In Situ Methanolysis of Jatropha curcas Seeds in Soxhlet Extractor

2014 ◽  
Vol 917 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Nunung Prabaningrum ◽  
L. Ismail ◽  
Duvvuri Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Soxhlet Extractor ◽  
Mixture Volume ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to replace petro diesel with some advantages. One of the methods to produce biodiesel is in-situ transesterification. In this study, in-situ methanolysis of Jatropha curcas seeds in Soxhlet extractor was investigated. Normal hexane was added to enhance the solubility and extractability of methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst to Jatropha curcas oil. Response surface methodology based on Box Behnken design was used to determine the optimum reaction conditions. The ratio of mixture volume to seed weight (7.5; 12.5), catalyst concentration (1.75; 2.25 wt.%) and volume ratio of methanol to mixture (0.3; 0.7) were selected as experimental parameters. The biodiesel yield of (91.37 ± 0.57) %, which was insignificantly different with the predicted value, was obtained with the optimum conditions as follows: the ratio of the mixture volume to seed weight of 12.48 (ml/g), 1.75 wt.% of sodium hydroxide concentration, 0.31of the ratio of methanol volume to the mixture volume at 60 °C for 60 min reaction time. The maximum yield of (98.63 ± 2.9) % was achieved at optimum conditions during 3 hours reaction time at 60 °C.

Microwave Energy Pretreated In Situ Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas L in the Presence of Phase Transfer Catalyst

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sintayehu Mekuria Hailegiorgis ◽  
Mahadzir Shuhaimi ◽  
Duvvuri Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Phase Transfer Catalyst ◽  
In Situ Transesterification ◽  
Heat Pretreatment ◽  
Seed Particles ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Microwave Heat

In the present work, microwave heat pretreatment of jatropha curcas seed particles and use of phase transfer catalyst (PTC) to enhance in-situ transesterification were utilized together. It was observed that use of alkaline BTMAOH as a PTC and microwave heat pretreatment of jatropha curcas seed particles had substantially increased the reaction rate of in-situ transesterification as compared to the reaction conducted with microwave untreated seeds in the absence of BTMAOH as a PTC. Statistical model equation was developed to investigate the interaction effect of reaction variables and establish optimum reaction condition. At optimum condition, experimentally obtained FAME yield (93.7±1.53% w/w) was in close agreement with statistical model predicted FAME yield (96.75%) at 38°C and 37 minutes of reaction time.

OBTENCIÓN DE BIODIESEL POR TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN ALCALINA A PARTOR DE ACEITES VEGETALES RESIDUAL EN LIMA

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Linda N. Zavaleta Palomino
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Maximum Conversion ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Optimum Production ◽  
Do So

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el proceso de producción óptimo para generar biodiesel, por transesterificación alcalina, a partir de aceites vegetales residuales de los restaurantes del distrito de San Borja, Lima- Perú. Para ello, se analizó el aceite vegetal residual recolectado, se determinó la concentración de metanol (%v/v), la concentración de hidróxido de potasio (%p/p), el tiempo de reacción óptimo, y por último se determinó la calidad del biodiesel producido.Los resultados mostraron que es posible realizar biodiesel con el aceite recolectado, ya que su grado de acidez (1,56%) fue inferior al 3%. Las condiciones óptimas para lograr la máxima conversión de la reacción se obtuvieron cuando se usó una concentración de metanol del 30%, una concentración de hidróxido de potasio del 0,4% respecto al peso del aceite y un tiempo de reacción de 3 hrs 30 min a una temperatura constante de 60°C. Bajo estas condiciones se obtuvo un rendimiento de biodiesel del 85,97%. Al biodiesel obtenido bajo las mejores condiciones de reacción se le analizaron cuatro propiedades del combustible, encontrándose que la viscosidad cinemática fue 5,5 cSt, el número de acidez fue 0,68 mgKOH/g, la ceniza sulfatada fue 0,0478 % y el carbón conradson fue 0,142%.Palabras claves.- Transesterificación alcalina, grado de acidez, máxima conversión número de acidez, viscosidad cinemática, ceniza sulfatada, carbón conradson y postratamiento del biodiesel. ABSTRACT In this paper, it is presented an experiment carried out with the objective of knowing the optimum production process in order to generate bio diesel by alkaline transesterification, from residual vegetable oils from the Restaurants in San Borja. In order to do so, first of all of the residual vegetal oil collected was analyzed, then it was determined the concentration of methanol (%v/v), the concentration of potassium hydroxide (%p/p) and the optimum reaction time, and lastly, it was determined the bio diesel quality produced.The results showed that it is possible to generate biodiesel from the collected oil, due to its grade of acidity (1,56%) was lower than 3%. The optimum conditions to get the maximum conversion of the reaction were achieved when it was used a methanol concentration of 30%, a concentration of potassium hydroxide of 0,4% regarding the weight of the oil and a reaction time of 3:30 minutes at a constant temperature of 60%. Under these conditions it was obtained a performance of biodiesel of 85,97%. Biodiesel obtained under the best reaction conditions will be analyzed four fuel properties, finding that the kinematic viscosity was 5,5 cSt, the acid number was 0,68 mg KOH / g, the sulfated ash was 0,0478% and Conradson Carbon was 0,142%. Key Words.- Alkaline Transesterification, grade of acidity, maximum conversion, number of acidity, kinematic viscosity,    sulfated ash, conradson carbon and after treatment of biodiesel

Studies on Optimum Conditions of Synthesizing Theaflavins by Using Bio-Enzyme Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 138-139 ◽  
pp. 929-932
Author(s):  
Wan Ping Fang ◽  
Li Pu Wang ◽  
Jun Yu ◽  
Peng Xiang Yue ◽  
Xin Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Green Tea Powder ◽  
Enzyme Method ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Optimum Reaction Condition

Green tea powder and polyphenol oxidase extracted from eggplant has been used to explore the optimum condition for theaflavins synthesis under single factor and orthogonal experimental design. The results showed that pH value had significant effect on theaflavins synthesis. The optimum reaction condition was, under the temperature of 25°C, the system pH value 4.5, substrates concentration 2.5 g/L, and 35 mL crude enzyme with 196 U, reaction time 40 min, then the total content of theaflavins reached to 7.45 mg.

scholarly journals In situ trans-esterification of oil-containing Jatropha curcas seeds to produce biodiesel fuel

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
I Amalia Kartika ◽  
M Yani ◽  
D Ariono ◽  
Ph Evon ◽  
L Rigal
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Quality ◽  
Jatropha Seed

The objective of this study was to investigate in situ trans-esterification allowing direct production biodiesel from jatropha seed. The influences of amount of KOH catalyst, methanol to seed ratio, amount of n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio, stirring speed, temperature and reaction time were examined to define the best performance of biodiesel yield and quality. Generally, methanol to seed ratio, amount of KOH and n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio affected biodiesel yield. An increase of biodiesel yield was observed as methanol to seed ratio, amount of KOH and n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio were increased. Stirring speed, temperature and reaction time did not affected biodiesel yield. Highest biodiesel yield (89%) was obtained under 6:1 methanol to seed ratio, 0.075 mole/L KOH in methanol, 3:3:1 n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio, 600 rpm stirring speed, 40 °C temperature and 6 h reaction time. The effect of process parameters on biodiesel quality was less important. In all experiments tested, the biodiesel quality was very good (acid value < 0.3 mg of KOH/g, viscosity < 5.5 cSt, saponification value > 183 mg of KOH/g). The quality of biodiesel produced under optimum reaction condition was in accordance with the Indonesian Biodiesel Standard. Keywords: biodiesel, in situ, jatropha seed, transesterificationAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk memproduksi biodiesel secara langsung dari biji jarak pagar melalui proses transesterifikasi in situ. Parameter proses yang dipelajari adalah pengaruh konsentrasi katalis KOH, rasio metanol terhadap bahan, rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan, kecepatan pengadukan, suhu dan waktu reaksi terhadap rendemen biodiesel dan kualitasnya. Rasio metanol terhadap bahan, konsentrasi KOH dan rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen biodiesel. Semakin tinggi rasio metanol terhadap bahan, konsentrasi KOH dan rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan, rendemen biodiesel semakin meningkat. Kecepatan pengadukan, suhu dan waktu reaksi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen biodiesel. Rendemen biodiesel tertinggi (89%) diperoleh dari perlakuan rasio metanol terhadap bahan 6:1, 0.075 mol/L KOH dalam metanol, rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan 3:3:1, kecepatan pengadukan 600 rpm, suhu 40 °C dan waktu reaksi 6 jam. Kualitas biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari proses transesterifikasi in situ biji jarak pagar pada seluruh perlakuan yang diuji sangat baik (bilangan asam < 0.3 mg KOH/g, viskositas < 5.5 cSt, bilangan penyabunan > 183 mg KOH/g), dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh parameter-parameter proses. Kualitas biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari kondisi proses optimum memenuhi Standar Biodiesel Indonesia.Kata kunci: biodiesel, in situ, biji jarak, transesterifikasi

Optimization of Silane-Silica OTR Compounds. Part 1: Variations of Mixing Temperature and Time during the Modification of Silica with Bis-(3-Triethoxisilylpropyl)-Tetrasulfide

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 967-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Thermal Reaction ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Mixing Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract This study of the TESPT modification reaction of silicas gives the compounder new and valuable information about rubber filler-silane interactions. It allows TESPT to be used more practically and economically. It also suggests several areas that would be interesting and worthwhile for further investigation. The conclusions based on this study are: (1) The modification reaction of silica with TESPT in situ cannot be considered as an equilibrium reaction. (2) The degree of modification increases with TESPT reaction time and temperature. Temperature has more effect than time. (3) In natural rubber, the highest and most practical modification reaction temperature is about 160°C. By performing the modification reaction between 150 and 160°C, it produces optimum cure rate and 300% modulus. Above 160°C, the thermal reaction of TESPT with natural rubber starts and reduces the sum of filler/rubber and rubber/rubber crosslinks available in the final cured rubber. (4) Up to 160°C, the number of filler/rubber and rubber/rubber crosslinks remains constant. But increasing temperature and reaction time lead to an increasing ratio of filler/rubber to rubber/rubber bonds. This improves the properties that are the most important for an OTR tread. (5) The higher the yield of filler/rubber bonds achieved by using the optimum reaction temperature and time, the less TESPT is necessary to get the desired properties. This produces better cost/performance. (6) To get the highest modification with TESPT, it should be added with the silica, to make best use of the reaction time dependency. (7) Most of the physical properties are dependent on the ratio of filler/rubber to rubber/rubber bonds and can simply be correlated to the 300% modulus of the compound. (8) The previously published standard mixing procedures' do not have to be changed with regard to the mixing sequence. However, by controlling mixing conditions, it may be possible to lower the level of TESPT and still obtain the desired improvements in compound physical and performance properties.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible Jatropha curcas Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1420
Author(s):  
Khawer Khan ◽  
Noaman Ul-Haq ◽  
Wajeeh Ur Rahman ◽  
Muzaffar Ali ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison

The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible J. curcas seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in J. curcas oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard.

scholarly journals Transesterifikasi In Situ Biji Kemiri (Aleurites moluccana L) Menggunakan Metanol Daur Ulang dengan Bantuan Gelombang Ultrasonik

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Mahlinda Mahlinda ◽  
Meuthia Busthan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
In Situ Transesterification ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Aleurites Moluccana ◽  
Test Result

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the use of recovered methanol for in situ transesterification reaction candlenut seed (Aleurites moluccana L) as a biodiesel bysonication. The influence of the ratio of recovered methanol to seed, catalyst concentration, reaction time and the temperature was investigated. Important properties of biodiesel such as density, viscosity and acid number were checked according to SNI 7182:2012 standards. The result showed that the maximum yield which has been obtained was 57,85% at recovered methanol to seed ratio 40:1, catalyst concentration 4%, reaction temperature 65 °C and reaction time 80 minutes. The test result of biodiesel properties showed that two parameters (density and viscosity)  were conformed to SNI 7182:2012 standards, meanwhile acid value was higher than the maximum standards. In conclusion, the recovered methanol was feasible to produce biodiesel via in situ transesterification but the yield was lower if compared with the use of fresh methanol.                                         ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari penggunaan metanol daur ulang pada reaksi transesterifikasi in situ biji kemiri (Aleurites moluccana L) menjadi biodiesel menggunakan radiasi gelombang ultrasonik. Pengaruh dari rasio metanol daur ulang terhadap biji, jumlah katalis, waktu reaksi dan temperatur telah diteliti. Sifat penting dari biodiesel seperti densitas, viskositas dan bilangan asam telah diuji menurut satandar SNI 7182:2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen maksimum yang dapat diperoleh adalah 57,85% pada rasio metanol daur ulang tehadap biji 40:1, jumlah katalis 4%, temperatur reaksi 65 °C dan waktu reaksi 80 menit. Hasil pengujian sifat biodiesel menunjukkan bahwa dua paramater (densitas dan viskositas) telah memenuhi standar SNI 7182:2012, sementara bilangan asam lebih tinggi dari standar maksimum. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa metanol daur ulang cocok untuk memproduksi biodiesel secara in situ transesterifikasi tetapi rendemennya lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan penggunaan metanol baru.Kata kunci: Biodiesel; kemiri; transesterifikasi in situ; metanol daur ulang

OBTENCIÓN DE BIODIESEL POR TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN ALCALINA A PARTOR DE ACEITES VEGETALES RESIDUAL EN LIMA

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Linda N. Zavaleta Palomino ◽  
Jean Pierre A. Suavo Carrión
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Maximum Conversion ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Optimum Production ◽  
Do So

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el proceso de producción óptimo para generar biodiesel, por transesterificación alcalina, a partir de aceites vegetales residuales de los restaurantes del distrito de San Borja, Lima- Perú. Para ello, se analizó el aceite vegetal residual recolectado, se determinó la concentración de metanol (%v/v), la concentración de hidróxido de potasio (%p/p), el tiempo de reacción óptimo, y por último se determinó la calidad del biodiesel producido.Los resultados mostraron que es posible realizar biodiesel con el aceite recolectado, ya que su grado de acidez (1,56%) fue inferior al 3%. Las condiciones óptimas para lograr la máxima conversión de la reacción se obtuvieron cuando se usó una concentración de metanol del 30%, una concentración de hidróxido de potasio del 0,4% respecto al peso del aceite y un tiempo de reacción de 3 hrs 30 min a una temperatura constante de 60°C. Bajo estas condiciones se obtuvo un rendimiento de biodiesel del 85,97%. Al biodiesel obtenido bajo las mejores condiciones de reacción se le analizaron cuatro propiedades del combustible, encontrándose que la viscosidad cinemática fue 5,5 cSt, el número de acidez fue 0,68 mgKOH/g, la ceniza sulfatada fue 0,0478 % y el carbón conradson fue 0,142%.Palabras claves.- Transesterificación alcalina, grado de acidez, máxima conversión número de acidez, viscosidad cinemática, ceniza sulfatada, carbón conradson y postratamiento del biodiesel. ABSTRACT In this paper, it is presented an experiment carried out with the objective of knowing the optimum production process in order to generate bio diesel by alkaline transesterification, from residual vegetable oils from the Restaurants in San Borja. In order to do so, first of all of the residual vegetal oil collected was analyzed, then it was determined the concentration of methanol (%v/v), the concentration of potassium hydroxide (%p/p) and the optimum reaction time, and lastly, it was determined the bio diesel quality produced.The results showed that it is possible to generate biodiesel from the collected oil, due to its grade of acidity (1,56%) was lower than 3%. The optimum conditions to get the maximum conversion of the reaction were achieved when it was used a methanol concentration of 30%, a concentration of potassium hydroxide of 0,4% regarding the weight of the oil and a reaction time of 3:30 minutes at a constant temperature of 60%. Under these conditions it was obtained a performance of biodiesel of 85,97%. Biodiesel obtained under the best reaction conditions will be analyzed four fuel properties, finding that the kinematic viscosity was 5,5 cSt, the acid number was 0,68 mg KOH / g, the sulfated ash was 0,0478% and Conradson Carbon was 0,142%. KeyWords.- Alkaline Transesterification, grade of acidity, maximum conversion, number of acidity, kinematic viscosity,sulfated ash, conradson carbon and after treatment of biodiesel.

Optimization of In Situ Methanolysis of Jatropha curcas Seeds

2014 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 625-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nunung Prabaningrum ◽  
Lukman Ismail ◽  
Duvvuri Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Acid Methyl

The response surface methodology based on central composite design was applied to optimize three reaction variables including the ratio of methanol volume to seed weight, catalyst concentration, and reaction temperature for conducting in-situ methanolysis of Jatropha curcas seeds. Using RSM, second-order polynomial equations were attained to predict the yield of fatty acid methyl ester. The optimum parameters had been determined which included 8.08 ratio of methanol volume to seed weight, 1.94 wt.% sodium hydroxide concentration, and 56°C reaction temperature. At this optimum condition, the highest biodiesel yield of (90.45 ± 0.25)% was achieved. The yield was similar to the predicted biodiesel yield of 90.98%. The properties of fatty acid methyl ester produced were in agreement with the standards of EN 14214 and ASTM D6751

Synthesis of Novel Cationic Asphalt Emulsifier and its Investigation by Online FTIR Spectrophotometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Jie Sun ◽  
Lai Shun Shi ◽  
Zhe Ying Jin ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Xiang Tao
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Ftir Technique ◽  
Online Ftir ◽  
Ftir Spectrophotometry ◽  
Optimum Reaction Condition

A novel cationic asphalt emulsifier of N-(3-polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether (10)-2-hydroxyl) propyl-N,N,N-triethyl ammonium chloride was synthesized by nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (NP-10), epichlorohydrin and triethylamine. The optimum reaction condition was obtained. The yield reaches 48.72% at the optimum conditions of the feedstock mole ratio of NaOH to NP-10 1.0, the mole ratio of epichlorohydrin to NP-10 1.2, the mole ratio of triethylamine to NP-10 1.2, reaction temperature 70°C, and reaction time 8 h. The structure of the emulsifier was identified by FTIR. The synthesis process was monitored by online FTIR technique and the intermediate was detected. Based upon the experimental data, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed for the reaction. The emulsifier belongs to slow-set asphalt emulsifier.

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