Transport Coefficients of Ammonia Gas in Thermoplastic Polymers and Nanocomposites Used for Microelectronic Substrates Containers

Polymeric plastic boxes (named Front Opening Unified Pods (FOUP)) were widely used in semiconductor manufacture to maintain the cleanliness of processed wafer substrates in a controlled mini-environment. Polymeric materials, however, are able to sorb airborne molecular contaminants (AMCs) and subsequently to outgas the sorbed AMCs backward to FOUP’s atmosphere, causing the transfer of AMCs to sensitive stored substrates, named cross-contamination. As a type of AMCs, the NH3 cross-contamination could cause a severe yield loss to integrated circuits (crystals (haze), resist-development defects (T-topping) or metallic corrosion). Experiments were carried out to establish the NH3 sorption and desorption kinetics in polyetherimide (PEI), Entegris Barrier Material (EBM)), and EBM/carbon nanotubes (EBMCNT) at NH3 concentration of 800-ppbv, 21°C, and relative humidity of 40%. The transport coefficients i.e. solubility and diffusivity (DNH3 and SNH3) were then determined. The study on NH3 provides an additional guideline to choose the best raw materials for FOUP formulation in taking into account the potential cross-contamination of AMCs. Numerical simulation model based on obtained solubility and diffusivity values was conducted to demonstrate NH3 concentration profiles in FOUP walls during contamination and FOUP decontamination, which are inaccessible by conventional experiments.

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HF Transport Coefficients in Polymers Used for Microelectronic Applications

Defect and Diffusion Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.367.68 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 367 ◽

pp. 68-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. González-Aguirre ◽

Hervé Fontaine ◽

C. Beitia ◽

R. Pastorello ◽

J. Ohlsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Coefficients ◽

Transport Coefficients ◽

Kinetic Method ◽

Gas Permeation ◽

Cross Contamination ◽

Sorption Kinetic ◽

Barrier Material ◽

Surrounding Environment ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Key Parameter

In order to better understand the sorption and outgassing mechanism of gases in relation to wafers containers (FOUP), we have measured HF gas transport coefficients for different FOUP polymers. Gas sorption is governed by surface adsorption, followed by diffusion and solubility. Cross contamination between FOUP and wafer occurs when polymers outgas contaminants into the surrounding environment. Diffusion is the key parameter to understanding cross contamination within the FOUP environment. In this work, we present the transport coefficients obtained for gaseous HF at cleanroom conditions (Patm, 21 ± 2°C & 40% RH) using the sorption kinetic method, based on Fick’s law, for thin films (<80μm) of polycarbonate (PC), polyetherimide (PEI) and a low absorbing polymer named Entegris Barrier Material (EBM) that constitute FOUPs. The resulting kinetic curves show Fick’s behavior, where obtained HF diffusion coefficients are between 3.7 X10-10 and 42 x10-12 cm2/s and are significantly lower than diffusion coefficients obtained for H2O using a gas permeation method. Nevertheless, the similar order of magnitude between the HF and the H2O permeability coefficients obtained by the two methods validates the sorption kinetic method. Finally, the obtained coefficients were used in numerical simulation in order to forecast polymer behavior.

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Diffusion and Solubility of Common Microelectronic Airborne Molecular Contaminants into PEI Thin Polymer Membranes and its Related Contamination Control Applications

Defect and Diffusion Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.400.109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 400 ◽

pp. 109-116

Author(s):

P. González-Aguirre ◽

Minh Phuong Tran ◽

Fernando Herrán ◽

Sung In Moon ◽

Jorgen Lundgren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transport Coefficients ◽

Kinetic Method ◽

Cross Contamination ◽

Polymer Thin Film ◽

Contamination Control ◽

Thin Polymer ◽

Crucial Information ◽

Sorption Parameters ◽

Molecular Contaminants ◽

The Relationship

Sorption and outgassing mechanisms of corrosive gases in relation with wafers lost yield due to polymer container Front Opening Unified Pod (FOUP), is crucial information to understand the cross contamination between FOUP and wafers. This occurs when FOUPs (made in polymers) outgas contaminants into the wafer surrounding minienvironment. Gas sorption is governed by surface adsorption, followed by diffusion and solubility and then, permeability appears as a key parameter to understanding these cross contamination phenomena. In this work, we present the transport coefficients obtained for gaseous HF and HCl at cleanroom conditions (Patm, 21 ± 2°C & 40% RH) at two different HX concentrations using the sorption kinetic method, based on Fick’s law, for thin films (≈50μm) of PEI. Finally, we establish the relationship between the sorption parameters of a polymer thin film and the potential contamination transfer from a FOUP whose main polymer material is similar.

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Research and application progress of lignin-based composite membrane

Journal of Polymer Engineering ◽

10.1515/polyeng-2020-0268 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Youjing Li ◽

Fen Li ◽

Ying Yang ◽

Baocai Ge ◽

Fanzhu Meng

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollution ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Waste Product ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Composite Membranes ◽

Organic Polymer ◽

Future Research ◽

Sustainable Resources ◽

New Perspective

Abstract In view of the serious environmental pollution, which is the greatest problem the world is facing, and the continuous consumption of raw materials, it is imminent to search for green and sustainable resources. Lignin is an organic polymer that exists widely in nature, and if it can be transformed from traditional low-value waste product with low range of applications to functional materials with high application prospects, it can be of great significance to alleviate environmental pollution and shortage of fossil resources. One of the functional applications of lignin involves its use to fabricate composite with other polymeric materials, which can then be used to prepare membrane materials. This review summarizes the recent research and application progress of combining lignin with polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, cellulose, chitosan, and other polymeric materials to prepare composite membranes; and summarizes the future development direction of lignin-based composite membranes. We hope this review may provide a new perspective to the understanding of lignin-based composite membranes and a useful reference for future research.

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Emergence of Polymeric Material Utilising Sustainable Radiation Curable Palm Oil-Based Products for Advanced Technology Applications

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13111865 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1865

Author(s):

Rida Tajau ◽

Rosiah Rohani ◽

Mohd Sofian Alias ◽

Nurul Huda Mudri ◽

Khairul Azhar Abdul Halim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raft Polymerization ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Advanced Technology ◽

Radiation Processing ◽

Radiation Mechanisms ◽

Processing Technologies ◽

Technology Applications

In countries that are rich with oil palm, the use of palm oil to produce bio-based acrylates and polyol can be the most eminent raw materials used for developing new and advanced natural polymeric materials involving radiation technique, like coating resins, nanoparticles, scaffold, nanocomposites, and lithography for different branches of the industry. The presence of hydrocarbon chains, carbon double bonds, and ester bonds in palm oil allows it to open up the possibility of fine-tuning its unique structures in the development of novel materials. Cross-linking, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), polymerization, grafting, and degradation are among the radiation mechanisms triggered by gamma, electron beam, ultraviolet, or laser irradiation sources. These radiation techniques are widely used in the development of polymeric materials because they are considered as the most versatile, inexpensive, easy, and effective methods. Therefore, this review summarized and emphasized on several recent studies that have reported on emerging radiation processing technologies for the production of radiation curable palm oil-based polymeric materials with a promising future in certain industries and biomedical applications. This review also discusses the rich potential of biopolymeric materials for advanced technology applications.

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Recent Advances in Fabrication of Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane-Based Composite Materials

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14133497 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3497

Author(s):

Piotr Stachak ◽

Izabela Łukaszewska ◽

Edyta Hebda ◽

Krzysztof Pielichowski

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Synthesis Method ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Original Research ◽

Significant Group ◽

Oh Groups ◽

New Class ◽

Hazardous Chemical ◽

Wide Range

Polyurethanes (PUs) are a significant group of polymeric materials that, due to their outstanding mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, are used in a wide range of applications. Conventionally, PUs are obtained in polyaddition reactions between diisocyanates and polyols. Due to the toxicity of isocyanate raw materials and their synthesis method utilizing phosgene, new cleaner synthetic routes for polyurethanes without using isocyanates have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Among different attempts to replace the conventional process, polyaddition of cyclic carbonates (CCs) and polyfunctional amines seems to be the most promising way to obtain non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) or, more precisely, polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs), while primary and secondary –OH groups are being formed alongside urethane linkages. Such an approach eliminates hazardous chemical compounds from the synthesis and leads to the fabrication of polymeric materials with unique and tunable properties. The main advantages include better chemical, mechanical, and thermal resistance, and the process itself is invulnerable to moisture, which is an essential technological feature. NIPUs can be modified via copolymerization or used as matrices to fabricate polymer composites with different additives, similar to their conventional counterparts. Hence, non-isocyanate polyurethanes are a new class of environmentally friendly polymeric materials. Many papers on the matter above have been published, including both original research and extensive reviews. However, they do not provide collected information on NIPU composites fabrication and processing. Hence, this review describes the latest progress in non-isocyanate polyurethane synthesis, modification, and finally processing. While focusing primarily on the carbonate/amine route, methods of obtaining NIPU are described, and their properties are presented. Ways of incorporating various compounds into NIPU matrices are characterized by the role of PHU materials in copolymeric materials or as an additive. Finally, diverse processing methods of non-isocyanate polyurethanes are presented, including electrospinning or 3D printing.

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Carbon Dioxide as a Carbon Resource – Recent Trends and Perspectives

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B ◽

10.5560/znb.2012-0219 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 67 (10) ◽

pp. 961-975 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Markus Hölscher ◽

Christoph Gürtler ◽

Wilhelm Keim ◽

Thomas E. Müller ◽

Martina Peters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Short Review ◽

Chemical Research ◽

Bond Forming ◽

Bulk Chemicals ◽

High Thermodynamic Stability ◽

Recent Trends

With the growing perception of industrialized societies that fossil raw materials are limited resources, academic chemical research and chemical industry have started to introduce novel catalytic technologies which aim at the development of economically competitive processes relying much more strongly on the use of alternative carbon feedstocks. Great interest is given world-wide to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it is part of the global carbon cycle, nontoxic, easily available in sufficient quantities anywhere in the industrialized world, and can be managed technically with ease, and at low cost. In principle carbon dioxide can be used to generate a large variety of synthetic products ranging from bulk chemicals like methanol and formic acid, through polymeric materials, to fine chemicals like aromatic acids useful in the pharmaceutical industry. Owing to the high thermodynamic stability of CO2, the energy constraints of chemical reactions have to be carefully analyzed to select promising processes. Furthermore, the high kinetic barriers for incorporation of CO2 into C-H or C-C bond forming reactions require that any novel transformation of CO2 must inevitably be associated with a novel catalytic technology. This short review comprises a selection of the most recent academic and industrial research developments mainly with regard to innovations in CO2 chemistry in the field of homogeneous catalysis and processes.

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Electronic, Ionic, and Mixed Conduction in Polymeric Systems

Annual Review of Materials Research ◽

10.1146/annurev-matsci-080619-110405 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elayne M. Thomas ◽

Phong H. Nguyen ◽

Seamus D. Jones ◽

Michael L. Chabinyc ◽

Rachel A. Segalman

Keyword(s):

Materials Science ◽

Transport Coefficients ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Annual Review ◽

Publication Date ◽

Energy Storage Devices ◽

Polymeric Systems ◽

Storage Devices ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Performance Benchmark

Polymers that simultaneously transport electrons and ions are paramount to drive the technological advances necessary for next-generation electrochemical devices, including energy storage devices and bioelectronics. However, efforts to describe the motion of ions or electrons separately within polymeric systems become inaccurate when both species are present. Herein, we highlight the basic transport equations necessary to rationalize mixed transport and the multiscale materials properties that influence their transport coefficients. Potential figures of merit that enable a suitable performance benchmark in mixed conducting systems independent of end application are discussed. Practical design and implementation of mixed conducting polymers require an understanding of the evolving nature of structure and transport with ionic and electronic carrier density to capture the dynamic disorder inherent in polymeric materials. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Science, Volume 51 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Ecological Chemistry Aspects of Food Safety

Handbook of Research on Emerging Developments and Environmental Impacts of Ecological Chemistry - Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-1241-8.ch022 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 472-490

Author(s):

Rodica Sturza

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Anthropogenic Contamination ◽

Transfer Factors ◽

Ecological Chemistry ◽

Republic Of Moldova ◽

The Republic ◽

And Storage ◽

Technological Treatment

The presented results reflect the researches carried out over the last decade, having as their object the soil, water, vegetal raw materials, and wines from the Republic of Moldova. The analysis of the possible anthropogenic contamination (NAA method) demonstrated the absence of systematic soil pollution. A total of 30 elements were determined in soil samples and the soil-leaves-fruit transfer factors were calculated. Approximately 3000 samples of local wines have been analysed to determine the residual quantities of pesticides. POPs were not found in any of the wine samples. In most of the examined cases (> 60% of samples), the lack of organic pesticide residues was observed. The migration of phthalates into different solutions from polymeric materials (PVC, rubber) and the influence of the temperature on the extraction rate were investigated. It has been shown that the contamination with phthalate residues occurs predominantly at the stage of grape processing, technological treatment, and storage.

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Standard Food Safety Practices From Receiving to Cleaning in the Restaurant

10.4018/978-1-7998-7415-7.ch006 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 123-150

Author(s):

Suzita Ramli ◽

Jun Xian Wong

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Food Safety ◽

Food Supply ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Food Storage ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Cross Contamination ◽

Food Supply Chain ◽

Safety Practices ◽

And Storage

Transmission of hazardous materials could be aggravated by inappropriate handling and storage practices. This results in cross-contamination to foodstuff or cooking utensils. The introduced hazards in the food supply chain might lead to client and reputation loss. The implementation of food safety is necessary to secure safety concerns. All employees should take initiative to be aware and have good attitudes regarding proper hygiene and sanitary practices to assure their product integrity and safety for human consumption. Therefore, this chapter delivered the appropriate and standard food safety protocols to all individuals involved in food storage, preparation, and serving. The scope was structured into (1) identification of hazardous ingredients, (2) purchasing and receiving raw materials, (3) transporting and storage, (4) cooking and reheating, (5) food serving and displaying, (6) leftover storage, and (7) cleaning and sanitation.

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Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites—Research Development

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13225253 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 5253

Author(s):

Anna Sienkiewicz ◽

Piotr Czub

Keyword(s):

Composite Materials ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Diphenyl Ether ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Polyamide 11 ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Flame Retardation

Due to the thermal and fire sensitivity of polymer bio-composite materials, especially in the case of plant-based fillers applied for them, next to intensive research on the better mechanical performance of composites, it is extremely important to improve their reaction to fire. This is necessary due to the current widespread practical use of bio-based composites. The first part of this work relates to an overview of the most commonly used techniques and different approaches towards the increasing the fire resistance of petrochemical-based polymeric materials. The next few sections present commonly used methods of reducing the flammability of polymers and characterize the most frequently used compounds. It is highlighted that despite adverse health effects in animals and humans, some of mentioned fire retardants (such as halogenated organic derivatives e.g., hexabromocyclododecane, polybrominated diphenyl ether) are unfortunately also still in use, even for bio-composite materials. The most recent studies related to the development of the flame retardation of polymeric materials are then summarized. Particular attention is paid to the issue of flame retardation of bio-based polymer composites and the specifics of reducing the flammability of these materials. Strategies for retarding composites are discussed on examples of particular bio-polymers (such as: polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoates or polyamide-11), as well as polymers obtained on the basis of natural raw materials (e.g., bio-based polyurethanes or bio-based epoxies). The advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, as well as the flame retardants used in them, are highlighted.

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