective Conductivity ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Heihe River ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Aquifer Systems ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Local Grid

Abstract. Computational experiments are performed to evaluate the effects of locally heterogeneous conductivity fields on regional exchanges of water between stream and aquifer systems in the Middle Heihe River basin (MHRB) of northwestern China. The effects are found to be nonlinear in the sense that simulated discharges from aquifers to streams are systematically lower than discharges produced by a base model parameterized with relatively coarse effective conductivity. A similar, but weaker, effect is observed for stream leakage. The study is organized around three hypotheses: (H1) small-scale spatial variations of conductivity significantly affect regional exchanges of water between streams and aquifers in river basins, (H2) aggregating small-scale heterogeneities into regional effective parameters systematically biases estimates of stream–aquifer exchanges, and (H3) the biases result from slow paths in groundwater flow that emerge due to small-scale heterogeneities. The hypotheses are evaluated by comparing stream–aquifer fluxes produced by the base model to fluxes simulated using realizations of the MHRB characterized by local (grid-scale) heterogeneity. Levels of local heterogeneity are manipulated as control variables by adjusting coefficients of variation. All models are implemented using the MODFLOW (Modular Three-dimensional Finite-difference Groundwater Flow Model) simulation environment, and the PEST (parameter estimation) tool is used to calibrate effective conductivities defined over 16 zones within the MHRB. The effective parameters are also used as expected values to develop lognormally distributed conductivity (K) fields on local grid scales. Stream–aquifer exchanges are simulated with K fields at both scales and then compared. Results show that the effects of small-scale heterogeneities significantly influence exchanges with simulations based on local-scale heterogeneities always producing discharges that are less than those produced by the base model. Although aquifer heterogeneities are uncorrelated at local scales, they appear to induce coherent slow paths in groundwater fluxes that in turn reduce aquifer–stream exchanges. Since surface water–groundwater exchanges are critical hydrologic processes in basin-scale water budgets, these results also have implications for water resources management.

scholarly journals Characterization of Moisture Diffusion in Cured Concrete Slabs at Early Ages

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Hongduo Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Moisture Diffusion ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Concrete Slabs ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Water Curing ◽  
Early Age Concrete

The objective of this paper is to investigate the characterization of moisture diffusion inside early-age concrete slabs subjected to curing. Time-dependent relative humidity (RH) distributions of three mixture proportions subjected to three different curing methods (i.e., air curing, water curing, and membrane-forming compounds curing) and sealed condition were measured for 28 days. A one-dimensional nonlinear moisture diffusion partial differential equation (PDE) based on Fick’s second law, which incorporates the effect of curing in the Dirichlet boundary condition using a concept of curing factor, is developed to simulate the diffusion process. Model parameters are calibrated by a genetic algorithm (GA). Experimental results show that the RH reducing rate inside concrete under air curing is greater than the rates under membrane-forming compound curing and water curing. It is shown that the effect of water-to-cement (w/c) ratio on self-desiccation is significant. Lower w/c ratio tends to result in larger RH reduction. RH reduction considering both effect of diffusion and self-desiccation in early-age concrete is not sensitive to w/c ratio, but to curing method. Comparison between model simulation and experimental results indicates that the improved model is able to reflect the effect of curing on moisture diffusion in early-age concrete slabs.

DYNAMIC MODEL OF COMBINED AGGREGATION OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Vinnichenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Additive Technologies ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Flexible Production ◽  
Optimization Criteria ◽  
Production Resources

The paper presents methods and approaches for mathematical modeling and rationalization of flexible additive manufacturing, as well as other processes by which it is possible to create additive models for their integration into the system of experimental or pilot production. The work has also formed and synthesized a process model, which includes flexible production indicators, service indicators, and a developed criterion base for their assessment. The work takes into account the optimization criteria, as well as maximizing and minimizing risks for additive manufacturing, taking into account the possible risk component when deploying new processes for experimental and small-scale production. The models and methods described in the article will make it possible to carry out mathematical modeling and subsequent improvements for the flexible production process using additive technologies, used as a means of achieving the rational use of existing production resources within the framework of existing scientific and production complexes.

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