Liquid Nitrogen Storing and Pressurization Test of a Type III Cryogenic Propellant Tank

2007 ◽  
Vol 334-335 ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Guk Kang ◽  
Myung Gon Kim ◽  
Sang Wuk Park ◽  
Chun Gon Kim ◽  
Cheol Won Kong
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Operating Environment ◽  
Gaseous Nitrogen ◽  
Ring Specimen ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Actual Operating ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Propellant Tank

Nowadays, researches for replacing material systems for cryogenic propellant tanks by composites have been being performed for the purpose of light weight of a launch vehicle. In this paper, a type III propellant tank, which is composed of the composite developed for cryogenic use and an aluminum liner, was fabricated and tested considering actual operating environment, that is, cryogenic temperature and pressure. For this aim, liquid nitrogen (LN2) was injected into the fabricated tank and in turn, gaseous nitrogen (GN2) was used for pressurization. During this test procedure, strains and temperatures on the tank surface were measured. ESG (electric strain gage) and thermocouple were used for the measurement of strain and temperature, respectively. Delamination between hoop layer and helical one, was detected during the experiment. Finally, Tsai-Wu criterion for the tank and microscopy for the composite/aluminum ring specimen were carried out to investigate the reason why delamination had happened.

Liquid Nitrogen Storing and Pressurization Test of a Type III Cryogenic Propellant Tank

2007 ◽  
pp. 397-400
Author(s):  
Sang Guk Kang ◽  
Myung Gon Kim ◽  
Sang Wuk Park ◽  
Chun Gon Kim ◽  
Cheol Won Kong
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Propellant Tank

scholarly journals Fully Developed Opposing Mixed Convection Flow in the Inclined Channel Filled with a Hybrid Nanofluid

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1107
Author(s):  
Xiangcheng You ◽  
Shiyuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Flow Reversal ◽  
Convection Flow ◽  
Uniform Heat Flux ◽  
Hybrid Nanofluid ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Inclined Channel ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Hybrid Nanofluids ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

This paper studies the convective heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid in the inclined channel, whose walls are both heated by the uniform heat flux. The governing ordinary differential equations are made nondimensional and solved analytically, in which explicit distributions of velocity, temperature and pressure are obtained. The effects of flow reversal, wall skin friction and Nusselt number with the hybrid nanofluid depend on the nanoparticle volume fractions and pressure parameters. The obtained results indicate that the nanoparticle volume fractions play a key role in delaying the occurrence of the flow reversal. The hybrid nanofluids hold more delayed range than conventional nanofluids, which is about 2.5 times that of nanofluids. The calculations have been compared with the base fluid, nanofluid and two kinds of hybrid models (type II and type III). The hybrid model of type III is useful and simplified in that it omits the nonlinear terms due to the interaction of different nanoparticle volumetric fractions, with the relative error less than 3%. More results are discussed in the results section below.

scholarly journals Formation of microcrystals under the influence of femtosecond laser radiation on carbon samples in liquid nitrogen

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
Kirill Khorkov ◽  
Dmitry Kochuev ◽  
Anton Chernikov ◽  
Valery Prokoshev ◽  
Sergey Arakelian
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Laser Radiation ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Laser Action ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Femtosecond Laser Radiation ◽  
Carbon Target ◽  
Direct Laser ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study of the carbon microcrystals formation by direct laser action on the carbon target surface at temperature of liquid nitrogen. It is demonstrated that the formation of microcrystals occurs in the subsurface layer and is caused by the achievement of critical temperature and pressure.

Wireless Remote Control Design of the De-Icing Robot

2012 ◽  
Vol 591-593 ◽  
pp. 1236-1241
Author(s):  
Huan Liu ◽  
Bing Hua Jiang ◽  
Fang Bing Liu ◽  
Qing Song Xu
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Remote Control ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Control Circuit ◽  
Operating Environment ◽  
Remote Control System ◽  
System A ◽  
Actual Operating ◽  
Actual Operation

In this paper, we studied de-icing robot wireless remote control system. According to the actual operating environment of the de-icing robot, we analyzed the operational requirements of the robot and the control requirements of remote control system. A new wireless remote control circuit has designed based on APC220-43 module implemented in design hardware and software. Experiments and the actual operation had shown that the reliability of the wireless remote control system.

scholarly journals Taking the hydro out of hydrofracturing: Application of ultra-light weight proppants to cryogenic liquid nitrogen as a fracturing fluid

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Amna Ahmed ◽  
Teresa Zhu ◽  
Amna Majeed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cryogenic Liquid ◽  
Gas Extraction ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Waterless Fracturing

In the last decade, hydraulic fracturing has rapidly gained popularity worldwide, emerging as the leading method of natural gas extraction in the United States. However, the practice remains controversial due to its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and the contamination of freshwater used in fracturing fluids. Although waterless fracturing fluids have been developed, including those using N2, CO2, oil, and alcohol, their application has been limited largely due to reduced fracturing power. Recent research has demonstrated that cryogenic nitrogen may prove a viable alternative, if this issue is properly addressed. Addition of durable, lightweight proppants is one way to increase fracturing power. This study aims to investigate the effect of proppant addition on the fracturing capabilities of cryogenic nitrogen. Three ultra-lightweight proppants will be combined with liquid nitrogen and fracturing power will be measured using triaxial stress tests. This novel approach has not yet been explored and will open more avenues of research into sustainable and efficient fracturing using  cryogenic nitrogen.

scholarly journals Efficiency of the process of cryogenic air separation into the components

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milance Mitovski ◽  
Aleksandra Mitovski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Air Separation ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Liquid Oxygen ◽  
Gaseous Nitrogen ◽  
Gaseous Oxygen ◽  
Energy And Exergy

The separation process of atmospheric air into its components by means of cryogenic low-pressure procedure, which takes place in the Oxygen plant in the Copper Mining and Smelting Complex, yields various products of different quantities and purities. Proper assessment of the energy consumption, hence assignments production cost of individual products may present considerable problem. For that goal, the least invested technical operation was adopted as criteria, and was restrained for all costs of production and distribution of specific energy. Case study was carried out in the Oxygen factory by monitoring producing parameters for the process in the 2007 year. Based on the monitoring of production parameters and their costs for 20 months in the period 2004-2005, correlation equations for power consumption in the total monthly amount and per mass of produced gaseous oxygen were created. The energy and exergy efficiency of the air separation process into the components are expressed as the ratio of input and useful energy and exergy of the process. On the basis of the adopted criteria, the assignments of energy consumption and production costs for cryogenic air separation process into the components are as follows: 82.59% for gaseous oxygen, 14.04% for liquid oxygen, 1.39% for gaseous nitrogen and 1.98% for liquefied nitrogen. The air separation efficiency is achieved in the amount of energy 0.0872-0.1179 and exergy 0.0537-0.1247. Power consumption per mass of the products in 2007 year is 1325.059 kWh/t of liquid oxygen, 828.765 kWh/t of liquid nitrogen, 429.812 kWh/t of gaseous oxygen and 309.424 kWh/t of nitrogen gas. Production costs of the technical gases at the dawn of the factory are: 6730.69 RSD/t of liquid oxygen, 4209.74 RSD/t of liquid nitrogen, 2183.25 RSD/t of gaseous oxygen and 1571.73 RSD/t of gaseous nitrogen.

Simulation and Real-World Investigation of the Vacuum Pumping Process for Liquid Nitrogen Vapour

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
A.A. Ustsov ◽  
M.Yu. Kupriyanov
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Vacuum Pump ◽  
Saturated Liquid ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Point Temperature ◽  
System Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Triple Point Temperature

We performed the required theoretical computations to simulate the process of pumping saturated liquid nitrogen vapours, accounting for the assumptions adopted. The paper provides a schematic of the test bench and describes the sequence of experiment stages. We checked whether the storage Dewar and volumetric vacuum pump were selected correctly so as to ensure the required evacuation level above the liquid nitrogen surface. We built our test bench and conducted an experiment involving thermostatting in the 63 to 77 K temperature range, and achieved a phase transition in the nitrogen, it turning from liquid to solid. We computed the mass of the nitrogen evaporated required to reach its triple point temperature. We calculated the effective evacuation rate in the system, taking into account the conductivity of separate components. We determined the minimum vapour evacuation time required. We plotted system temperature and pressure as functions of time. The paper describes possible modernisation of the experimental installation, that is, introducing additional crystallisation centres and monitoring the liquid nitrogen mass using electronic scales

The Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrum of Ferricytochrome c and Lysine-Modified Derivatives at Alkaline pH

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Coordination Structure ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Ferricytochrome C ◽  
Electron Paramagnetic

The heme-associated, pH-induced transition of ferricytochrome c and two lysine-modified derivatives was investigated by absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (E.P.R.) spectroscopy. The transition from type III to type IV ferricytochrome c (as defined by Theorell, H., and Åkesson, Å.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 1812 (1941)) produced a new E.P.R. spectrum in frozen solution measured at liquid nitrogen temperature. The measured g values were 3.2 and 2.1 (9.16 GHz). The third component of the expected set of three principal g values for low-spin type IV ferricytochrome c was not observed in this study. In two derivatives with modified lysyl residues, trifluoroacetylated and guanidinated ferricytochrome c, the type III to type IV transition was absent, and instead, at alkaline pH, a brown–red form was produced which had a strong absorption band at about 605 nm. The apparent pK's were 10.3 (trifluoroacetylated) and 9.4 (guanidinated). When an alkaline solution of the guanidinated ferricytochrome was frozen, the E.P.R. spectrum had a set of sharp lines (g values 2.79, 2.21, and 1.76) similar to those observed from low-spin type V ferricytochrome c (pH 14). The alkaline trifluoroacetylated protein gave a similar set of signals but in addition contained the signals observed at neutral pH. These results were interpreted by assuming that, at alkaline pH, a hydroxide ion displaced one of the normally coordinated iron ligands with a temperature-dependent equilibrium between high-spin and low-spin states. Freezing the solution to liquid nitrogen temperature shifted the equilibrium to the low-spin form, and, for the trifluoroacetylated derivative, led to partial recovery of the coordination structure present at about pH 7. The E.P.R. spectrum of the guanidinated cytochrome at neutral pH indicated that the iron electronic structure was essentially identical to type III ferricytochrome c. In contrast, the E.P.R. spectrum of the trifluoroacetylated protein was significantly different, but whether the coordination structure has been geometrically distorted or chemically changed remains to be determined.

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