Organic Brick

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Grassi ◽  
Aikebaier Erken ◽  
Ingrid Paoletti
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Building Component ◽  
Housing Complex ◽  
Cooling Function

Clay is one of the earliest known material used in construction, and the most widely used building material on the planet. Our ancestors have performed the tasks of mixing water with dust to make clay, then shaping it into bricks, bricks into buildings, and buildings into cities for more than ten thousand years. In recent years, 3D printing technology has become increasingly popular thanks to its ability to manufacture complex morphologies and to optimize physical and mechanical properties for specific applications. This study investigates customized 3D clay bricks as a new building material (building component) by employing resources that are eco-friendly, locally available, inexpensive, and driven from recycled sources or waste streams. In this experiment, four different fiber types have been investigated with different clay treatment. The specimens were fabricated in the laboratory and tested with unconfined compression loading. The strength and ductility of the clay specimens were then analyzed based on the experiment results. Several experiments have been conducted during the study for understanding the effects of different fibers when mixed with clay in order to identify which type of fibers and which size has the most effective influence on its compression strength. Furthermore, it has been tested also the water absorption of the 3D printed brick. A case study has been developed to show the actual potential of 3D printed clay bricks for a small housing complex. The project is located in a village near to Abuja, Nigeria, at a time of exponential population increase and associated lack of affordable housing. The 3D printed blocks embed a cooling function, thanks to their geometry and the presence of cooling pipes directly in the wall. The result is a highly flexible envelope, designed to be resilient and energy efficient.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Types of Fibers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of MICP-Treated Calcareous Sand

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Jitong Zhao ◽  
Huawei Tong ◽  
Yi Shan ◽  
Jie Yuan ◽  
Qiuwang Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polyester Fiber ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Calcite Precipitation ◽  
Calcareous Sand ◽  
Hemp Fiber

Microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) has been a promising method to improve geotechnical engineering properties through the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the contact and surface of soil particles in recent years. In the present experiment, water absorption and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were carried out to investigate the effects of three different fiber types (glass fiber, polyester fiber, and hemp fiber) on the physical and mechanical properties of MICP-treated calcareous sand. The fibers used were at 0%, 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.30%, 0.35%, and 0.40% relative to the weight of the sand. The results showed that the failure strain and ductility of the samples could be improved by adding fibers. Compared to biocemented sand (BS), the water absorption of these three fiber-reinforced biocemented sands were, respectively, decreased by 11.60%, 21.18%, and 7.29%. UCS was, respectively, increased by 24.20%, 60.76%, and 6.40%. Polyester fiber produced the best effect, followed by glass fiber and hemp fiber. The optimum contents of glass fiber and polyester fiber were 0.20% and 0.25%, respectively. The optimum content of hemp fiber was within the range of 0.20–0.25%. Light-emitting diode (LED) microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images lead to the conclusion that only a little calcite precipitation had occurred around the hemp fiber, leading to a poor bonding effect compared to the glass and polyester fibers. It was therefore suggested that polyester fiber should be used to improve the properties of biocemented sand.

Identifying Perceived Barriers and Benefits to Reducing Energy Consumption in an Affordable Housing Complex

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Reaves ◽  
Caroline M. Clevenger ◽  
MaryEllen Nobe ◽  
Patricia A. Aloise-Young
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Perceived Barriers ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Target Behaviors ◽  
Housing Complex ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Reduction Of Energy Consumption ◽  
Reducing Energy

Reduction of energy consumption in the affordable housing sector is highly impacted by human behavior. However, only limited behavior change research exists that is aimed at reducing energy consumption in this sector. This study seeks to implement the first two phases of the community-based social marketing (CBSM) framework in an affordable housing setting. The goals of the research are to identify the optimal behaviors for energy reduction and to identify the perceived barriers and benefits associated with those behaviors in a low-income housing facility. The results of this study identify five target behaviors along with their barriers and benefits. In addition, the study identifies potential issues and nuances in the CBSM process that researchers should take into consideration during future implementations of CBSM in affordable housing environments.

scholarly journals Closing the Loop - Recycling Plastic Waste

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Caitlin Bruce
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Building Material ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Closing The Loop ◽  
3D Printed

<p>New Zealand is ranked among the top nations in waste production, including a million tonnes of plastic waste. Currently, there are methods for recycling plastic within New Zealand but these methods can be expensive and time-consuming, resulting in most of the plastic being thrown into the landfill. Because plastic does not fully degrade, it ends up in the ocean and other waterways, poisoning the water with toxins. The purpose of this research is to provide a solution to reducing plastic waste by creating an alternative method of recycling that utilises new technologies such as additive manufacturing, to create a building material that fits into the concept of the circular economy. The findings of this research explored the recycling of plastic by collecting plastic waste such as PLA (Polylactic Acid) from old 3D printed models. The plastic was recycled into filament for additive manufacturing (AM) and used to print building tile, establishing an initial proof of concept for the use of recycled plastic as a potential building material.</p>

scholarly journals Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cemented Ash-Based Lightweight Building Materials with and without Pumice

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur ◽  
Adnan Güven ◽  
Ahmet Bilgil
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Lightweight Material ◽  
Important Input ◽  
Axial Compressive Strength ◽  
International Companies

Pumice, cements (CEM I- and CEM II-type), waste fly and bottom ashes (IFA, GBA, and BBA) supplied from international companies were used to produce lightweight building materials, and physical-mechanical properties of these materials were determined. Axial compressive strength (ACS) values were found above the standards of 4 and 8 MPa (Bims Concrete (BC) 40 and 80 kgf/cm2 class) for cemented (CEM I) pumice-based samples. On the contrary, the ACS values of the pumice-based cemented (CEM II) samples could not be reached to these standards. Best ACS results (compatible with BC80) from these cemented lightweight material samples produced with the ashes were found in 50% mixing ratio as 10.6, 13.2, and 20.5 MPa for BBA + CEM I, GBA + CEM II, and IFA + CEM I, respectively, and produced with pumice were found as 8.4 MPa (same value) for GBA + pumice + CEM II (in 25% mixing ratio), BBA + pumice + CEM I (in 100% mixing ratio), and pumice + IFA + CEM I (in 100% mixing ratio), respectively. According to the results, cemented ash-based lightweight building material produced with and without pumice could widely be used for constructive purposes. As a result of this study, an important input to the ecosystem has been provided using waste ashes, whose storage constitutes a problem.

Controlled Release of Bi-Layered Malvidin Tablets Using 3D Printing Techniques

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Tejinder Kaur ◽  
Suruchi Singh
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Printing Cost ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
3D Printing Technique

Malvidin belongs to the class of anthocyanidin, a pigment compound present in fruits and vegetables like the colored berries, flowers, and vegetables which have pigments on it and it is available commercially as malvidin chloride. Malvidin is known to possess many medicinal characteristics like anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer. In this research paper, a 3D printing technique is used which evolves a 3D printer based on desktop that extrudes tablets comprising the active drug which here is malvidin our main ingredient and the other excipients which are used as binders and disintegrants. Methods which are adapted here for the formulation of 3D printed tablet make the tablets appropriate for immediate and sustained release with its definite physical and mechanical properties like hardness, friability, and weight. Tablets that are extruded by the 3D printer are controlled release bi-layer tablets. Due to involvement of 3D printer, printing cost for the bi-layered tablets found very low that makes our method as cost efficient.

Regrouping after the Loss

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-118
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Garodnick
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Lehman Brothers ◽  
Housing Complex

This chapter begins with Charles Bagli, a real-estate reporter for the New York Times who wrote the piece announcing the MetLife auction. It mentions the Lehman Brothers, Ramus Capital with Apollo Real Estate, Tishman Speyer, and, to everyone's surprise, the Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village Tenants Association as the top bidders for the two complexes. It also talks about how MetLife brushed aside arguments about equity, made no mention of history, and rejected any suggestion that it had on any continuing obligations to provide below-market housing in Stuy Town. The chapter discusses MetLife's CEO C. Robert Henrikson, who challenged the notion that Stuy Town could even be considered affordable housing. It highlights MetLife's sudden request to the remaining group of bidders to submit a plan for protecting the residents of the 11,000-apartment housing complex.

scholarly journals Development of 3D Printed Networks in Self-Healing Concrete

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina De Nardi ◽  
Diane Gardner ◽  
Anthony Duncan Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Vascular Networks ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Cementitious Matrix ◽  
Healing Agent ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Concrete Elements

This paper presents a new form of biomimetic cementitious material, which employs 3D-printed tetrahedral mini-vascular networks (MVNs) to store and deliver healing agents to damage sites within cementitious matrices. The MVNs are required to not only protect the healing agent for a sufficient period of time but also survive the mixing process, release the healing agent when the cementitious matrix is damaged, and have minimal impact on the physical and mechanical properties of the host cementitious matrix. A systematic study is described which fulfilled these design requirements and determined the most appropriate form and material for the MVNs. A subsequent series of experiments showed that MVNs filled with sodium silicate, embedded in concrete specimens, are able to respond effectively to damage, behave as a perfusable vascular system and thus act as healing agent reservoirs that are available for multiple damage-healing events. It was also proved that healing agents encapsulated within these MVNs can be transported to cracked zones in concrete elements under capillary driving action, and produce a recovery of strength, stiffness and fracture energy.

Development of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Lightweight Bricks Using Foaming Agent - A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 660 ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim ◽  
Kamarudin Hussin ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
Aeslina Abdul Kadir ◽  
Mohammed Binhussain
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Development

Bricks are widely used as a construction and building material due to its properties. Recent years have seen a great development in new types of inorganic cementitious binders called ‘‘geopolymeric cement’’ around the world. This prompted its use in bricks, which improves the greenness of ordinary bricks. The development of fly ash-based geopolymer lightweight bricks is relatively new in the field of construction materials. This paper reviews the uses of fly ash as a raw materials and addition of foaming agent to the geopolymeric mixture to produce lightweight bricks. The effects on their physical and mechanical properties have been discussed. Most manufactured bricks with incorporation of foaming agent have shown positive effects by producing lightweight bricks, increased porosity and improved the thermal conductivities of fly ash-based geopolymer bricks. However, less of performances in number of cases in terms of mechanical properties were also demonstrated.

Using 3D Printers to Engage Students in Research

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-69
Author(s):  
Jim Flowers
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Educational Experiences ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Testing Equipment ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Student Inquiry

Is the primary purpose of a 3D printer to manufacture a product? Yes, but students and teachers can also use 3D printers to learn about and engage in research and experimentation. This could begin with product research and development, then expand to technical areas based on additive manufacturing technologies, the physical and mechanical properties of additive manufacturing materials, and the properties of 3D printed products. Student inquiry can take the form of formal or informal experimentation and observational studies. Although dedicated testing equipment can facilitate more demanding investigations, it is possible for quite a bit of experimentation to be done with little or no dedicated testing equipment. It is hoped that the reader will identify different educational experiences with experimentation that might fit their learners' needs and see 3D printers as tools for conducting and teaching about research, including product research and development and research into process engineering and materials.

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