Particulate Size Distribution in the Haze and Non-Haze Episodes at Shijiazhuang City, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 1297-1300
Author(s):  
Zan Hong Wang ◽  
Zhi Po Hao
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Particulate Size ◽  
Visibility Range ◽  
Haze Episode ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Haze Formation ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Shape Curve

Aimed at detecting the particulate size distributions in the typical air pollution city of Shijiazhuang, China, this research collected samples in haze episode and non-haze episode separately and found the difference between the two situations. In non-haze episode, the average size distribution is a U-shape curve both lifting at the size minimum and maximum, with slightly higher frequency in the size below 0.65μm (grade 1 and grade 2); but in haze episode, the frequency of 0.43~0.65μm (grade 2) and 0.65~1.1μm (grade 3) increase evidently. By the correlation coefficient calculation, the mass concentration of PM0.43~0.65 has strong negative relationship with visibility range, which should be responsible for the low visibility formation. The fitting function demonstrates that the mass concentration of PM0.43~0.65 must be limited below 0.117 mg/m3 if the visibility range reaches 10km (“medium”), and below 0.006 mg/m3 over 19km (“good”). And there is a inflection point around 0.01 mg/m3 of PM0.43~0.65 as for the visiblity variation, in which the visiblity range decreases rapidly with slight increase of PM0.43~0.65 when below 0.001 mg/m3. PM0.43~0.65 is conclusively regarded as the feature size of particulate responsible for the haze formation in Shijiazhuang, China.

scholarly journals Variation in size and growth of West Greenland capelin (Mallotus villosus) along latitudinal gradients

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1128-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hedeholm ◽  
P. Grønkjær ◽  
A. Rosing-Asvid ◽  
S. Rysgaard
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
The North ◽  
Growth Difference ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Size

Abstract Hedeholm, R., Grønkjær, P., Rosing-Asvid, A., and Rysgaard, S. 2010. Variation in size and growth of West Greenland capelin (Mallotus villosus) along latitudinal gradients. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1128–1137. Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is the dominant pelagic species in the West Greenland ecosystem. Historical data are re-examined and new data are presented on the size distribution and the growth pattern of capelin along latitudinal gradients of temperature and other growth factors extending over a distance of 1300 km. The average size of capelin increases with latitude. Fish 3 years old were 48 mm larger (54%) at the secondmost northern station compared with the most southern one. Otolith analysis revealed a significant effect of age as well as area on back-calculated growth. Hence, at all ages, fish grew faster in the north than in the south. Average somatic growth across areas in the first and fourth years was 56 and 15 mm, respectively. Temperature data suggest a 2°C difference in temperature between areas, temperatures being warmest in the north. Hence, the increase in temperature with latitude explains much of the latitudinal growth gradient and suggests a growth difference in West Greenland capelin of 0.4–0.6 cm °C−1 year−1. However, the difference in growth and size distribution between northern and southernmost stations, where temperatures are similar, suggests that other factors, such as differences in available prey and diet composition, also contribute to the differences.

TOTAL PARTICULATE MATTER, PM10, PM2.5 EMISSIONS FROM PALM OIL MILL BOILER

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-11) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Syahirah ◽  
M. Rashid ◽  
J. Nor Ruwaida
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Particulate Emission ◽  
Particulate Size ◽  
Particulate Mass ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10

Utilization of fiber and shell as boiler fuel in palm oil mill industry generates particulate emission that need to be controlled before emitting to the environment. This study investigates the particulate mass size distribution of particulate matter sampled from palm oil mills having different boiler capacities. The particulate emission was performed at the stack following US EPA Method 17 and while the particulate size distribution was determined using particle size analyzer. Results showed that the total particulate mass concentration varied between 0.42 and 3.77 g/Nm3 (corrected at 7% O2). The emitted particulate was mainly found in the coarse particles, with 50% cumulative size distribution ranged from 21 to 38 µm. The particulate mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 of the total particulate emission was varied from 0.03 to 0.30 g/Nm3 and 0.37 to 0.73 g/Nm3, respectively. This contributes 0.8 to 71% and 13 to 95% of the total particulate mass concentration, respectively.

Grain Refinement in Titanium-Erbium Alloys

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 522-523
Author(s):  
B. B. Rath ◽  
J. E. O'Neal ◽  
R. J. Lederich
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Titanium Matrix ◽  
Average Size

Addition of small amounts of erbium has a profound effect on recrystallization and grain growth in titanium. Erbium, because of its negligible solubility in titanium, precipitates in the titanium matrix as a finely dispersed second phase. The presence of this phase, depending on its average size, distribution, and volume fraction in titanium, strongly inhibits the migration of grain boundaries during recrystallization and grain growth, and thus produces ultimate grains of sub-micrometer dimensions. A systematic investigation has been conducted to study the isothermal grain growth in electrolytically pure titanium and titanium-erbium alloys (Er concentration ranging from 0-0.3 at.%) over the temperature range of 450 to 850°C by electron microscopy.

scholarly journals The Water Footprint of Primary and Secondary Processing of Beef from Different Cattle Breeds: A Value Fraction Allocation Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6914
Author(s):  
Frikkie Alberts Maré ◽  
Henry Jordaan
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
High Water ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
A Value ◽  
Average Production ◽  
High Water Intake ◽  
The Difference ◽  
By Products

The high water intake and wastewater discharge of slaughterhouses have been a concern for many years. One neglected factor in previous research is allocating the water footprint (WF) to beef production’s different products and by-products. The objective of this article was to estimate the WF of different cattle breeds at a slaughterhouse and cutting plant and allocate it according to the different cuts (products) and by-products of beef based on the value fraction of each. The results indicated a negative relationship between the carcass weight and the processing WF when the different breeds were compared. Regarding a specific cut of beef, a kilogram of rib eye from the heaviest breed had a processing WF of 614.57 L/kg, compared to the 919.91 L/kg for the rib eye of the lightest breed. A comparison of the different cuts indicated that high-value cuts had higher WFs than low-value cuts. The difference between a kilogram of rib eye and flank was 426.26 L/kg for the heaviest breed and 637.86 L/kg for the lightest breed. An option to reduce the processing WF of beef is to lessen the WF by slaughtering heavier animals. This will require no extra investment from the slaughterhouse. At the same time, the returns should increase as the average production inputs per kilogram of output (carcass) should reduce, as the slaughterhouse will process more kilograms.

scholarly journals Profiling Dust Mass Concentration in Northwest China Using a Joint Lidar and Sun-photometer Setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Tianhe Wang ◽  
Ying Han ◽  
Wenli Hua ◽  
Jingyi Tang ◽  
Jianping Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Mass Loading ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Dust Mass ◽  
Dust Loading ◽  
Sun Photometer

The satellite-based estimation of the dust mass concentration (DMC) is essential for accurately evaluating the global biogeochemical cycle of the dust aerosols. As for the uncertainties in estimating DMC caused by mixing dust and pollutants and assuming a fixed value for the mass extinction efficiency (MEE), a classic lidar-photometer method is employed to identify and separate the dust from pollutants, obtain the dust MEE, and evaluate the effect of the above uncertainties, during five dust field experiments in Northwest China. Our results show that this method is effective for continental aerosol mixtures consisting of dust and pollutants. It is also seen that the dust loading mainly occurred in the free troposphere (< 6 km), with the average mass loading of 905 ± 635 µg m−2 trapped in the planetary boundary layer. The dust MEE ranges from 0.30 to 0.60 m2 g−1 and has a significantly negative relationship with the size of dust particles. With the assumption of the dust MEE of 0.37 (0.60) m2 g−1, the DMC is shown to be overestimated (underestimated) by 20–40% (15–30%). In other words, our results suggest that the change of MEE with the size of dust particles should be considered in the estimation of DMC.

scholarly journals Temporal variability predicts the magnitude of between-group attentional blink differences in developmental dyslexia: a meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A Badcock ◽  
Joanna C Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporal Position ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
The Difference

Background. Here we report on a meta-analysis of the attentional blink (AB) research focussed on specific reading impairment, commonly referred to as developmental dyslexia. The AB effect relates to a limitation in the allocation of attention over time and examined in a dual-target rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. When the second target appears in close temporal proximity to the first target, the second target is reported less accurately. Method. A Web of Science search with terms 'dyslexia attentional blink' returned 13 AB experiments (11 papers) conducted with developmental dyslexia (9 were included in this meta-analysis). The main pattern of performance was lower overall accuracy in groups of individuals with dyslexia relative to typically reading peers. That is, a between-group main effect. This meta-analysis examined the size of the between-group effect in relation to physical presentation characteristics, which differed between and within experiments. Results. Four noteworthy variables were related to the between group effect-size; fixation duration (positive relationship, R2 = .89, p <.01, n = 6), maximum temporal position of T2 (negative relationship, R2 = .46, p <.05, n = 9), the difference between the minimum and maximum temporal position of T2 (negative relationship, R2 = .53, p <.05, n = 9), and the stimulus onset asynchrony (negative relationship, R2 = .46, p <.05, n = 9). Discussion. These are discussed with respect to the preparation of task-set, temporal orienting, and speed of processing, recommending these as considerations for future research.

scholarly journals MINERAL ABUNDANCE AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION DERIVED FROM IN-SITU SPECTRA MEASUREMENTS OF YUTU ROVER OF CHANG’E-3

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W1 ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
H. Lin ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
Y. Yang ◽  
X. Wu ◽  
D. Guo
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Yutu Rover

From geologic perspective, understanding the types, abundance, and size distributions of minerals allows us to address what geologic processes have been active on the lunar and planetary surface. The imaging spectrometer which was carried by the Yutu Rover of Chinese Chang’E-3 mission collected the reflectance at four different sites at the height of ~&amp;thinsp;1&amp;thinsp;m, providing a new insight to understand the lunar surface. The mineral composition and Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of these four sites were derived in this study using a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) and Sparse Unmixing (SU) algorithm. The endmembers used were clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and agglutinate collected from the lunar sample spectral dataset in RELAB. The results show that the agglutinate, clinopyroxene and olivine are the dominant minerals around the landing site. In location Node E, the abundance of agglutinate can reach up to 70&amp;thinsp;%, and the abundances of clinopyroxene and olivine are around 10&amp;thinsp;%. The mean particle sizes and the deviations of these endmembers were retrieved. PSDs of all these endmembers are close to normal distribution, and differences exist in the mean particle sizes, indicating the difference of space weathering rate of these endmembers.

scholarly journals The Sensitivity of Wellbeing to Inequalities in Local Wellbeing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Pascarn Ronald Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Important Addition ◽  
The Difference

<p>Research points to a robust negative relationship between average levels of subjective wellbeing and the distribution of subjective wellbeing. The fact that our wellbeing falls as wellbeing distributions widen suggests we care about inequalities in the lives of others. Central to this relationship is the role of place and human geography. The literature relating wellbeing to inequality in wellbeing is confined almost exclusively to inter-country comparisons. Virtually no attention has been paid to the relationship between wellbeing and inequality within countries - at the level of regions and below. The aim of this thesis is to test the generality of the inter-country evidence in the sub-national context.  I present four hypotheses which I test on three separate cross-sectional surveys: the New Zealand Quality of Life Survey, The New Zealand General Social Survey and the survey of Māori wellbeing, Te Kupenga. I follow the literature in using the standard deviation of wellbeing as a measure of wellbeing inequality. In each case the negative relationship between individual wellbeing and wellbeing inequality is clearly identifiable. The wellbeing effect of living in a place one standard deviation higher than another is roughly equivalent to the difference between the wellbeing of someone who is fully employed and someone who is unemployed and looking for work. Clearly we are highly sensitive to disparities in the subjective wellbeing of those around us.  I conduct several tests of the psychological drivers that lie behind the wellbeing response to local inequality in wellbeing. The first tests fairness perceptions, and finds sensitivity to wellbeing inequality to be higher among those who do not believe society is intrinsically fair. My test of altruism, while not as convincing empirically, suggests altruistic people may also be less affected by local wellbeing inequality. Both conclusions are consistent with the implied causation running from inequality to wellbeing.  While an important addition to the wellbeing literature, the more important implication of my findings is political. As the New Zealand Local Government Act comes up for renewal, the evidence I have assembled strongly supports providing local government with a clear purpose and the necessary funding to address the underlying causes of local inequalities in wellbeing. On empirical grounds alone, reducing wellbeing inequality is likely to make us all much happier.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document